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Pentaplegic cerebral palsy

MedGen UID:
824628
•Concept ID:
C3838782
•
Disease or Syndrome
SNOMED CT: Pentaplegic cerebral palsy (702321005)

Definition

A form of spastic cerebral palsy affecting all four limbs with neck and head paralysis, often accompanied by eating and breathing complications. [from SNOMEDCT_US]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 6th International Conference on Concussion in Sport-Amsterdam, October 2022.
Patricios JS, Schneider KJ, Dvorak J, Ahmed OH, Blauwet C, Cantu RC, Davis GA, Echemendia RJ, Makdissi M, McNamee M, Broglio S, Emery CA, Feddermann-Demont N, Fuller GW, Giza CC, Guskiewicz KM, Hainline B, Iverson GL, Kutcher JS, Leddy JJ, Maddocks D, Manley G, McCrea M, Purcell LK, Putukian M, Sato H, Tuominen MP, Turner M, Yeates KO, Herring SA, Meeuwisse W
Br J Sports Med 2023 Jun;57(11):695-711. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106898. PMID: 37316210
Interventions to improve physical function for children and young people with cerebral palsy: international clinical practice guideline.
Jackman M, Sakzewski L, Morgan C, Boyd RN, Brennan SE, Langdon K, Toovey RAM, Greaves S, Thorley M, Novak I
Dev Med Child Neurol 2022 May;64(5):536-549. Epub 2021 Sep 21 doi: 10.1111/dmcn.15055. PMID: 34549424
Early, Accurate Diagnosis and Early Intervention in Cerebral Palsy: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment.
Novak I, Morgan C, Adde L, Blackman J, Boyd RN, Brunstrom-Hernandez J, Cioni G, Damiano D, Darrah J, Eliasson AC, de Vries LS, Einspieler C, Fahey M, Fehlings D, Ferriero DM, Fetters L, Fiori S, Forssberg H, Gordon AM, Greaves S, Guzzetta A, Hadders-Algra M, Harbourne R, Kakooza-Mwesige A, Karlsson P, Krumlinde-Sundholm L, Latal B, Loughran-Fowlds A, Maitre N, McIntyre S, Noritz G, Pennington L, Romeo DM, Shepherd R, Spittle AJ, Thornton M, Valentine J, Walker K, White R, Badawi N
JAMA Pediatr 2017 Sep 1;171(9):897-907. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1689. PMID: 28715518Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Cerebral palsy.
Novak I, Jackman M, Finch-Edmondson M, Fahey M
Lancet 2025 Jul 12;406(10499):174-188. Epub 2025 Jun 20 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00686-5. PMID: 40550230
Cerebral palsy in children: A clinical practice review.
Patel DR, Bovid KM, Rausch R, Ergun-Longmire B, Goetting M, Merrick J
Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2024 Nov;54(11):101673. Epub 2024 Aug 20 doi: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2024.101673. PMID: 39168782
Early Cerebral Palsy Detection and Intervention.
Mendoza-Sengco P, Lee Chicoine C, Vargus-Adams J
Pediatr Clin North Am 2023 Jun;70(3):385-398. Epub 2023 Mar 21 doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2023.01.014. PMID: 37121632
Cerebral palsy: Aetiology, pathophysiology and therapeutic interventions.
Upadhyay J, Tiwari N, Ansari MN
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020 Dec;47(12):1891-1901. Epub 2020 Aug 19 doi: 10.1111/1440-1681.13379. PMID: 32662125
Cerebral palsy.
Wimalasundera N, Stevenson VL
Pract Neurol 2016 Jun;16(3):184-94. Epub 2016 Feb 2 doi: 10.1136/practneurol-2015-001184. PMID: 26837375

