Caenorhabditis elegans essential gene hmp-2, encoding embryonic body elongation factor, Armadillo-like beta-catenin, HuMPback, dorsal lumps, defective body elongation in embryos, MAternal effect Dumpy mad-1.TABLE OF CONTENTS / OPEN CLOSE ALL PARAGRAPHS SUMMARY
Summary
[Wormbase] hmp-2 encodes a beta-catenin; HMP-2 activity is required during embryonic development for cell adhesion at adherens junctions, cell migration, and body morphogenesis; as a beta-catenin, HMP-2 likely functions solely as part of a cadherin-catenin complex, as in yeast two-hybrid assays, HMP-2 is the only C. elegans beta-catenin that binds HMP-1/alpha-catenin and HMR-1/cadherin; additionally, in the embryo, HMP-2 co-localizes to sites of epithelial cell contacts with HMP-1 and HMR-1/cadherin; however, despite its normal role in embryonic cell adhesion, HMP-2 can activate transcription and when overexpressed in vivo, can partially rescue vulval defects produced by loss of BAR-1/beta-catenin, suggesting that HMP-2 has retained the ability to interact with the Wnt signaling pathway.
Wormbase predicts one model from 2 genes, but Caenorhabditis elegans cDNA sequences in GenBank, dbEST, Trace and SRA, filtered against clone rearrangements, coaligned on the genome and clustered in a minimal non-redundant way by the manually supervised AceView program, support at least 2 spliced variants.
AceView synopsis, each blue text links to tables and details Expression: According to AceView, this gene is expressed at high level, 2.8 times the average gene in this release, at all stages of development [Kohara cDNAs]. The expression profile for the gene, derived from the proportion of animals at each stage in each Kohara library is: embryos 45%, L1 or L2 larvae 19%, L3 to adult (including dauer) 36%. See the in situ hybridization pattern in Kohara NextDB. The sequence of this gene is defined by 30 cDNA clones and 7 elements defined by RNA-seq, some from embryo (seen 14 times), mixed (4), l2 (3), l1 (2), dauer (once). Alternative mRNA variants and regulation: The gene contains 5 distinct gt-ag introns. Transcription produces 2 alternatively spliced mRNAs. Variant a is transpliced to SL2, SL3, SL4, SL7, SL8, SL1. There are 2 probable alternative promotors (see the diagram). Function: There are 14 articles specifically referring to this gene in PubMed. In addition we point below to 19 abstracts. This essential gene is associated to a phenotype (Embryonic Lethal, MAternal effect Dumpy, DumPY : shorter than wild-type, exaggerated pseudocleavage, fragile animal, may explode at vulva, HuMPback, dorsal lumps, defective body elongation in embryos, multiple cavities or vesicles during early embryogenesis, slow embryonic cell division, UNCoordinated locomotion, aberrant spindle orientation in anterior or posterior cell in 2-cell embryos, EMS embryonic blastomere fails to extend anteriorly, division axis of ABa or ABp aberrant). Functionally, the gene has been proposed to participate in a process (pseudocleavage (sensu Nematoda)). This protein appears to interact with other proteins (3G136, APR-1, FRK-1, HMP-1, HMR-1). The gene interacts with 5 other genes (ALR-1, FRK-1, RDE-1, VAB-9, ZFP-1C). Protein coding potential: The spliced mRNAs putatively encode a good protein, containing Armadillo domain [Pfam]. The remaining mRNA variant (spliced; partial) appears not to encode a good protein.
Please quote: AceView: a comprehensive cDNA-supported gene and transcripts annotation, Genome Biology 2006, 7(Suppl 1):S12. Map on chromosome I, links to other databases and other names Map: This essential gene hmp-2 maps on chomosome I at position +26.30 (interpolated). In AceView, it covers 3.84 kb, from 14738831 to 14742668 (WS190), on the direct strand. Links to:WormBase, NextDB, RNAiDB.
as Other names: The gene is also known mad-1, in Wormgenes/AceView by its positional name 1P333, in Wormbase by its cosmid.number name K05C4.6, in NextDB, the Nematode expression pattern database, as CEYK2322. Closest AceView homologs in other species ? The closest human genes, according to BlastP, are the AceView genes JUP, CTNNB1. The closest mouse genes, according to BlastP, are the AceView genes Jup (e=7 10-77), Ctnnb1 (e=10-76). The closest A.thaliana genes, according to BlastP, are the AceView genes AT1G08315, AT1G08310
Please choose between the zoomable GIF version., and the HTML5/SVG version.
This diagram shows in true scale the gene on the genome, the mRNAs and the cDNA clones.
Alternative mRNAs are shown aligned from 5' to 3' on a virtual genome where introns have been shrunk to a minimal length. Exon size is proportional to length, intron height reflects the number of cDNAs supporting each intron, the small numbers show the support of the introns in deep sequencing (with details in mouse-over) . Introns of the same color are identical, of different colors are different. 'Good proteins' are pink, partial or not-good proteins are yellow, uORFs are green. 5' cap or3' poly A flags show completeness of the transcript. Read more...
