U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Links from GEO Profiles

    • Showing Current items.

    toy twin of eyeless [ Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) ]

    Gene ID: 43833, updated on 4-Apr-2024

    Summary

    Go to the top of the page Help
    Official Symbol
    toyprovided by FlyBase
    Official Full Name
    twin of eyelessprovided by FlyBase
    Primary source
    FLYBASE:FBgn0019650
    Locus tag
    Dmel_CG11186
    See related
    AllianceGenome:FB:FBgn0019650
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Drosophila melanogaster
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Ecdysozoa; Arthropoda; Hexapoda; Insecta; Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Diptera; Brachycera; Muscomorpha; Ephydroidea; Drosophilidae; Drosophila; Sophophora
    Also known as
    CG11186; Dmel\CG11186; l(4)102CDg; l(4)8; Pax-6; Toy; TOY
    Summary
    Enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Involved in animal organ development and positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process. Is expressed in several structures, including anlage in statu nascendi; anterior ectoderm; central nervous system; extended germ band embryo; and eye-antennal disc. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia; eye disease (multiple); glucose intolerance; and paranoid schizophrenia. Orthologous to human PAX6 (paired box 6). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Apr 2022]
    NEW
    Try the new Gene table
    Try the new Transcript table

    Genomic context

    Go to the top of the page Help
    See toy in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    102F4-102F5; 4-0 cM
    Exon count:
    9
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    Release 6.54 current Release 6 plus ISO1 MT (GCF_000001215.4) 4 NC_004353.4 (989725..1007922)
    Release 5.57 previous assembly Release 5 (GCF_000001215.2) 4 NC_004353.3 (1010351..1028548)

    Chromosome 4 - NC_004353.4Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene antisense RNA:CR44030 Neighboring gene fussel Neighboring gene long non-coding RNA:sphinx Neighboring gene Plexin A Neighboring gene antisense RNA:CR44031 Neighboring gene Mitochondrial inner membrane protein MPV17

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

    Go to the top of the page Help

    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Bibliography

    Go to the top of the pageHelp

    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Temporal identity establishes columnar neuron morphology, connectivity, and function in a Drosophila navigation circuit. Sullivan LF, et al. Elife, 2019 Feb 6. PMID 30706848, Free PMC Article
    2. Conserved cis-regulatory modules mediate complex neural expression patterns of the eyeless gene in the Drosophila brain. Adachi Y, et al. Mech Dev, 2003 Oct. PMID 14568101
    3. Conservation of Pax 6 function and upstream activation by Notch signaling in eye development of frogs and flies. Onuma Y, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2002 Feb 19. PMID 11842182, Free PMC Article
    4. How do Hox transcription factors find their target genes in the nucleus of living cells? Gehring WJ. Biol Aujourdhui, 2011. PMID 21831338
    5. Direct regulatory interaction of the eyeless protein with an eye-specific enhancer in the sine oculis gene during eye induction in Drosophila. Niimi T, et al. Development, 1999 May. PMID 10207149

    See all (194) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. This study set Hipk and the master regulators Toy and Ey in an enzyme-substrate relationship. The interaction and phosphorylation of the master regulator Toy by Hipk may be important for precise tuning of signalling within the retinal determination gene network and therefore for Drosophila eye development.
      Title: Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase phosphorylates the Drosophila Paired box protein 6 (Pax6) homologues Twin of eyeless and Eyeless.
    2. Our results indicate that the head-specific gap gene empty spiracles can act as a repressor of Toy, while ocelliless (oc) and spalt major (salm) appear to act as positive regulators of toy gene expression.
      Title: Regulation of twin of eyeless during Drosophila development.
    3. Data indicate that Hipk as a repressor of both Twin of eyeless (Toy) and Eyeless (Ey).
      Title: Hipk promotes photoreceptor differentiation through the repression of Twin of eyeless and Eyeless expression.
    4. Regulation of ocellar specification and size by twin of eyeless and homothorax.
      Title: Regulation of ocellar specification and size by twin of eyeless and homothorax.
    5. Mutations of the twin of eyeless gene cause defects in embryonic brain patterning as well as in post-embryonic development of the mushroom bodies.
      Title: Brain patterning defects caused by mutations of the twin of eyeless gene in Drosophila melanogaster.
    6. Toy harbors transactivation domains within the CT segment. This activity requires additional domains, possibly including the PD doman.
      Title: Transcriptional activities of the Pax6 gene eyeless regulate tissue specificity of ectopic eye formation in Drosophila.
    7. Toy and Ey, to some extent, can substitute for each other.
      Title: The Drosophila Pax6 paralogs have different functions in head development but can partially substitute for each other.
    8. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated
      Title: Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster.
    9. Twin of eyeless (toy) directly regulates eyeless (ey), which is necessary for initiating the eye developmental pathway.
      Title: Functional divergence between eyeless and twin of eyeless in Drosophila melanogaster.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction

