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Heterotaxy, visceral, 2, autosomal(HTX2)

MedGen UID:
237904
Concept ID:
C1415817
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: CFC1-Related Visceral Heterotaxy; HTX2; Transposition of the great arteries, dextro-looped 2
 
Gene (location): CFC1 (2q21.1)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0011546
OMIM®: 605376

Definition

The more common form of transposition of the great arteries, dextro-looped TGA, consists of complete inversion of the great vessels, so that the aorta incorrectly arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery incorrectly arises from the left ventricle. (In the less common type of TGA, levo-looped TGA, the ventricles are inverted instead) (Goldmuntz et al., 2002). This creates completely separate pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems, an arrangement that is incompatible with life. Patients with TGA often have atrial and/or ventricular septal defects or other types of shunting that allow some mixing between the circulations in order to support life minimally, but surgical intervention is always required. For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of dextro-looped transposition of the great arteries, see 608808. [from OMIM]

Additional descriptions

From MedlinePlus Genetics
People with CCHD have one or more specific heart defects. The heart defects classified as CCHD include coarctation of the aorta, double-outlet right ventricle, D-transposition of the great arteries, Ebstein anomaly, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, interrupted aortic arch, pulmonary atresia with intact septum, single ventricle, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, tetralogy of Fallot, tricuspid atresia, and truncus arteriosus.

Each of the heart defects associated with CCHD affects the flow of blood into, out of, or through the heart. Some of the heart defects involve structures within the heart itself, such as the two lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles) or the valves that control blood flow through the heart. Others affect the structure of the large blood vessels leading into and out of the heart (including the aorta and pulmonary artery). Still others involve a combination of these structural abnormalities.

Some people with treated CCHD have few related health problems later in life. However, long-term effects of CCHD can include delayed development and reduced stamina during exercise. Adults with these heart defects have an increased risk of abnormal heart rhythms, heart failure, sudden cardiac arrest, stroke, and premature death.

Although babies with CCHD may appear healthy for the first few hours or days of life, signs and symptoms soon become apparent. These can include an abnormal heart sound during a heartbeat (heart murmur), rapid breathing (tachypnea), low blood pressure (hypotension), low levels of oxygen in the blood (hypoxemia), and a blue or purple tint to the skin caused by a shortage of oxygen (cyanosis). If untreated, CCHD can lead to shock, coma, and death. However, most people with CCHD now survive past infancy due to improvements in early detection, diagnosis, and treatment.

Critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) is a term that refers to a group of serious heart defects that are present from birth. These abnormalities result from problems with the formation of one or more parts of the heart during the early stages of embryonic development. CCHD prevents the heart from pumping blood effectively or reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood. As a result, organs and tissues throughout the body do not receive enough oxygen, which can lead to organ damage and life-threatening complications. Individuals with CCHD usually require surgery soon after birth.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/critical-congenital-heart-disease
From MedlinePlus Genetics
Heterotaxy syndrome is a condition in which the internal organs are abnormally arranged in the chest and abdomen. The term "heterotaxy" is from the Greek words "heteros," meaning "other than," and "taxis," meaning "arrangement." Individuals with this condition have complex birth defects affecting the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, intestines, and other organs.

In the normal body, most of the organs in the chest and abdomen have a particular location on the right or left side. For example, the heart, spleen, and pancreas are on the left side of the body, and most of the liver is on the right. This normal arrangement of the organs is known as "situs solitus." Rarely, the orientation of the internal organs is completely flipped from right to left, a situation known as "situs inversus." This mirror-image orientation usually does not cause any health problems, unless it occurs as part of a syndrome affecting other parts of the body. Heterotaxy syndrome is an arrangement of internal organs somewhere between situs solitus and situs inversus; this condition is also known as "situs ambiguus." Unlike situs inversus, the abnormal arrangement of organs in heterotaxy syndrome often causes serious health problems.

Heterotaxy syndrome can alter the structure of the heart, including the attachment of the large blood vessels that carry blood to and from the rest of the body. It can also affect the structure of the lungs, such as the number of lobes in each lung and the length of the tubes (called bronchi) that lead from the windpipe to the lungs. In the abdomen, the condition can cause a person to have no spleen (asplenia) or multiple small, poorly functioning spleens (polysplenia). The liver may lie across the middle of the body instead of being in its normal position to the right of the stomach. Some affected individuals also have intestinal malrotation, which is an abnormal twisting of the intestines that occurs in the early stages of development before birth.

The severity of heterotaxy syndrome varies depending on the specific abnormalities involved. Some affected individuals have only mild health problems related to the condition. At the other end of the spectrum, heterotaxy syndrome can be life-threatening in infancy or childhood, even with treatment.

