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Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 7(AGS7)

MedGen UID:
854829
Concept ID:
C3888244
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: AGS7
 
Gene (location): IFIH1 (2q24.2)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0014367
OMIM®: 615846

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome
Most characteristically, Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) manifests as an early-onset encephalopathy that usually, but not always, results in severe intellectual and physical disability. A subgroup of infants with AGS present at birth with abnormal neurologic findings, hepatosplenomegaly, elevated liver enzymes, and thrombocytopenia, a picture highly suggestive of congenital infection. Otherwise, most affected infants present at variable times after the first few weeks of life, frequently after a period of apparently normal development. Typically, they demonstrate the subacute onset of a severe encephalopathy characterized by extreme irritability, intermittent sterile pyrexias, loss of skills, and slowing of head growth. Over time, as many as 40% develop chilblain skin lesions on the fingers, toes, and ears. It is becoming apparent that atypical, sometimes milder, cases of AGS exist, and thus the true extent of the phenotype associated with pathogenic variants in the AGS-related genes is not yet known. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Yanick J Crow   view full author information

Additional descriptions

From OMIM
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome-7 (AGS7) is an autosomal dominant inflammatory disorder characterized by severe neurologic impairment. Most patients present in infancy with delayed psychomotor development, axial hypotonia, spasticity, and brain imaging changes, including basal ganglia calcification, cerebral atrophy, and deep white matter abnormalities. Laboratory evaluation shows increased alpha-interferon (IFNA1; 147660) activity with upregulation of interferon signaling and interferon-stimulated gene expression. Some patients may have normal early development followed by episodic neurologic regression (summary by Rice et al., 2014). For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, see AGS1 (225750).  http://www.omim.org/entry/615846
From MedlinePlus Genetics
As a result of the severe neurological problems that are usually associated with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, most people with this disorder do not survive past childhood. However, some affected individuals with the later-onset form of the condition and milder neurological problems can live into adolescence or adulthood.

People with the later-onset form of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome typically have normal development in infancy. In these individuals, encephalopathy typically occurs after 1 year of age. Similar to those with the early-onset form, babies with the later-onset form experience irritability, poor feeding, and sterile pyrexias. Over time, affected individuals show developmental delays and regression. They may also have spasticity and hypotonia, and the growth of the brain and head may slow leading to microcephaly. The health and developmental problems in people with the later-onset form are typically not as severe as those in individuals with the early-onset form, though the severity can vary among affected individuals.

In about 20 percent of cases, the early-onset form of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome begins prenatally. Slow growth (intrauterine growth retardation) and brain abnormalities, especially brain calcification, may be seen on ultrasound imaging. These individuals have the most severe neurological problems and the highest risk for early death.

About 40 percent of people with the early-onset form of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome develop a skin problem called chilblains. Chilblains are painful, itchy skin lesions that are puffy and red, and they usually appear on the fingers, toes, nose, and ears. They are caused by inflammation of small blood vessels and may be brought on or made worse by exposure to cold temperatures. 

In some affected newborns, white blood cells, interferon proteins, and other immune system molecules can be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid, which is the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). These findings are consistent with inflammation and tissue damage in the central nervous system.

Some newborns have a combination of features that include an enlarged liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly), elevated blood levels of liver enzymes, and a shortage of blood cells called platelets that are needed for normal blood clotting (thrombocytopenia). They may develop intermittent fevers in the absence of infection (sterile pyrexias). While this combination of signs and symptoms is typically associated with the immune system's response to a viral infection that is present at birth (congenital), no actual infection is found in these infants. For this reason, Aicardi-Goutières syndrome is sometimes referred to as a "mimic of congenital infection."

Affected babies are usually extremely irritable and do not feed well. They also have muscle stiffness (spasticity), involuntary tensing of various muscles (dystonia), and weak muscle tone (hypotonia). They can have vision problems including vision loss and increased pressure in the eye (glaucoma).

Individuals with the early-onset form of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome can experience severe brain dysfunction (encephalopathy) within the first months of life. This encephalopathic phase of the disorder can last for weeks or months. Affected infants stop developing new skills and begin losing skills they had already acquired (developmental regression). Infants with this form can have seizures. Medical imaging reveals loss of white matter in the brain (leukodystrophy). White matter consists of nerve cells covered by myelin, which is a substance that protects nerves and allows them to rapidly transmit nerve impulses. Growth of the brain and skull slows down, resulting in an abnormally small head size (microcephaly). Affected individuals may have abnormal deposits of calcium (calcification) in the brain. As a result of this neurological damage, most people with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome have profound intellectual disabilities.

