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X-linked parkinsonism-spasticity syndrome(XPDS)

MedGen UID:
813052
•Concept ID:
C3806722
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: Parkinsonism with spasticity, X-linked
SNOMED CT: X-linked parkinsonism with spasticity syndrome (770757004); XPDS - X-linked parkinsonism with spasticity syndrome (770757004)
Modes of inheritance:
X-linked recessive inheritance
MedGen UID:
375779
•Concept ID:
C1845977
•
Finding
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for recessive traits related to a gene encoded on the X chromosome. In the context of medical genetics, X-linked recessive disorders manifest in males (who have one copy of the X chromosome and are thus hemizygotes), but generally not in female heterozygotes who have one mutant and one normal allele.
See: This record
X-linked recessive inheritance (Orphanet)
 
Gene (location): ATP6AP2 (Xp11.4)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0010482
OMIM®: 300911
Orphanet: ORPHA363654

Definition

A rare genetic neurological disorder with characteristics of parkinsonian features (including resting or action tremor, cogwheel rigidity, hypomimia and bradykinesia) associated with variably penetrant spasticity, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes and Babinski sign. There is evidence this disease is caused by hemizygous mutation in the ATP6AP2 gene on chromosome Xp11. [from SNOMEDCT_US]

Clinical features

From HPO
Spasticity
MedGen UID:
7753
•Concept ID:
C0026838
•
Sign or Symptom
A motor disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with increased muscle tone, exaggerated (hyperexcitable) tendon reflexes.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Babinski sign
MedGen UID:
19708
•Concept ID:
C0034935
•
Finding
Upturning of the big toe (and sometimes fanning of the other toes) in response to stimulation of the sole of the foot. If the Babinski sign is present it can indicate damage to the corticospinal tract.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Hyperreflexia
MedGen UID:
57738
•Concept ID:
C0151889
•
Finding
Hyperreflexia is the presence of hyperactive stretch reflexes of the muscles.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Bradykinesia
MedGen UID:
115925
•Concept ID:
C0233565
•
Sign or Symptom
Bradykinesia literally means slow movement, and is used clinically to denote a slowness in the execution of movement (in contrast to hypokinesia, which is used to refer to slowness in the initiation of movement).
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Resting tremor
MedGen UID:
66697
•Concept ID:
C0234379
•
Sign or Symptom
A resting tremor occurs when muscles are at rest and becomes less noticeable or disappears when the affected muscles are moved. Resting tremors are often slow and coarse.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Parkinsonian disorder
MedGen UID:
66079
•Concept ID:
C0242422
•
Disease or Syndrome
Characteristic neurologic anomaly resulting from degeneration of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra, a region of the midbrain, characterized clinically by shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with walking and gait.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Cogwheel rigidity
MedGen UID:
57469
•Concept ID:
C0151564
•
Sign or Symptom
A type of rigidity in which a muscle responds with cogwheellike jerks to the use of constant force in bending the limb (i.e., it gives way in little, repeated jerks when the muscle is passively stretched).
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Hypomimic face
MedGen UID:
208827
•Concept ID:
C0813217
•
Finding
A reduced degree of motion of the muscles beneath the skin of the face, often associated with reduced facial crease formation.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
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Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVX-linked parkinsonism-spasticity syndrome
Follow this link to review classifications for X-linked parkinsonism-spasticity syndrome in Orphanet.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

VEXAS syndrome: Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment.
Loeza-Uribe MP, Hinojosa-Azaola A, Sánchez-Hernández BE, Crispín JC, Apodaca-Chávez E, Ferrada MA, Martín-Nares E
Reumatol Clin (Engl Ed) 2024 Jan;20(1):47-56. Epub 2023 Dec 29 doi: 10.1016/j.reumae.2023.12.004. PMID: 38160120
Alport Syndrome: Achieving Early Diagnosis and Treatment.
Kashtan CE
Am J Kidney Dis 2021 Feb;77(2):272-279. Epub 2020 Jul 22 doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.03.026. PMID: 32712016
Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia: expert panel recommendations.
Verbalis JG, Goldsmith SR, Greenberg A, Korzelius C, Schrier RW, Sterns RH, Thompson CJ
Am J Med 2013 Oct;126(10 Suppl 1):S1-42. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.07.006. PMID: 24074529