Depending on the organs involved, signs and symptoms of heterotaxy syndrome can include a bluish appearance of the skin or lips (cyanosis, which is due to a shortage of oxygen), breathing difficulties, an increased risk of infections, and problems with digesting food. The most serious complications are generally caused by critical congenital heart disease, a group of complex heart defects that are present from birth. Biliary atresia, a problem with the bile ducts in the liver, can also cause severe health problems in infancy.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/heterotaxy-syndrome

Clinical features

From HPO
Dextrocardia
MedGen UID:
4255
Concept ID:
C0011813
Congenital Abnormality
The heart is located in the right hand sided hemithorax. That is, there is a left-right reversal (or "mirror reflection") of the anatomical location of the heart in which the heart is locate on the right side instead of the left.
Double outlet right ventricle
MedGen UID:
41649
Concept ID:
C0013069
Congenital Abnormality
Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) is a type of ventriculoarterial connection in which both great vessels arise entirely or predominantly from the right ventricle.
Transposition of the great arteries
MedGen UID:
21245
Concept ID:
C0040761
Congenital Abnormality
Critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) is a term that refers to a group of serious heart defects that are present from birth. These abnormalities result from problems with the formation of one or more parts of the heart during the early stages of embryonic development. CCHD prevents the heart from pumping blood effectively or reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood. As a result, organs and tissues throughout the body do not receive enough oxygen, which can lead to organ damage and life-threatening complications. Individuals with CCHD usually require surgery soon after birth.\n\nAlthough babies with CCHD may appear healthy for the first few hours or days of life, signs and symptoms soon become apparent. These can include an abnormal heart sound during a heartbeat (heart murmur), rapid breathing (tachypnea), low blood pressure (hypotension), low levels of oxygen in the blood (hypoxemia), and a blue or purple tint to the skin caused by a shortage of oxygen (cyanosis). If untreated, CCHD can lead to shock, coma, and death. However, most people with CCHD now survive past infancy due to improvements in early detection, diagnosis, and treatment.\n\nSome people with treated CCHD have few related health problems later in life. However, long-term effects of CCHD can include delayed development and reduced stamina during exercise. Adults with these heart defects have an increased risk of abnormal heart rhythms, heart failure, sudden cardiac arrest, stroke, and premature death.\n\nEach of the heart defects associated with CCHD affects the flow of blood into, out of, or through the heart. Some of the heart defects involve structures within the heart itself, such as the two lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles) or the valves that control blood flow through the heart. Others affect the structure of the large blood vessels leading into and out of the heart (including the aorta and pulmonary artery). Still others involve a combination of these structural abnormalities.\n\nPeople with CCHD have one or more specific heart defects. The heart defects classified as CCHD include coarctation of the aorta, double-outlet right ventricle, D-transposition of the great arteries, Ebstein anomaly, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, interrupted aortic arch, pulmonary atresia with intact septum, single ventricle, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, tetralogy of Fallot, tricuspid atresia, and truncus arteriosus.
Mesocardia
MedGen UID:
488817
Concept ID:
C0265865
Congenital Abnormality
Mesocardia is an abnormal location of the heart in which the heart is in a midline position and the longitudinal axis of the heart lies in the mid-sagittal plane.
Bilateral superior vena cava
MedGen UID:
576402
Concept ID:
C0344659
Congenital Abnormality
The presence of a left and a right superior vena cava.
Atrioventricular canal defect
MedGen UID:
235591
Concept ID:
C1389016
Anatomical Abnormality
A defect of the atrioventricular septum of the heart.
Situs inversus
MedGen UID:
1642262
Concept ID:
C4551493
Congenital Abnormality
A left-right reversal (or mirror reflection) of the anatomical location of the major thoracic and abdominal organs.
Abdominal situs inversus
MedGen UID:
52359
Concept ID:
C0037221
Congenital Abnormality
A left-right reversal (or mirror reflection) of the anatomical location of the viscera of the abdomen.
Left atrial isomerism
MedGen UID:
465275
Concept ID:
C3178807
Congenital Abnormality
In left atrial isomerism there is a bilateral small finger-shaped morphologically left atrial appendage joining the atrial chamber along a narrow front without an internal terminal crest.
Intestinal malrotation
MedGen UID:
113153
Concept ID:
C0221210
Congenital Abnormality
An abnormality of the intestinal rotation and fixation that normally occurs during the development of the gut. This can lead to volvulus, or twisting of the intestine that causes obstruction and necrosis.
Corpus callosum, agenesis of
MedGen UID:
104498
Concept ID:
C0175754
Congenital Abnormality
The corpus callosum is the largest fiber tract in the central nervous system and the major interhemispheric fiber bundle in the brain. Formation of the corpus callosum begins as early as 6 weeks' gestation, with the first fibers crossing the midline at 11 to 12 weeks' gestation, and completion of the basic shape by age 18 to 20 weeks (Schell-Apacik et al., 2008). Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is one of the most frequent malformations in brain with a reported incidence ranging between 0.5 and 70 in 10,000 births. ACC is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous condition, which can be observed either as an isolated condition or as a manifestation in the context of a congenital syndrome (see MOLECULAR GENETICS and Dobyns, 1996). Also see mirror movements-1 and/or agenesis of the corpus callosum (MRMV1; 157600). Schell-Apacik et al. (2008) noted that there is confusion in the literature regarding radiologic terminology concerning partial absence of the corpus callosum, where various designations have been used, including hypogenesis, hypoplasia, partial agenesis, or dysgenesis.
Microcephaly
MedGen UID:
1644158
Concept ID:
C4551563
Finding
Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.
Polysplenia
MedGen UID:
383959
Concept ID:
C1856659
Congenital Abnormality
Polysplenia is a congenital disease manifested by multiple small accessory spleens.
Asplenia
MedGen UID:
1830315
Concept ID:
C5779621
Anatomical Abnormality
Absence (aplasia) of the spleen.