Aicardi-Goutières syndrome is often divided into two types, which are distinguished by the severity of features and the age at which they begin: the early-onset form (sometimes called the classic form) and the later-onset form. 

Aicardi-Goutières syndrome is a disorder with variable signs and symptoms, but it primarily affects the brain, the immune system, and the skin.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/aicardi-goutieres-syndrome

Clinical features

From HPO
Nephrotic syndrome
MedGen UID:
10308
Concept ID:
C0027726
Disease or Syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of findings resulting from glomerular dysfunction with an increase in glomerular capillary wall permeability associated with pronounced proteinuria. Nephrotic syndrome refers to the constellation of clinical findings that result from severe renal loss of protein, with Proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia.
Limb hypertonia
MedGen UID:
333083
Concept ID:
C1838391
Finding
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
MedGen UID:
2881
Concept ID:
C0007194
Disease or Syndrome
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is defined by the presence of increased ventricular wall thickness or mass in the absence of loading conditions (hypertension, valve disease) sufficient to cause the observed abnormality.
Hypertensive disorder
MedGen UID:
6969
Concept ID:
C0020538
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of chronic increased pressure in the systemic arterial system.
Pericardial effusion
MedGen UID:
10653
Concept ID:
C0031039
Disease or Syndrome
Accumulation of fluid within the pericardium.
Vasculitis
MedGen UID:
12054
Concept ID:
C0042384
Disease or Syndrome
Inflammation of blood vessel.
Fetal growth restriction
MedGen UID:
4693
Concept ID:
C0015934
Pathologic Function
An abnormal restriction of fetal growth with fetal weight below the tenth percentile for gestational age.
Weight loss
MedGen UID:
853198
Concept ID:
C1262477
Finding
Reduction of total body weight.
Diarrhea
MedGen UID:
8360
Concept ID:
C0011991
Sign or Symptom
Abnormally increased frequency (usually defined as three or more) loose or watery bowel movements a day.
Atrophic gastritis
MedGen UID:
42157
Concept ID:
C0017154
Disease or Syndrome
Atrophic gastritis (AG) is a histopathological entity that is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa with loss of gastric glandular cells and replacement by intestinal-type epithelium, pyloric-type glands, and fibrous tissue.
Hematemesis
MedGen UID:
6770
Concept ID:
C0018926
Sign or Symptom
The vomiting of blood.
Hematochezia
MedGen UID:
5481
Concept ID:
C0018932
Disease or Syndrome
The passage of fresh (red) blood per anus, usually in or with stools. Most rectal bleeding comes from the colon, rectum, or anus.
Hepatitis
MedGen UID:
5515
Concept ID:
C0019158
Disease or Syndrome
Inflammation of the liver.
Hepatomegaly
MedGen UID:
42428
Concept ID:
C0019209
Finding
Abnormally increased size of the liver.
Bloody diarrhea
MedGen UID:
56232
Concept ID:
C0151594
Disease or Syndrome
Passage of many stools containing blood.
Feeding difficulties
MedGen UID:
65429
Concept ID:
C0232466
Finding
Impaired ability to eat related to problems gathering food and getting ready to suck, chew, or swallow it.
Hepatic steatosis
MedGen UID:
398225
Concept ID:
C2711227
Disease or Syndrome
Steatosis is a term used to denote lipid accumulation within hepatocytes.
Dystonic disorder
MedGen UID:
3940
Concept ID:
C0013421
Sign or Symptom
An abnormally increased muscular tone that causes fixed abnormal postures. There is a slow, intermittent twisting motion that leads to exaggerated turning and posture of the extremities and trunk.
Tetraplegia
MedGen UID:
19617
Concept ID:
C0034372
Disease or Syndrome
Paralysis of all four limbs, and trunk of the body below the level of an associated injury to the spinal cord. The etiology of quadriplegia is similar to that of paraplegia except that the lesion is in the cervical spinal cord rather than in the thoracic or lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