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

X-Linked Epilepsies: A Narrative Review.
Bernardo P, Cuccurullo C, Rubino M, De Vita G, Terrone G, Bilo L, Coppola A
Int J Mol Sci 2024 Apr 8;25(7) doi: 10.3390/ijms25074110. PMID: 38612920Free PMC Article
Epigenetic Causes of Overgrowth Syndromes.
Lui JC, Baron J
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024 Jan 18;109(2):312-320. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgad420. PMID: 37450557Free PMC Article
Inherited ichthyosis: Non-syndromic forms.
Takeichi T, Akiyama M
J Dermatol 2016 Mar;43(3):242-51. doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.13243. PMID: 26945532
Amelogenesis imperfecta.
Crawford PJ, Aldred M, Bloch-Zupan A
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2007 Apr 4;2:17. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-2-17. PMID: 17408482Free PMC Article
Hereditary ataxias.
Evidente VG, Gwinn-Hardy KA, Caviness JN, Gilman S
Mayo Clin Proc 2000 May;75(5):475-90. doi: 10.4065/75.5.475. PMID: 10807077

Diagnosis

VEXAS Syndrome-A Review of Pathophysiology, Presentation, and Prognosis.
Koster MJ, Samec MJ, Warrington KJ
J Clin Rheumatol 2023 Sep 1;29(6):298-306. Epub 2022 Oct 17 doi: 10.1097/RHU.0000000000001905. PMID: 36251488
The X-linked retinopathies: Physiological insights, pathogenic mechanisms, phenotypic features and novel therapies.
De Silva SR, Arno G, Robson AG, Fakin A, Pontikos N, Mohamed MD, Bird AC, Moore AT, Michaelides M, Webster AR, Mahroo OA
Prog Retin Eye Res 2021 May;82:100898. Epub 2020 Aug 26 doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100898. PMID: 32860923
Incontinentia Pigmenti.
Cammarata-Scalisi F, Fusco F, Ursini MV
Actas Dermosifiliogr (Engl Ed) 2019 May;110(4):273-278. Epub 2019 Jan 17 doi: 10.1016/j.ad.2018.10.004. PMID: 30660327
Inherited ichthyosis: Non-syndromic forms.
Takeichi T, Akiyama M
J Dermatol 2016 Mar;43(3):242-51. doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.13243. PMID: 26945532
Microcephaly syndromes.
Abuelo D
Semin Pediatr Neurol 2007 Sep;14(3):118-27. doi: 10.1016/j.spen.2007.07.003. PMID: 17980308

Therapy

VEXAS Syndrome-A Review of Pathophysiology, Presentation, and Prognosis.
Koster MJ, Samec MJ, Warrington KJ
J Clin Rheumatol 2023 Sep 1;29(6):298-306. Epub 2022 Oct 17 doi: 10.1097/RHU.0000000000001905. PMID: 36251488
X-chromosome inactivation: implications in human disease.
Pereira G, Dória S
J Genet 2021;100 PMID: 34553695
Alport Syndrome: Achieving Early Diagnosis and Treatment.
Kashtan CE
Am J Kidney Dis 2021 Feb;77(2):272-279. Epub 2020 Jul 22 doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.03.026. PMID: 32712016
Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia: expert panel recommendations.
Verbalis JG, Goldsmith SR, Greenberg A, Korzelius C, Schrier RW, Sterns RH, Thompson CJ
Am J Med 2013 Oct;126(10 Suppl 1):S1-42. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.07.006. PMID: 24074529
Immunodeficiency-associated lymphomas.
Tran H, Nourse J, Hall S, Green M, Griffiths L, Gandhi MK
Blood Rev 2008 Sep;22(5):261-81. Epub 2008 May 5 doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2008.03.009. PMID: 18456377