    Interactions

    Go to the top of the page Help
    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

    Go to the top of the page Help

    Homology

    mobile_element

    • Loc: 990777-991087 mobile_element_type = transposon:INE-1{}3324
    • Loc: 994290-994374 mobile_element_type = transposon:INE-1{}3326
    • Loc: 994847-994946 mobile_element_type = transposon:INE-1{}3327
    • Loc: 995442-995666 mobile_element_type = transposon:INE-1{}5431
    • Loc: 999149-999513 mobile_element_type = transposon:INE-1{}5433
    • Loc: 999517-1001425 mobile_element_type = transposon:INE-1{}3345
    • Loc: 999638-1000846 mobile_element_type = transposon:R1A1{}1547

    Gene Ontology Provided by FlyBase

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables DNA binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in anatomical structure development IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    involved_in brain morphogenesis IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in compound eye development TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in eye-antennal disc development IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in mushroom body development IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in ocellus development IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in ocellus development IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of gene expression IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of DNA-templated transcription IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 

    General protein information

    Go to the top of the page Help
    Preferred Names
    twin of eyeless
    Names
    CG11186-PA
    CG11186-PC
    CG11186-PD
    eyeless
    lethal(4)102CDg
    toy-PA
    toy-PC
    toy-PD
    twin-of-eyeless

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

    Go to the top of the page Help

    NEW Try the new Transcript table

    Genome Annotation

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_004353.4 Reference assembly

      Range
      989725..1007922
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001382011.1 → NP_001368990.1  twin of eyeless, isoform D [Drosophila melanogaster]

      Status: REVIEWED

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A6H2EG63, Q9XZC2
      Conserved Domains (3) summary
      smart00351
      Location:29 → 153
      PAX; Paired Box domain
      COG5576
      Location:253 → 368
      COG5576; Homeodomain-containing transcription factor [Transcription]
      pfam00046
      Location:269 → 322
      Homeobox; Homeobox domain

    2. NM_001272151.1 → NP_001259080.1  twin of eyeless, isoform C [Drosophila melanogaster]

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001259080.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      L0MPR7, Q9XZC2
      Conserved Domains (3) summary
      smart00351
      Location:29 → 153
      PAX; Paired Box domain
      COG5576
      Location:253 → 364
      COG5576; Homeodomain-containing transcription factor [Transcription]
      pfam00046
      Location:269 → 317
      Homeobox; Homeobox domain

    3. NM_079899.4 → NP_524638.3  twin of eyeless, isoform A [Drosophila melanogaster]

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_524638.3

      Status: REVIEWED

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q961N4, Q9V490, Q9XZC2
      Related
      FBpp0088249
      Conserved Domains (3) summary
      smart00351
      Location:29 → 153
      PAX; Paired Box domain
      COG5576
      Location:253 → 368
      COG5576; Homeodomain-containing transcription factor [Transcription]
      pfam00046
      Location:269 → 321
      Homeobox; Homeobox domain
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    A0A6H2EG63 A0A6H2EG63
    L0MPR7 L0MPR7
    Q3YNB0 Q3YNB0
    Q9V490 Q9V490
    Q9XZC2 Q9XZC2

    Gene LinkOut

    The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

    Molecular Biology Databases
    Research Materials
    Tools
    Miscellaneous