Seizure
MedGen UID:
20693
Concept ID:
C0036572
Sign or Symptom
A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
Cerebral atrophy
MedGen UID:
116012
Concept ID:
C0235946
Disease or Syndrome
Atrophy (wasting, decrease in size of cells or tissue) affecting the cerebrum.
Tetraparesis
MedGen UID:
78731
Concept ID:
C0270790
Finding
Weakness of all four limbs.
Global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
107838
Concept ID:
C0557874
Finding
A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.
Spastic tetraparesis
MedGen UID:
658719
Concept ID:
C0575059
Disease or Syndrome
Spastic weakness affecting all four limbs.
Cerebellar atrophy
MedGen UID:
196624
Concept ID:
C0740279
Disease or Syndrome
Cerebellar atrophy is defined as a cerebellum with initially normal structures, in a posterior fossa with normal size, which displays enlarged fissures (interfolial spaces) in comparison to the foliae secondary to loss of tissue. Cerebellar atrophy implies irreversible loss of tissue and result from an ongoing progressive disease until a final stage is reached or a single injury, e.g. an intoxication or infectious event.
Lower limb spasticity
MedGen UID:
220865
Concept ID:
C1271100
Finding
Spasticity (velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with increased muscle tone and hyperexcitable tendon reflexes) in the muscles of the lower limbs, hips, and pelvis.
Delayed myelination
MedGen UID:
224820
Concept ID:
C1277241
Finding
Delayed myelination.
Developmental regression
MedGen UID:
324613
Concept ID:
C1836830
Disease or Syndrome
Loss of developmental skills, as manifested by loss of developmental milestones.
Absent speech
MedGen UID:
340737
Concept ID:
C1854882
Finding
Complete lack of development of speech and language abilities.
Irritability
MedGen UID:
397841
Concept ID:
C2700617
Mental Process
A proneness to anger, i.e., a tendency to become easily bothered or annoyed.
Intellectual disability
MedGen UID:
811461
Concept ID:
C3714756
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.
Anemia
MedGen UID:
1526
Concept ID:
C0002871
Disease or Syndrome
A reduction in erythrocytes volume or hemoglobin concentration.
Hemolytic anemia
MedGen UID:
1916
Concept ID:
C0002878
Disease or Syndrome
A type of anemia caused by premature destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis).
Pancytopenia
MedGen UID:
18281
Concept ID:
C0030312
Disease or Syndrome
An abnormal reduction in numbers of all blood cell types (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).
Thrombocytopenia
MedGen UID:
52737
Concept ID:
C0040034
Disease or Syndrome
A reduction in the number of circulating thrombocytes.
Arthritis
MedGen UID:
2043
Concept ID:
C0003864
Disease or Syndrome
Inflammation of a joint.
Hypertonia
MedGen UID:
10132
Concept ID:
C0026826
Finding
A condition in which there is increased muscle tone so that arms or legs, for example, are stiff and difficult to move.
Hypotonia
MedGen UID:
10133
Concept ID:
C0026827
Finding
Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.
Basal ganglia calcification
MedGen UID:
234651
Concept ID:
C1389280
Pathologic Function
The presence of calcium deposition affecting one or more structures of the basal ganglia.
Poor head control
MedGen UID:
322809
Concept ID:
C1836038
Finding
Difficulty to maintain correct position of the head while standing or sitting. Infant head lag is observed when the head seems to flop around or lags posteriorly behind the trunk. Several articles have maintained that head lag should be absent by age 3 to 4 months.
Intracerebral periventricular calcifications
MedGen UID:
373287
Concept ID:
C1837246
Finding
The presence of calcium deposition in the cerebral white matter surrounding the cerebral ventricles.
Axial hypotonia
MedGen UID:
342959
Concept ID:
C1853743
Finding
Muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone) affecting the musculature of the trunk.
