U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Abnormal superior rectus muscle physiology

MedGen UID:
1643022
•Concept ID:
C4703411
•
Pathologic Function
HPO: HP:0025603

Definition

A functional anomaly of the superior rectus muscle, an extraocular muscle that is innervated by the superior division of the oculomotor nerve, and whose primary function is the elevation of the globe. [from HPO]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Novel pathomorphologic classification of capsulo-articular lesions of the pubic symphysis in athletes to predict treatment and outcome.
Hopp S, Ojodu I, Jain A, Fritz T, Pohlemann T, Kelm J
Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2018 May;138(5):687-697. Epub 2018 Feb 7 doi: 10.1007/s00402-018-2893-1. PMID: 29417208
Ocular abnormalities in Apert syndrome: genotype/phenotype correlations with fibroblast growth factor receptor type 2 mutations.
Jadico SK, Young DA, Huebner A, Edmond JC, Pollock AN, McDonald-McGinn DM, Li YJ, Zackai EH, Young TL
J AAPOS 2006 Dec;10(6):521-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2006.07.012. PMID: 17189145
The diagnosis and treatment of bilateral masked superior oblique palsy.
Kushner BJ
Am J Ophthalmol 1988 Feb 15;105(2):186-94. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(88)90184-5. PMID: 3277437

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Impact of Adding Augmented Superior Rectus Transpositions to Medial Rectus Muscle Recessions When Treating Esotropic Moebius Syndrome.
Warkad VU, Hunter DG, Dagi AF, Mackinnon S, Kazlas MA, Heidary G, Staffa SJ, Dagi LR
Am J Ophthalmol 2022 May;237:83-90. Epub 2021 Nov 13 doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.11.006. PMID: 34780796
Thyroid eye disease presenting with superior rectus/levator complex enlargement.
Wang Y, Mettu P, Broadbent T, Radke P, Firl K, Shepherd JB 3rd, Couch SM, Nguyen A, Henderson AD, McCulley T, McClelland CM, Mokhtarzadeh A, Lee MS, Garrity JA, Harrison AR
Orbit 2020 Feb;39(1):5-12. Epub 2019 May 6 doi: 10.1080/01676830.2019.1594969. PMID: 31056988
Superior and Lateral Rectus Myopexy for Acquired Adult Distance Esotropia: A "One Size Fits All" Surgery.
Morad Y, Pras E, Nemet A
Strabismus 2017 Sep;25(3):140-144. Epub 2017 Jul 31 doi: 10.1080/09273972.2017.1349816. PMID: 28759293
Congenital dystrophic medial rectus muscles.
Murthy R
Indian J Ophthalmol 2017 Jan;65(1):62-64. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_537_15. PMID: 28300745Free PMC Article
Rectus Pulley Displacements without Abnormal Oblique Contractility Explain Strabismus in Superior Oblique Palsy.
Suh SY, Le A, Clark RA, Demer JL
Ophthalmology 2016 Jun;123(6):1222-31. Epub 2016 Mar 13 doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.02.016. PMID: 26983977Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Impact of Adding Augmented Superior Rectus Transpositions to Medial Rectus Muscle Recessions When Treating Esotropic Moebius Syndrome.
Warkad VU, Hunter DG, Dagi AF, Mackinnon S, Kazlas MA, Heidary G, Staffa SJ, Dagi LR
Am J Ophthalmol 2022 May;237:83-90. Epub 2021 Nov 13 doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.11.006. PMID: 34780796
Thyroid eye disease presenting with superior rectus/levator complex enlargement.
Wang Y, Mettu P, Broadbent T, Radke P, Firl K, Shepherd JB 3rd, Couch SM, Nguyen A, Henderson AD, McCulley T, McClelland CM, Mokhtarzadeh A, Lee MS, Garrity JA, Harrison AR
Orbit 2020 Feb;39(1):5-12. Epub 2019 May 6 doi: 10.1080/01676830.2019.1594969. PMID: 31056988
Management of Duane retraction syndrome: A simplified approach.
Gaur N, Sharma P
Indian J Ophthalmol 2019 Jan;67(1):16-22. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_967_18. PMID: 30574884Free PMC Article
The anatomy and physiology of the ocular motor system.
Horn AK, Leigh RJ
Handb Clin Neurol 2011;102:21-69. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52903-9.00008-X. PMID: 21601062
Variable synergistic divergence.
Kim JH, Hwang JM
Optom Vis Sci 2009 Dec;86(12):1386-8. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0b013e3181be9db3. PMID: 19826317