Diagnosis

Cerebral palsy.
Novak I, Jackman M, Finch-Edmondson M, Fahey M
Lancet 2025 Jul 12;406(10499):174-188. Epub 2025 Jun 20 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00686-5. PMID: 40550230
Cerebral palsy in children: A clinical practice review.
Patel DR, Bovid KM, Rausch R, Ergun-Longmire B, Goetting M, Merrick J
Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2024 Nov;54(11):101673. Epub 2024 Aug 20 doi: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2024.101673. PMID: 39168782
A Review on Recent Advances of Cerebral Palsy.
Paul S, Nahar A, Bhagawati M, Kunwar AJ
Oxid Med Cell Longev 2022;2022:2622310. Epub 2022 Jul 30 doi: 10.1155/2022/2622310. PMID: 35941906Free PMC Article
Cerebral palsy: Aetiology, pathophysiology and therapeutic interventions.
Upadhyay J, Tiwari N, Ansari MN
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020 Dec;47(12):1891-1901. Epub 2020 Aug 19 doi: 10.1111/1440-1681.13379. PMID: 32662125
Cerebral Palsy: An Overview.
Vitrikas K, Dalton H, Breish D
Am Fam Physician 2020 Feb 15;101(4):213-220. PMID: 32053326

Therapy

Systemic Postnatal Corticosteroids, Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, and Survival Free of Cerebral Palsy.
Doyle LW, Mainzer R, Cheong JLY
JAMA Pediatr 2025 Jan 1;179(1):65-72. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.4575. PMID: 39556404Free PMC Article
Magnesium Sulfate Before Preterm Birth for Neuroprotection: An Updated Cochrane Systematic Review.
Shepherd ES, Goldsmith S, Doyle LW, Middleton P, Marret S, Rouse DJ, Pryde P, Wolf HT, Crowther CA
Obstet Gynecol 2024 Aug 1;144(2):161-170. Epub 2024 Jun 3 doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000005644. PMID: 38830233Free PMC Article
Constraint-induced movement therapy in children with unilateral cerebral palsy.
Hoare BJ, Wallen MA, Thorley MN, Jackman ML, Carey LM, Imms C
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019 Apr 1;4(4):CD004149. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004149.pub3. PMID: 30932166Free PMC Article
A systematic review of interventions for children with cerebral palsy: state of the evidence.
Novak I, McIntyre S, Morgan C, Campbell L, Dark L, Morton N, Stumbles E, Wilson SA, Goldsmith S
Dev Med Child Neurol 2013 Oct;55(10):885-910. Epub 2013 Aug 21 doi: 10.1111/dmcn.12246. PMID: 23962350
Occupational therapy for children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review.
Steultjens EM, Dekker J, Bouter LM, van de Nes JC, Lambregts BL, van den Ende CH
Clin Rehabil 2004 Feb;18(1):1-14. doi: 10.1191/0269215504cr697oa. PMID: 14763715

Prognosis

Systemic Postnatal Corticosteroids, Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, and Survival Free of Cerebral Palsy.
Doyle LW, Mainzer R, Cheong JLY
JAMA Pediatr 2025 Jan 1;179(1):65-72. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.4575. PMID: 39556404Free PMC Article
Cerebral Palsy: Hip Surveillance.
San Juan AM, Swaroop VT
Pediatr Ann 2022 Sep;51(9):e353-e356. Epub 2022 Sep 1 doi: 10.3928/19382359-20220706-06. PMID: 36098607
Association Between Oxygen Saturation Targeting and Death or Disability in Extremely Preterm Infants in the Neonatal Oxygenation Prospective Meta-analysis Collaboration.
Askie LM, Darlow BA, Finer N, Schmidt B, Stenson B, Tarnow-Mordi W, Davis PG, Carlo WA, Brocklehurst P, Davies LC, Das A, Rich W, Gantz MG, Roberts RS, Whyte RK, Costantini L, Poets C, Asztalos E, Battin M, Halliday HL, Marlow N, Tin W, King A, Juszczak E, Morley CJ, Doyle LW, Gebski V, Hunter KE, Simes RJ; Neonatal Oxygenation Prospective Meta-analysis (NeOProM) Collaboration
JAMA 2018 Jun 5;319(21):2190-2201. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.5725. PMID: 29872859Free PMC Article
Fetal stroke.
Ozduman K, Pober BR, Barnes P, Copel JA, Ogle EA, Duncan CC, Ment LR
Pediatr Neurol 2004 Mar;30(3):151-62. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2003.08.004. PMID: 15033196
Cerebral palsy.
Dabney KW, Lipton GE, Miller F
Curr Opin Pediatr 1997 Feb;9(1):81-8. doi: 10.1097/00008480-199702000-00017. PMID: 9088760