Generalized hypotonia
MedGen UID:
346841
Concept ID:
C1858120
Finding
Generalized muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone).
Primary microcephaly
MedGen UID:
383046
Concept ID:
C2677180
Finding
Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender at birth.
Microcephaly
MedGen UID:
1644158
Concept ID:
C4551563
Finding
Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.
Recurrent lower respiratory tract infections
MedGen UID:
756211
Concept ID:
C3163798
Disease or Syndrome
An increased susceptibility to lower respiratory tract infections as manifested by a history of recurrent lower respiratory tract infections.
Chilblains
MedGen UID:
886
Concept ID:
C0008058
Injury or Poisoning
Chilblains, also called perniosis, are an inflammatory skin condition related to an abnormal vascular response to the cold. We are unaware of a reliable estimate of incidence. It typically presents as tender, pruritic red or bluish lesions located symmetrically on the dorsal aspect of the fingers, toes, ears and nose. Less commonly, reports describe involvement of the thighs and buttocks. The lesions present hours after exposure to cold and usually resolve spontaneously in one to three weeks.
Atopic eczema
MedGen UID:
41502
Concept ID:
C0011615
Disease or Syndrome
Atopic dermatitis (ATOD), also known as eczema, is a common chronic pruritic inflammatory skin disease with a strong genetic component. Onset typically occurs during the first 2 years of life (review by Soderhall et al., 2007). Genetic Heterogeneity of Atopic Dermatitis Many inflammatory diseases, such as atopic eczema, are genetically complex, with multiple alleles at several loci thought to be involved in their pathogenesis. Several susceptibility loci for atopic dermatitis have been identified: ATOD1 on chromosome 3q21, ATOD2 (605803) on chromosome 1q21, ATOD3 (605804) on chromosome 20p, ATOD4 (605805) on chromosome 17q25.3, ATOD5 (603165) on chromosome 13q12-q14, ATOD6 (605845) on chromosome 5q31-q33, ATOD7 (613064) on chromosome 11q13.5, ATOD8 (613518) on chromosome 4q22.1, and ATOD9 (613519) on chromosome 3p24.
Pneumonia
MedGen UID:
10813
Concept ID:
C0032285
Disease or Syndrome
Inflammation of any part of the lung parenchyma.
Splenomegaly
MedGen UID:
52469
Concept ID:
C0038002
Finding
Abnormal increased size of the spleen.
Generalized lymphadenopathy
MedGen UID:
96909
Concept ID:
C0476486
Finding
A generalized form of lymphadenopathy.
Increased circulating antibody concentration
MedGen UID:
1713383
Concept ID:
C5397581
Finding
An increased level of gamma globulin (immunoglobulin) in the blood.
Skin rash
MedGen UID:
1830322
Concept ID:
C5779628
Sign or Symptom
A red eruption of the skin.
Edema
MedGen UID:
4451
Concept ID:
C0013604
Pathologic Function
An abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin, or in one or more cavities of the body.
Fever
MedGen UID:
5169
Concept ID:
C0015967
Sign or Symptom
Body temperature elevated above the normal range.
Increased circulating ferritin concentration
MedGen UID:
69130
Concept ID:
C0241013
Finding
Increased concentration of ferritin in the blood circulation.
Urticaria
MedGen UID:
22587
Concept ID:
C0042109
Disease or Syndrome
Raised, well-circumscribed areas of erythema and edema involving the dermis and epidermis. Urticaria is intensely pruritic, and blanches completely with pressure.
Oligohydramnios
MedGen UID:
86974
Concept ID:
C0079924
Pathologic Function
Diminished amniotic fluid volume in pregnancy.
Hypothyroidism
MedGen UID:
6991
Concept ID:
C0020676
Disease or Syndrome
Deficiency of thyroid hormone.
Nystagmus
MedGen UID:
45166
Concept ID:
C0028738
Disease or Syndrome
Rhythmic, involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes related to abnormality in fixation, conjugate gaze, or vestibular mechanisms.
Abnormality of eye movement
MedGen UID:
99227
Concept ID:
C0497202
Finding
An abnormality in voluntary or involuntary eye movements or their control.