Prognosis

Alport Syndrome.
Chavez E, Goncalves S, Rheault MN, Fornoni A
Adv Kidney Dis Health 2024 May;31(3):170-179. doi: 10.1053/j.akdh.2024.02.004. PMID: 39004457
VEXAS Syndrome-A Review of Pathophysiology, Presentation, and Prognosis.
Koster MJ, Samec MJ, Warrington KJ
J Clin Rheumatol 2023 Sep 1;29(6):298-306. Epub 2022 Oct 17 doi: 10.1097/RHU.0000000000001905. PMID: 36251488
IPEX Syndrome: Genetics and Treatment Options.
Ben-Skowronek I
Genes (Basel) 2021 Feb 24;12(3) doi: 10.3390/genes12030323. PMID: 33668198Free PMC Article
Nonprogressive congenital ataxias.
Bertini E, Zanni G, Boltshauser E
Handb Clin Neurol 2018;155:91-103. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64189-2.00006-8. PMID: 29891079
Retinitis pigmentosa.
Hamel C
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2006 Oct 11;1:40. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-1-40. PMID: 17032466Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Clinical characteristics, disease trajectories and management of vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic (VEXAS) syndrome: a systematic review.
Kouranloo K, Dey M, Almutawa J, Myall N, Nune A
Rheumatol Int 2024 Jul;44(7):1219-1232. Epub 2023 Dec 21 doi: 10.1007/s00296-023-05513-0. PMID: 38129348
CUGC for Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS).
Vuillaume ML, Moizard MP, Baumer A, Cottereau E, Brioude F, Rauch A, Toutain A
Eur J Hum Genet 2019 Apr;27(4):663-668. Epub 2019 Jan 25 doi: 10.1038/s41431-019-0339-z. PMID: 30683921Free PMC Article
HUWE1 variants cause dominant X-linked intellectual disability: a clinical study of 21 patients.
Moortgat S, Berland S, Aukrust I, Maystadt I, Baker L, Benoit V, Caro-Llopis A, Cooper NS, Debray FG, Faivre L, Gardeitchik T, Haukanes BI, Houge G, Kivuva E, Martinez F, Mehta SG, Nassogne MC, Powell-Hamilton N, Pfundt R, Rosello M, Prescott T, Vasudevan P, van Loon B, Verellen-Dumoulin C, Verloes A, Lippe CV, Wakeling E, Wilkie AOM, Wilson L, Yuen A, Study D, Low KJ, Newbury-Ecob RA
Eur J Hum Genet 2018 Jan;26(1):64-74. Epub 2017 Nov 27 doi: 10.1038/s41431-017-0038-6. PMID: 29180823Free PMC Article
Is polycystic ovary syndrome a sexual conflict? A review.
Casarini L, Simoni M, Brigante G
Reprod Biomed Online 2016 Apr;32(4):350-61. Epub 2016 Feb 2 doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.01.011. PMID: 26874987
Amelogenesis imperfecta.
Crawford PJ, Aldred M, Bloch-Zupan A
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2007 Apr 4;2:17. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-2-17. PMID: 17408482Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Clinical characteristics, disease trajectories and management of vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic (VEXAS) syndrome: a systematic review.
Kouranloo K, Dey M, Almutawa J, Myall N, Nune A
Rheumatol Int 2024 Jul;44(7):1219-1232. Epub 2023 Dec 21 doi: 10.1007/s00296-023-05513-0. PMID: 38129348
How to treat VEXAS syndrome: a systematic review on effectiveness and safety of current treatment strategies.
Boyadzhieva Z, Ruffer N, Kötter I, Krusche M
Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023 Nov 2;62(11):3518-3525. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead240. PMID: 37233149
ATR-X syndrome: genetics, clinical spectrum, and management.
León NY, Harley VR
Hum Genet 2021 Dec;140(12):1625-1634. Epub 2021 Sep 15 doi: 10.1007/s00439-021-02361-5. PMID: 34524523
The Prevalence of Clinical Features in Patients with Aarskog-Scott Syndrome and Assessment of Genotype-Phenotype Correlation: A Systematic Review.
Zanetti Drumond V, Sousa Salgado L, Sousa Salgado C, Oliveira VAL, de Assis EM, Campos Ribeiro M, Furtado Valadão A, Orrico A
Genet Res (Camb) 2021;2021:6652957. Epub 2021 Feb 2 doi: 10.1155/2021/6652957. PMID: 33762894Free PMC Article
A systematic review and evidence-based guideline for diagnosis and treatment of Menkes disease.
Vairo FPE, Chwal BC, Perini S, Ferreira MAP, de Freitas Lopes AC, Saute JAM
Mol Genet Metab 2019 Jan;126(1):6-13. Epub 2018 Dec 11 doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.12.005. PMID: 30594472

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