How effective are current dietary guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in healthy middle-aged and older men and women? A randomized controlled trial

Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 May;101(5):922-30. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.097352. Epub 2015 Mar 18.

Abstract

Background: Controversy surrounds the effectiveness of dietary guidelines for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention in healthy middle-aged and older men and women.

Objective: The objective was to compare effects on vascular and lipid CVD risk factors of following the United Kingdom dietary guidelines with a traditional British diet (control).

Design: With the use of a parallel-designed randomized controlled trial in 165 healthy nonsmoking men and women (aged 40-70 y), we measured ambulatory blood pressure (BP) on 5 occasions, vascular function, and CVD risk factors at baseline and during 12 wk after random assignment to treatment. The primary outcomes were differences between treatments in daytime ambulatory systolic BP, flow-mediated dilation, and total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol. Secondary outcomes were differences between treatment in carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and a measure of insulin sensitivity (Revised Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index).

Results: Data were available on 162 participants, and adherence to the dietary advice was confirmed from dietary records and biomarkers of compliance. In the dietary guidelines group (n = 80) compared with control (n = 82), daytime systolic BP was 4.2 mm Hg (95% CI: 1.7, 6.6 mm Hg; P < 0.001) lower, the treatment effect on flow-mediated dilation [-0.62% (95% CI: -1.48%, 0.24%)] was not significant, the total cholesterol:HDL cholesterol ratio was 0.13 (95% CI: 0, 0.26; P = 0.044) lower, pulse wave velocity was 0.29 m/s (95% CI: 0.07, 0.52 m/s; P = 0.011) lower, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein was 36% (95% CI: 7%, 48%; P = 0.017) lower, the treatment effect on the Revised Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index [2% (95% CI: -2%, 5%)] was not significant, and body weight was 1.9 kg (95% CI: 1.3, 2.5 kg; P < 0.001) lower. Causal mediated effects analysis based on urinary sodium excretion indicated that sodium reduction explained 2.4 mm Hg (95% CI: 1.0, 3.9 mm Hg) of the fall in blood pressure.

Conclusion: Selecting a diet consistent with current dietary guidelines lowers BP and lipids, which would be expected to reduce the risk of CVD by one-third in healthy middle-aged and older men and women. This study is registered at www.isrctn.com as 92382106.

Keywords: arterial stiffness; blood pressure; dietary pattern; endothelial function; lipids.

Publication types

  • Randomized Controlled Trial
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Aged
  • Biomarkers / blood
  • Blood Pressure
  • Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory
  • Body Weight
  • C-Reactive Protein / metabolism
  • Cardiovascular Diseases / prevention & control*
  • Cholesterol, HDL / blood
  • Cholesterol, LDL / blood
  • Diet*
  • Female
  • Healthy Volunteers
  • Humans
  • Insulin Resistance
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Nutrition Policy*
  • Pulse Wave Analysis
  • United Kingdom

Substances

  • Biomarkers
  • Cholesterol, HDL
  • Cholesterol, LDL
  • C-Reactive Protein

Associated data

  • ISRCTN/ISRCTN92382106