Genome

Homo sapiens (human) Human genome projects have generated an unprecedented amount of knowledge about human genetics and health. Lineage: Eukaryota[3869]; Metazoa[1310]; Chordata[677]; Craniata[667]; Vertebrata[667]; Euteleostomi[658]; Mammalia[283]; Eutheria[277]; Euarchontoglires[117]; Primates[48]; Haplorrhini[36]; Catarrhini[25]; Hominidae[6]; Homo[1]; Homo sapiens[1]

Study of the human condition such as genetic and infectious disease, the intersection between genetics and the environment, and population variation is supported by a wealth of genome-scale data. These data sets include: a) numerous sequenced genomes including several which have been assembled; b) studies that examine transcript and protein existence, More...abundance, and differential expression; c) epigenomic and functional studies to define regulatory and other sequence elements; and d) population studies to define small and large variations in the genome, transcriptome, proteome, epigenome, or the microbiome. The result is an unprecedented amount of data and knowledge concerning human genetics that will result in breakthroughs in understanding human biology as well as significant medical advances.A challenge facing researchers today is that of analyzing and integrating the plethora of data available. The sequence and other molecular data available provides a critical foundation for continued advances in medicine, basic research, and clinical diagnostic technologies. Less...

Summary Sequence data:  genome assemblies: 209; sequence reads: 435  (See  Genome Assembly and Annotation report) Statistics:  median total length (Mb): 2994.26  median protein count: 119294  median GC%: 40.9 NCBI Annotation Release:  109 Publications De novo human genome assemblies reveal spectrum of alternative haplotypes in diverse populations. Wong KHY, et al. Nat Commun 2018 Aug 2 Long-read sequencing and de novo assembly of a Chinese genome. Shi L, et al. Nat Commun 2016 Jun 30 De novo assembly and phasing of a Korean human genome. Seo JS, et al. Nature 2016 Oct 13 Interchromosomal core duplicons drive both evolutionary instability and disease susceptibility of the Chromosome 8p23.1 region. Mohajeri K, et al. Genome Res 2016 Nov Assessing structural variation in a personal genome-towards a human reference diploid genome. English AC, et al. BMC Genomics 2015 Apr 11 Assembling large genomes with single-molecule sequencing and locality-sensitive hashing. Berlin K, et al. Nat Biotechnol 2015 Jun Assembly and diploid architecture of an individual human genome via single-molecule technologies. Pendleton M, et al. Nat Methods 2015 Aug Centromere reference models for human chromosomes X and Y satellite arrays. Miga KH, et al. Genome Res 2014 Apr Palindromic GOLGA8 core duplicons promote chromosome 15q13.3 microdeletion and evolutionary instability. Antonacci F, et al. Nat Genet 2014 Dec Single haplotype assembly of the human genome from a hydatidiform mole. Steinberg KM, et al. Genome Res 2014 Dec Using population admixture to help complete maps of the human genome. Genovese G, et al. Nat Genet 2013 Apr Complete haplotype sequence of the human immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable, diversity, and joining genes and characterization of allelic and copy-number variation. Watson CT, et al. Am J Hum Genet 2013 Apr 4 Independent specialization of the human and mouse X chromosomes for the male germ line. Mueller JL, et al. Nat Genet 2013 Sep Mapping the human reference genome's missing sequence by three-way admixture in Latino genomes. Genovese G, et al. Am J Hum Genet 2013 Sep 5 Resolving the breakpoints of the 17q21.31 microdeletion syndrome with next-generation sequencing. Itsara A, et al. Am J Hum Genet 2012 Apr 6 DNA template strand sequencing of single-cells maps genomic rearrangements at high resolution. Falconer E, et al. Nat Methods 2012 Nov High-quality draft assemblies of mammalian genomes from massively parallel sequence data. Gnerre S, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011 Jan 25 Genomic and proteomic analyses of the fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora provide insights into nematode-trap formation. Yang J, et al. PLoS Pathog 2011 Sep Building the sequence map of the human pan-genome. Li R, et al. Nat Biotechnol 2010 Jan Chimpanzee