Mouse over the ending of each transcript gives tissues from which the supporting cDNAs were extracted. Details on tissue of origin for each intron and exon is available from the intron and exons table.
Click on any transcript to open the specific mRNA page, to see the exact cDNA clone support and eventual SNPs and to get details on tissues, sequences, mRNA and protein annotations. Proteins supported by a single continuous cDNA sequence lead to underlining the name/ending of the variant. Names not underlined result from cDNA concatenation in the coding region and should be experimentally checked.
Introns are depicted by broken lines; the height of the top of each intron reflects the relative number of clones supporting this intron. ]^[ A pink broken line denotes an intron with standard boundaries (gt-ag or gc-ag) that is exactly supported (i.e. a cDNA sequence exactly matches the genome over 16 bp, 8 on both sides of the intron). ] ^ ] A blue broken line denotes non-standard introns, exactly supported, but with non-standard at-ac or any other boundaries. ]-[ Pink and ] - ] blue straight lines represent 'fuzzy' introns of the standard and non-standard types respectively, those introns do not follow the 16 bp rule. Black straight lines ]-[denote gaps in the alignments.
Exons: Wide filled pink areas represent putative protein coding regions, narrow empty pink boxes represent the 5'UTR (on the left) and 3' UTR (on the right). Flags identify validated endings: cap site on the 5' side, polyadenylation site on the 3' side. Filled flags correspond to frequent events while empty flags have lesser supporting cDNAs (yet all are validated); at the 3' side, black flags are associated to the main AATAAA signal, blue flags to any single letter variant of the main . More explanations are given in the gene help file
The mRNAs diagrams with the aligned cDNA sequence accessions and their mismatches are available in the mRNA pages accessible from the tab at the top of the page, or here:
In Flash: .a, .b.
or in GIF: .a, .b
Please see these 14 articles in PubMed.
In addition we found 19 papers for which we do not have a PubMed identifier
pm19123269
GB:AF016853_1 A Putative Catenin-Cadherin System Mediates Morphogenesis of the C. elegans Embryo Unpublished
GB:AF016853_2 Submitted (01-AUG-1997) Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
[wm97e5] MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF GENES REQUIRED FOR EMBRYO MORPHOGENESIS
[wm97e102] A PUTATIVE CATENIN-CADHERIN SYSTEM MEDIATES MORPHOGENESIS OF THE EMBRYO
[mwwm98p68] THE ROLE OF mh-27 DURING C. elegans EMBRYOGENESIS
[wm99p316] The APC-related gene apr-1 is required for morphogenesis of the embryo and generation of the vulval equivalence group
[wm99p93] The cadherin-catenin complex stabilizes filopodial adhesive contacts during hypodermal morphogenesis
[ecwm2000p158] Structure-function characterization of BAR-1 and other b -catenins in C. elegans
[wbg16.4p34] Functional divergence of beta-catenins in C. elegans
[mwwm2000p28] JAM-1 is Required During Embryogenesis and Might Mediate Epithelial Tightness
[mwwm2000p10] Conventional and unconventional roles for POP-1/Tcf function in C. elegans
[euwm2000ab20] Separate C. elegans beta-catenins mediate POP-1/Tcf transcriptional coactivation and HMR-1/cadherin adhesion
[wm2001p18] Using RNAi to identify new components of the RNAi machinery
[wm2001p978] The regulation of cell cycle exit by cul-1 & lin-23 genes
[wm2001p518] A family of beta-catenin interacting proteins involved in hypodermal morphogenesis
[wm2001p509] The three C. elegans beta-catenin homologs make distinct protein interactions but retain functional redundancy in vivo
[wm2001p161] Establishment of apical junctions in epidermal cells during C elegans embryogenesis: compaction by the LAP protein LET-413 and protein clustering by the MAGUK protein DLG-1.
[wm2001p32] AN AXIN-LIKE PROTEIN FUNCTIONS AS A NEGATIVE REGULATOR OF WNT SIGNALING IN THE Q NEUROBLAST LINEAGE
[wm2001p39] Phosphotyrosine signaling acts in parallel with Wnt signaling to specify endoderm and to control cleavage orientation in early C. elegans embryos
To mine knowledge about the gene, please click the 'Gene Summary' or the 'Function, regulation, related genes ' tab at the top of the page. The 'Gene Summary' page includes all we learnt about the gene, functional annotations of neighboring genes, maps, links to other sites and the bibliography. The 'Function, regulation, related genes ' page includes Diseases (D), Pathways, GO annotations, conserved domains (C), interactions (I) reference into function, and pointers to all genes with the same functional annotation.
To compare alternative variants, their summarized annotations, predicted proteins, introns and exons, or to access any sequence, click the 'Alternative mRNAs features' tab. To see a specific mRNA variant diagram, sequence and annotation, click the variant name in the 'mRNA' tab. To examine expression data from all cDNAs clustered in this gene by AceView, click the 'Expression tissue'.
If you know more about this gene, or found errors, please share your knowledge. Thank you !