Therapy

Clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes in patients with superior oblique muscle palsy: a retrospective study on 1057 patients.
Masoomian B, Akbari MR, Mohammed MH, Sadeghi M, Mirmohammadsadeghi A, Aghsaei Fard M, Khorrami-Nejad M
BMC Ophthalmol 2024 Jun 12;24(1):249. doi: 10.1186/s12886-024-03514-6. PMID: 38867149Free PMC Article
Evaluation of three superior oblique surgical weakening procedures for A-pattern strabismus.
Yu J, Cen J, Zhao P, Kang X
Arq Bras Oftalmol 2019 Jun 27;82(5):417-421. doi: 10.5935/0004-2749.20190079. PMID: 31271573
Assessment of torsion after superior rectus transposition with or without medial rectus recession for Duane syndrome and abducens nerve palsy.
Velez FG, Oltra E, Isenberg SJ, Pineles SL
J AAPOS 2014 Oct;18(5):457-60. Epub 2014 Sep 27 doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2014.06.008. PMID: 25266834Free PMC Article
Thyroid disease and vertical rectus muscle overaction after retrobulbar anesthesia.
Han SK, Hwang JM
J Cataract Refract Surg 2003 Jan;29(1):78-84. doi: 10.1016/s0886-3350(02)01437-2. PMID: 12551671
Ocular torsion as a complication of scleral buckle procedures for retinal detachments.
Cooper LL, Harrison S, Rosenbaum AL
J AAPOS 1998 Oct;2(5):279-84. doi: 10.1016/s1091-8531(98)90084-2. PMID: 10646749

Prognosis

Thyroid eye disease presenting with superior rectus/levator complex enlargement.
Wang Y, Mettu P, Broadbent T, Radke P, Firl K, Shepherd JB 3rd, Couch SM, Nguyen A, Henderson AD, McCulley T, McClelland CM, Mokhtarzadeh A, Lee MS, Garrity JA, Harrison AR
Orbit 2020 Feb;39(1):5-12. Epub 2019 May 6 doi: 10.1080/01676830.2019.1594969. PMID: 31056988
Anomalous superior oblique muscles and tendons in congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles.
Shoshany TN, Robson CD, Hunter DG
J AAPOS 2019 Dec;23(6):325.e1-325.e6. Epub 2019 Nov 2 doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2019.09.014. PMID: 31689500
Magnetic resonance imaging findings of age-related distance esotropia in Japanese patients with high myopia.
Kono R, Ohtsuki H, Kishimoto F, Hamasaki I, Morizane Y, Shiraga F
Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019 Mar;257(3):657-662. Epub 2019 Jan 22 doi: 10.1007/s00417-019-04250-0. PMID: 30671656
Rectus Pulley Displacements without Abnormal Oblique Contractility Explain Strabismus in Superior Oblique Palsy.
Suh SY, Le A, Clark RA, Demer JL
Ophthalmology 2016 Jun;123(6):1222-31. Epub 2016 Mar 13 doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.02.016. PMID: 26983977Free PMC Article
The anatomy and physiology of the ocular motor system.
Horn AK, Leigh RJ
Handb Clin Neurol 2011;102:21-69. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52903-9.00008-X. PMID: 21601062

Clinical prediction guides

Thyroid eye disease presenting with superior rectus/levator complex enlargement.
Wang Y, Mettu P, Broadbent T, Radke P, Firl K, Shepherd JB 3rd, Couch SM, Nguyen A, Henderson AD, McCulley T, McClelland CM, Mokhtarzadeh A, Lee MS, Garrity JA, Harrison AR
Orbit 2020 Feb;39(1):5-12. Epub 2019 May 6 doi: 10.1080/01676830.2019.1594969. PMID: 31056988
Rectus Pulley Displacements without Abnormal Oblique Contractility Explain Strabismus in Superior Oblique Palsy.
Suh SY, Le A, Clark RA, Demer JL
Ophthalmology 2016 Jun;123(6):1222-31. Epub 2016 Mar 13 doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.02.016. PMID: 26983977Free PMC Article
Enhanced vertical rectus contractility by magnetic resonance imaging in superior oblique palsy.
Clark RA, Demer JL
Arch Ophthalmol 2011 Jul;129(7):904-8. doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.152. PMID: 21746981Free PMC Article
The anatomy and physiology of the ocular motor system.
Horn AK, Leigh RJ
Handb Clin Neurol 2011;102:21-69. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52903-9.00008-X. PMID: 21601062
Isolated third nerve palsies.
Trobe JD
Semin Neurol 1986 Jun;6(2):135-41. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1041456. PMID: 3332417

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Consumer resources

    Reviews

    Recent activity

    Clear Turn Off Turn On

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...