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVAicardi-Goutieres syndrome 7

Professional guidelines

PubMed

de Barcelos IP, Woidill S, Gavazzi F, Modesti NB, Sevagamoorthy A, Vanderver A, Adang L
Mol Genet Metab 2024 May;142(1):108346. Epub 2024 Feb 13 doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2024.108346. PMID: 38368708Free PMC Article
Dell'Isola GB, Dini G, Culpepper KL, Portwood KE, Ferrara P, Di Cara G, Verrotti A, Lodolo M
World J Pediatr 2023 Jul;19(7):635-643. Epub 2023 Jan 17 doi: 10.1007/s12519-022-00679-2. PMID: 36650407Free PMC Article
Lee S, Clinard K, Young SP, Rehder CW, Fan Z, Calikoglu AS, Bali DS, Bailey DB Jr, Gehtland LM, Millington DS, Patel HS, Beckloff SE, Zimmerman SJ, Powell CM, Taylor JL
JAMA Netw Open 2020 Jan 3;3(1):e1920356. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20356. PMID: 32003821Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Peixoto de Barcelos I, Jan AK, Modesti N, Woidill S, Gavazzi F, Isaacs D, D'Aiello R, Sevagamoorthy A, Charlton L, Pizzino A, Schmidt J, van Haren K, Keller S, Eichler F, Emrick LT, Fraser JL, Shults J, Vanderver A, Adang LA
Mol Genet Metab 2024 Sep-Oct;143(1-2):108578. Epub 2024 Sep 15 doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2024.108578. PMID: 39332260
Thakkar RN, Patel D, Kioutchoukova IP, Al-Bahou R, Reddy P, Foster DT, Lucke-Wold B
Med Sci (Basel) 2024 Jan 25;12(1) doi: 10.3390/medsci12010007. PMID: 38390857Free PMC Article
Adang L, Gavazzi F, De Simone M, Fazzi E, Galli J, Koh J, Kramer-Golinkoff J, De Giorgis V, Orcesi S, Peer K, Ulrick N, Woidill S, Shults J, Vanderver A
J Child Neurol 2020 Jan;35(1):7-16. Epub 2019 Sep 27 doi: 10.1177/0883073819870944. PMID: 31559893Free PMC Article
Rice GI, Forte GM, Szynkiewicz M, Chase DS, Aeby A, Abdel-Hamid MS, Ackroyd S, Allcock R, Bailey KM, Balottin U, Barnerias C, Bernard G, Bodemer C, Botella MP, Cereda C, Chandler KE, Dabydeen L, Dale RC, De Laet C, De Goede CG, Del Toro M, Effat L, Enamorado NN, Fazzi E, Gener B, Haldre M, Lin JP, Livingston JH, Lourenco CM, Marques W Jr, Oades P, Peterson P, Rasmussen M, Roubertie A, Schmidt JL, Shalev SA, Simon R, Spiegel R, Swoboda KJ, Temtamy SA, Vassallo G, Vilain CN, Vogt J, Wermenbol V, Whitehouse WP, Soler D, Olivieri I, Orcesi S, Aglan MS, Zaki MS, Abdel-Salam GM, Vanderver A, Kisand K, Rozenberg F, Lebon P, Crow YJ
Lancet Neurol 2013 Dec;12(12):1159-69. Epub 2013 Oct 30 doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70258-8. PMID: 24183309Free PMC Article
Uggetti C, La Piana R, Orcesi S, Egitto MG, Crow YJ, Fazzi E
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009 Nov;30(10):1971-6. Epub 2009 Jul 23 doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A1694. PMID: 19628626Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Thakkar RN, Patel D, Kioutchoukova IP, Al-Bahou R, Reddy P, Foster DT, Lucke-Wold B
Med Sci (Basel) 2024 Jan 25;12(1) doi: 10.3390/medsci12010007. PMID: 38390857Free PMC Article
Dell'Isola GB, Dini G, Culpepper KL, Portwood KE, Ferrara P, Di Cara G, Verrotti A, Lodolo M
World J Pediatr 2023 Jul;19(7):635-643. Epub 2023 Jan 17 doi: 10.1007/s12519-022-00679-2. PMID: 36650407Free PMC Article