Clinical prediction guides

Effects of a core stability exercise program on balance and coordination in children with cerebellar ataxic cerebral palsy.
Elshafey MA, Abdrabo MS, Elnaggar RK
J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2022 Jun 1;22(2):172-178. PMID: 35642697Free PMC Article
Cerebral palsy--don't delay.
McIntyre S, Morgan C, Walker K, Novak I
Dev Disabil Res Rev 2011;17(2):114-29. doi: 10.1002/ddrr.1106. PMID: 23362031
The Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) for children with cerebral palsy: scale development and evidence of validity and reliability.
Eliasson AC, Krumlinde-Sundholm L, Rösblad B, Beckung E, Arner M, Ohrvall AM, Rosenbaum P
Dev Med Child Neurol 2006 Jul;48(7):549-54. doi: 10.1017/S0012162206001162. PMID: 16780622
Prechtl's assessment of general movements: a diagnostic tool for the functional assessment of the young nervous system.
Einspieler C, Prechtl HF
Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2005;11(1):61-7. doi: 10.1002/mrdd.20051. PMID: 15856440
Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy.
Palisano R, Rosenbaum P, Walter S, Russell D, Wood E, Galuppi B
Dev Med Child Neurol 1997 Apr;39(4):214-23. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07414.x. PMID: 9183258

Recent systematic reviews

Effects of hippotherapy on motor function of children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review study.
Plotas P, Papadopoulos A, Apostolelli EM, Vlachou E, Gazou F, Zogopoulou I, Katsaidoni I, Panagiotopoulou I, Paparouna SP, Silavou N, Fragkiadaki K, Tsiamaki E, Fouzas S, Sinopidis X, Trimmis N
Ital J Pediatr 2024 Sep 19;50(1):188. doi: 10.1186/s13052-024-01715-9. PMID: 39300490Free PMC Article
Effect of muscle strength training in children and adolescents with spastic cerebral palsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Merino-Andrés J, García de Mateos-López A, Damiano DL, Sánchez-Sierra A
Clin Rehabil 2022 Jan;36(1):4-14. Epub 2021 Aug 18 doi: 10.1177/02692155211040199. PMID: 34407619Free PMC Article
State of the Evidence Traffic Lights 2019: Systematic Review of Interventions for Preventing and Treating Children with Cerebral Palsy.
Novak I, Morgan C, Fahey M, Finch-Edmondson M, Galea C, Hines A, Langdon K, Namara MM, Paton MC, Popat H, Shore B, Khamis A, Stanton E, Finemore OP, Tricks A, Te Velde A, Dark L, Morton N, Badawi N
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2020 Feb 21;20(2):3. doi: 10.1007/s11910-020-1022-z. PMID: 32086598Free PMC Article
A systematic review of interventions for children with cerebral palsy: state of the evidence.
Novak I, McIntyre S, Morgan C, Campbell L, Dark L, Morton N, Stumbles E, Wilson SA, Goldsmith S
Dev Med Child Neurol 2013 Oct;55(10):885-910. Epub 2013 Aug 21 doi: 10.1111/dmcn.12246. PMID: 23962350
Occupational therapy for children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review.
Steultjens EM, Dekker J, Bouter LM, van de Nes JC, Lambregts BL, van den Ende CH
Clin Rehabil 2004 Feb;18(1):1-14. doi: 10.1191/0269215504cr697oa. PMID: 14763715

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