Recent clinical studies

Diagnosis

Reilly K, Sonner S, McCay N, Rolnik DL, Casey F, Seale AN, Watson CJ, Kan A, Lai THT, Chung BHY, Diderich KEM, Srebniak MI, Dempsey E, Drury S, Giordano J, Wapner R, Kilby MD, Chitty LS, Mone F
Prenat Diagn 2024 Jun;44(6-7):821-831. Epub 2024 May 6 doi: 10.1002/pd.6581. PMID: 38708840
Ganapathi M, Buchovecky CM, Cristo F, Ahimaz P, Ruzal-Shapiro C, Wou K, Inácio JM, Iglesias A, Belo JA, Jobanputra V
Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2022 Dec;8(7) Epub 2022 Dec 28 doi: 10.1101/mcs.a006248. PMID: 36316122Free PMC Article
Le Fevre A, Baptista J, Ellard S, Overton T, Oliver A, Gradhand E, Scurr I
Eur J Med Genet 2020 Feb;63(2):103657. Epub 2019 Apr 23 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.04.014. PMID: 31026592
Kuan PX, Tan PW, Jobli AT, Norsila AR
Med J Malaysia 2016 Aug;71(4):206-208. PMID: 27770122
Morillas HN, Zariwala M, Knowles MR
Respiration 2007;74(3):252-63. doi: 10.1159/000101783. PMID: 17534128

Prognosis

Li AH, Hanchard NA, Azamian M, D'Alessandro LCA, Coban-Akdemir Z, Lopez KN, Hall NJ, Dickerson H, Nicosia A, Fernbach S, Boone PM, Gambin T, Karaca E, Gu S, Yuan B, Jhangiani SN, Doddapaneni H, Hu J, Dinh H, Jayaseelan J, Muzny D, Lalani S, Towbin J, Penny D, Fraser C, Martin J, Lupski JR, Gibbs RA, Boerwinkle E, Ware SM, Belmont JW
Eur J Hum Genet 2019 Apr;27(4):563-573. Epub 2019 Jan 8 doi: 10.1038/s41431-018-0307-z. PMID: 30622330Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Li AH, Hanchard NA, Azamian M, D'Alessandro LCA, Coban-Akdemir Z, Lopez KN, Hall NJ, Dickerson H, Nicosia A, Fernbach S, Boone PM, Gambin T, Karaca E, Gu S, Yuan B, Jhangiani SN, Doddapaneni H, Hu J, Dinh H, Jayaseelan J, Muzny D, Lalani S, Towbin J, Penny D, Fraser C, Martin J, Lupski JR, Gibbs RA, Boerwinkle E, Ware SM, Belmont JW
Eur J Hum Genet 2019 Apr;27(4):563-573. Epub 2019 Jan 8 doi: 10.1038/s41431-018-0307-z. PMID: 30622330Free PMC Article
Wessels MW, De Graaf BM, Cohen-Overbeek TE, Spitaels SE, de Groot-de Laat LE, Ten Cate FJ, Frohn-Mulder IF, de Krijger R, Bartelings MM, Essed N, Wladimiroff JW, Niermeijer MF, Heutink P, Oostra BA, Dooijes D, Bertoli-Avella AM, Willems PJ
Hum Genet 2008 Jan;122(6):595-603. Epub 2007 Oct 16 doi: 10.1007/s00439-007-0436-x. PMID: 17938964

Recent systematic reviews

Reilly K, Sonner S, McCay N, Rolnik DL, Casey F, Seale AN, Watson CJ, Kan A, Lai THT, Chung BHY, Diderich KEM, Srebniak MI, Dempsey E, Drury S, Giordano J, Wapner R, Kilby MD, Chitty LS, Mone F
Prenat Diagn 2024 Jun;44(6-7):821-831. Epub 2024 May 6 doi: 10.1002/pd.6581. PMID: 38708840

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