de Jesus AA, Hou Y, Brooks S, Malle L, Biancotto A, Huang Y, Calvo KR, Marrero B, Moir S, Oler AJ, Deng Z, Montealegre Sanchez GA, Ahmed A, Allenspach E, Arabshahi B, Behrens E, Benseler S, Bezrodnik L, Bout-Tabaku S, Brescia AC, Brown D, Burnham JM, Caldirola MS, Carrasco R, Chan AY, Cimaz R, Dancey P, Dare J, DeGuzman M, Dimitriades V, Ferguson I, Ferguson P, Finn L, Gattorno M, Grom AA, Hanson EP, Hashkes PJ, Hedrich CM, Herzog R, Horneff G, Jerath R, Kessler E, Kim H, Kingsbury DJ, Laxer RM, Lee PY, Lee-Kirsch MA, Lewandowski L, Li S, Lilleby V, Mammadova V, Moorthy LN, Nasrullayeva G, O'Neil KM, Onel K, Ozen S, Pan N, Pillet P, Piotto DG, Punaro MG, Reiff A, Reinhardt A, Rider LG, Rivas-Chacon R, Ronis T, Rösen-Wolff A, Roth J, Ruth NM, Rygg M, Schmeling H, Schulert G, Scott C, Seminario G, Shulman A, Sivaraman V, Son MB, Stepanovskiy Y, Stringer E, Taber S, Terreri MT, Tifft C, Torgerson T, Tosi L, Van Royen-Kerkhof A, Wampler Muskardin T, Canna SW, Goldbach-Mansky R
J Clin Invest 2020 Apr 1;130(4):1669-1682. doi: 10.1172/JCI129301. PMID: 31874111Free PMC Article
Crow YJ, Chase DS, Lowenstein Schmidt J, Szynkiewicz M, Forte GM, Gornall HL, Oojageer A, Anderson B, Pizzino A, Helman G, Abdel-Hamid MS, Abdel-Salam GM, Ackroyd S, Aeby A, Agosta G, Albin C, Allon-Shalev S, Arellano M, Ariaudo G, Aswani V, Babul-Hirji R, Baildam EM, Bahi-Buisson N, Bailey KM, Barnerias C, Barth M, Battini R, Beresford MW, Bernard G, Bianchi M, Billette de Villemeur T, Blair EM, Bloom M, Burlina AB, Carpanelli ML, Carvalho DR, Castro-Gago M, Cavallini A, Cereda C, Chandler KE, Chitayat DA, Collins AE, Sierra Corcoles C, Cordeiro NJ, Crichiutti G, Dabydeen L, Dale RC, D'Arrigo S, De Goede CG, De Laet C, De Waele LM, Denzler I, Desguerre I, Devriendt K, Di Rocco M, Fahey MC, Fazzi E, Ferrie CD, Figueiredo A, Gener B, Goizet C, Gowrinathan NR, Gowrishankar K, Hanrahan D, Isidor B, Kara B, Khan N, King MD, Kirk EP, Kumar R, Lagae L, Landrieu P, Lauffer H, Laugel V, La Piana R, Lim MJ, Lin JP, Linnankivi T, Mackay MT, Marom DR, Marques Lourenço C, McKee SA, Moroni I, Morton JE, Moutard ML, Murray K, Nabbout R, Nampoothiri S, Nunez-Enamorado N, Oades PJ, Olivieri I, Ostergaard JR, Pérez-Dueñas B, Prendiville JS, Ramesh V, Rasmussen M, Régal L, Ricci F, Rio M, Rodriguez D, Roubertie A, Salvatici E, Segers KA, Sinha GP, Soler D, Spiegel R, Stödberg TI, Straussberg R, Swoboda KJ, Suri M, Tacke U, Tan TY, te Water Naude J, Wee Teik K, Thomas MM, Till M, Tonduti D, Valente EM, Van Coster RN, van der Knaap MS, Vassallo G, Vijzelaar R, Vogt J, Wallace GB, Wassmer E, Webb HJ, Whitehouse WP, Whitney RN, Zaki MS, Zuberi SM, Livingston JH, Rozenberg F, Lebon P, Vanderver A, Orcesi S, Rice GI
Am J Med Genet A 2015 Feb;167A(2):296-312. Epub 2015 Jan 16 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36887. PMID: 25604658Free PMC Article
Rice GI, Forte GM, Szynkiewicz M, Chase DS, Aeby A, Abdel-Hamid MS, Ackroyd S, Allcock R, Bailey KM, Balottin U, Barnerias C, Bernard G, Bodemer C, Botella MP, Cereda C, Chandler KE, Dabydeen L, Dale RC, De Laet C, De Goede CG, Del Toro M, Effat L, Enamorado NN, Fazzi E, Gener B, Haldre M, Lin JP, Livingston JH, Lourenco CM, Marques W Jr, Oades P, Peterson P, Rasmussen M, Roubertie A, Schmidt JL, Shalev SA, Simon R, Spiegel R, Swoboda KJ, Temtamy SA, Vassallo G, Vilain CN, Vogt J, Wermenbol V, Whitehouse WP, Soler D, Olivieri I, Orcesi S, Aglan MS, Zaki MS, Abdel-Salam GM, Vanderver A, Kisand K, Rozenberg F, Lebon P, Crow YJ
Lancet Neurol 2013 Dec;12(12):1159-69. Epub 2013 Oct 30 doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70258-8. PMID: 24183309Free PMC Article

Therapy

Peixoto de Barcelos I, Jan AK, Modesti N, Woidill S, Gavazzi F, Isaacs D, D'Aiello R, Sevagamoorthy A, Charlton L, Pizzino A, Schmidt J, van Haren K, Keller S, Eichler F, Emrick LT, Fraser JL, Shults J, Vanderver A, Adang LA
Mol Genet Metab 2024 Sep-Oct;143(1-2):108578. Epub 2024 Sep 15 doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2024.108578. PMID: 39332260
Zhang C, Yu Z, Gao S, Ma M, Gou L, Wang C, Wang L, Li J, Zhong L, Zhou Y, Wang W, Song H
Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2023 Oct 17;21(1):124. doi: 10.1186/s12969-023-00881-0. PMID: 37848905Free PMC Article
Dell'Isola GB, Dini G, Culpepper KL, Portwood KE, Ferrara P, Di Cara G, Verrotti A, Lodolo M
World J Pediatr 2023 Jul;19(7):635-643. Epub 2023 Jan 17 doi: 10.1007/s12519-022-00679-2. PMID: 36650407Free PMC Article
Liu Y, Xiao N, Du H, Kou M, Lin L, Huang M, Zhang S, Xu S, Li D, Chen Q
Biochem Pharmacol 2020 Aug;178:114090. Epub 2020 Jun 19 doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114090. PMID: 32565148
de Jesus AA, Hou Y, Brooks S, Malle L, Biancotto A, Huang Y, Calvo KR, Marrero B, Moir S, Oler AJ, Deng Z, Montealegre Sanchez GA, Ahmed A, Allenspach E, Arabshahi B, Behrens E, Benseler S, Bezrodnik L, Bout-Tabaku S, Brescia AC, Brown D, Burnham JM, Caldirola MS, Carrasco R, Chan AY, Cimaz R, Dancey P, Dare J, DeGuzman M, Dimitriades V, Ferguson I, Ferguson P, Finn L, Gattorno M, Grom AA, Hanson EP, Hashkes PJ, Hedrich CM, Herzog R, Horneff G, Jerath R, Kessler E, Kim H, Kingsbury DJ, Laxer RM, Lee PY, Lee-Kirsch MA, Lewandowski L, Li S, Lilleby V, Mammadova V, Moorthy LN, Nasrullayeva G, O'Neil KM, Onel K, Ozen S, Pan N, Pillet P, Piotto DG, Punaro MG, Reiff A, Reinhardt A, Rider LG, Rivas-Chacon R, Ronis T, Rösen-Wolff A, Roth J, Ruth NM, Rygg M, Schmeling H, Schulert G, Scott C, Seminario G, Shulman A, Sivaraman V, Son MB, Stepanovskiy Y, Stringer E, Taber S, Terreri MT, Tifft C, Torgerson T, Tosi L, Van Royen-Kerkhof A, Wampler Muskardin T, Canna SW, Goldbach-Mansky R
J Clin Invest 2020 Apr 1;130(4):1669-1682. doi: 10.1172/JCI129301. PMID: 31874111Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Peixoto de Barcelos I, Jan AK, Modesti N, Woidill S, Gavazzi F, Isaacs D, D'Aiello R, Sevagamoorthy A, Charlton L, Pizzino A, Schmidt J, van Haren K, Keller S, Eichler F, Emrick LT, Fraser JL, Shults J, Vanderver A, Adang LA
Mol Genet Metab 2024 Sep-Oct;143(1-2):108578. Epub 2024 Sep 15 doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2024.108578. PMID: 39332260
Dell'Isola GB, Dini G, Culpepper KL, Portwood KE, Ferrara P, Di Cara G, Verrotti A, Lodolo M
World J Pediatr 2023 Jul;19(7):635-643. Epub 2023 Jan 17 doi: 10.1007/s12519-022-00679-2. PMID: 36650407Free PMC Article
Lee S, Clinard K, Young SP, Rehder CW, Fan Z, Calikoglu AS, Bali DS, Bailey DB Jr, Gehtland LM, Millington DS, Patel HS, Beckloff SE, Zimmerman SJ, Powell CM, Taylor JL
JAMA Netw Open 2020 Jan 3;3(1):e1920356. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20356. PMID: 32003821Free PMC Article
Gilani A, Adang LA, Vanderver A, Collins A, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK
Pediatr Dev Pathol 2019 Nov-Dec;22(6):566-570. Epub 2019 Apr 5 doi: 10.1177/1093526619837797. PMID: 30952201Free PMC Article
Uggetti C, La Piana R, Orcesi S, Egitto MG, Crow YJ, Fazzi E
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009 Nov;30(10):1971-6. Epub 2009 Jul 23 doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A1694. PMID: 19628626Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Viengkhou B, Hayashida E, McGlasson S, Emelianova K, Forbes D, Wiseman S, Wardlaw J, Verdillo R, Irani SR, Duffy D, Piehl F, Loo L, Pagenstecher A, Neely GG, Crow YJ, Campbell IL, Hunt DPJ, Hofer MJ
Immunity 2024 Jul 9;57(7):1696-1709.e10. Epub 2024 Jun 14 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.05.017. PMID: 38878770Free PMC Article
Zhang C, Yu Z, Gao S, Ma M, Gou L, Wang C, Wang L, Li J, Zhong L, Zhou Y, Wang W, Song H
Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2023 Oct 17;21(1):124. doi: 10.1186/s12969-023-00881-0. PMID: 37848905Free PMC Article
de Jesus AA, Hou Y, Brooks S, Malle L, Biancotto A, Huang Y, Calvo KR, Marrero B, Moir S, Oler AJ, Deng Z, Montealegre Sanchez GA, Ahmed A, Allenspach E, Arabshahi B, Behrens E, Benseler S, Bezrodnik L, Bout-Tabaku S, Brescia AC, Brown D, Burnham JM, Caldirola MS, Carrasco R, Chan AY, Cimaz R, Dancey P, Dare J, DeGuzman M, Dimitriades V, Ferguson I, Ferguson P, Finn L, Gattorno M, Grom AA, Hanson EP, Hashkes PJ, Hedrich CM, Herzog R, Horneff G, Jerath R, Kessler E, Kim H, Kingsbury DJ, Laxer RM, Lee PY, Lee-Kirsch MA, Lewandowski L, Li S, Lilleby V, Mammadova V, Moorthy LN, Nasrullayeva G, O'Neil KM, Onel K, Ozen S, Pan N, Pillet P, Piotto DG, Punaro MG, Reiff A, Reinhardt A, Rider LG, Rivas-Chacon R, Ronis T, Rösen-Wolff A, Roth J, Ruth NM, Rygg M, Schmeling H, Schulert G, Scott C, Seminario G, Shulman A, Sivaraman V, Son MB, Stepanovskiy Y, Stringer E, Taber S, Terreri MT, Tifft C, Torgerson T, Tosi L, Van Royen-Kerkhof A, Wampler Muskardin T, Canna SW, Goldbach-Mansky R
J Clin Invest 2020 Apr 1;130(4):1669-1682. doi: 10.1172/JCI129301. PMID: 31874111Free PMC Article
Crow YJ, Chase DS, Lowenstein Schmidt J, Szynkiewicz M, Forte GM, Gornall HL, Oojageer A, Anderson B, Pizzino A, Helman G, Abdel-Hamid MS, Abdel-Salam GM, Ackroyd S, Aeby A, Agosta G, Albin C, Allon-Shalev S, Arellano M, Ariaudo G, Aswani V, Babul-Hirji R, Baildam EM, Bahi-Buisson N, Bailey KM, Barnerias C, Barth M, Battini R, Beresford MW, Bernard G, Bianchi M, Billette de Villemeur T, Blair EM, Bloom M, Burlina AB, Carpanelli ML, Carvalho DR, Castro-Gago M, Cavallini A, Cereda C, Chandler KE, Chitayat DA, Collins AE, Sierra Corcoles C, Cordeiro NJ, Crichiutti G, Dabydeen L, Dale RC, D'Arrigo S, De Goede CG, De Laet C, De Waele LM, Denzler I, Desguerre I, Devriendt K, Di Rocco M, Fahey MC, Fazzi E, Ferrie CD, Figueiredo A, Gener B, Goizet C, Gowrinathan NR, Gowrishankar K, Hanrahan D, Isidor B, Kara B, Khan N, King MD, Kirk EP, Kumar R, Lagae L, Landrieu P, Lauffer H, Laugel V, La Piana R, Lim MJ, Lin JP, Linnankivi T, Mackay MT, Marom DR, Marques Lourenço C, McKee SA, Moroni I, Morton JE, Moutard ML, Murray K, Nabbout R, Nampoothiri S, Nunez-Enamorado N, Oades PJ, Olivieri I, Ostergaard JR, Pérez-Dueñas B, Prendiville JS, Ramesh V, Rasmussen M, Régal L, Ricci F, Rio M, Rodriguez D, Roubertie A, Salvatici E, Segers KA, Sinha GP, Soler D, Spiegel R, Stödberg TI, Straussberg R, Swoboda KJ, Suri M, Tacke U, Tan TY, te Water Naude J, Wee Teik K, Thomas MM, Till M, Tonduti D, Valente EM, Van Coster RN, van der Knaap MS, Vassallo G, Vijzelaar R, Vogt J, Wallace GB, Wassmer E, Webb HJ, Whitehouse WP, Whitney RN, Zaki MS, Zuberi SM, Livingston JH, Rozenberg F, Lebon P, Vanderver A, Orcesi S, Rice GI
Am J Med Genet A 2015 Feb;167A(2):296-312. Epub 2015 Jan 16 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36887. PMID: 25604658Free PMC Article
Rice GI, Forte GM, Szynkiewicz M, Chase DS, Aeby A, Abdel-Hamid MS, Ackroyd S, Allcock R, Bailey KM, Balottin U, Barnerias C, Bernard G, Bodemer C, Botella MP, Cereda C, Chandler KE, Dabydeen L, Dale RC, De Laet C, De Goede CG, Del Toro M, Effat L, Enamorado NN, Fazzi E, Gener B, Haldre M, Lin JP, Livingston JH, Lourenco CM, Marques W Jr, Oades P, Peterson P, Rasmussen M, Roubertie A, Schmidt JL, Shalev SA, Simon R, Spiegel R, Swoboda KJ, Temtamy SA, Vassallo G, Vilain CN, Vogt J, Wermenbol V, Whitehouse WP, Soler D, Olivieri I, Orcesi S, Aglan MS, Zaki MS, Abdel-Salam GM, Vanderver A, Kisand K, Rozenberg F, Lebon P, Crow YJ
Lancet Neurol 2013 Dec;12(12):1159-69. Epub 2013 Oct 30 doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70258-8. PMID: 24183309Free PMC Article

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