and human Y chromosomes are remarkably divergent in structure and gene content. Hughes JF, et al. Nature 2010 Jan 28 Worldwide population analysis of the 4q and 10q subtelomeres identifies only four discrete interchromosomal sequence transfers in human evolution. Lemmers RJ, et al. Am J Hum Genet 2010 Mar 12 The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia. Krause J, et al. Nature 2010 Apr 8 High-resolution human genome structure by single-molecule analysis. Teague B, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010 Jun 15 A unifying genetic model for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Lemmers RJ, et al. Science 2010 Sep 24 A large and complex structural polymorphism at 16p12.1 underlies microdeletion disease risk. Antonacci F, et al. Nat Genet 2010 Sep Different patterns of evolution in the centromeric and telomeric regions of group A and B haplotypes of the human killer cell Ig-like receptor locus. Pyo CW, et al. PLoS One 2010 Dec 29 Profiling of endogenous serum phosphorylated peptides by titanium (IV) immobilized mesoporous silica particles enrichment and MALDI-TOFMS detection. Hu L, et al. Anal Chem 2009 Jan 1 Closing gaps in the human genome using sequencing by synthesis. Garber M, et al. Genome Biol 2009 Glycosylation of tetraspanin Tspan-1 at four distinct sites promotes its transition through the endoplasmic reticulum. Scholz CJ, et al. Protein Pept Lett 2009 Genetic polymorphism in cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6): Population distribution of CYP2D6 activity. Neafsey P, et al. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2009 Variation analysis and gene annotation of eight MHC haplotypes: the MHC Haplotype Project. Horton R, et al. Immunogenetics 2008 Jan The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. Wheeler DA, et al. Nature 2008 Apr 17 Finishing the finished human chromosome 22 sequence. Cole CG, et al. Genome Biol 2008 Extensive copy-number variation of the human olfactory receptor gene family. Young JM, et al. Am J Hum Genet 2008 Aug Ubc9 sumoylation regulates SUMO target discrimination. Knipscheer P, et al. Mol Cell 2008 Aug 8 A complete Neandertal mitochondrial genome sequence determined by high-throughput sequencing. Green RE, et al. Cell 2008 Aug 8 Phosphorylation of SUMO-1 occurs in vivo and is conserved through evolution. Matic I, et al. J Proteome Res 2008 Sep Adaptive evolution of UGT2B17 copy-number variation. Xue Y, et al. Am J Hum Genet 2008 Sep Evolutionary toggling of the MAPT 17q21.31 inversion region. Zody MC, et al. Nat Genet 2008 Sep Evidence of LAT as a dual substrate for Lck and Syk in T lymphocytes. Jiang Y, et al. Leuk Res 2007 Apr The N-terminal SH2 domain of the tyrosine phosphatase, SHP-2, is essential for Jak2-dependent signaling via the angiotensin II type AT1 receptor. Godeny MD, et al. Cell Signal 2007 Mar Mass spectrometric mapping of linker histone H1 variants reveals multiple acetylations, methylations, and phosphorylation as well as differences between cell culture and tissue. Wisniewski JR, et al. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007 Jan Phosphorylation of a threonine unique to the short C-terminal isoform of betaII-spectrin links regulation of alpha-beta spectrin interaction to neuritogenesis. Bignone PA, et al. J Biol Chem 2007 Jan 12 FBXO11 promotes the Neddylation of p53 and inhibits its transcriptional activity. Abida WM, et al. J Biol Chem 2007 Jan 19 Palmitoylation of CD95 facilitates formation of SDS-stable receptor aggregates that initiate apoptosis signaling. Feig C, et al. EMBO J 2007 Jan 10 Palmitoylation is required for efficient Fas cell death signaling. Chakrabandhu K, et al. EMBO J 2007 Jan 10 Proteomics analysis of protein kinases by target class-selective prefractionation and tandem mass spectrometry. Wissing J, et al. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007 Mar aPKC-mediated phosphorylation regulates asymmetric membrane localization of the cell fate determinant Numb. Smith CA, et al. EMBO J 2007 Jan 24 The role of proline-rich protein tyrosine kinase 2 in differentiation-dependent signaling in human epidermal keratinocytes. Schindler EM, et al. J Invest Dermatol 2007 May Modulation of beta-catenin by cyclin-dependent kinase 6 in Wnt-stimulated cells. Park CS, et al. Eur J Cell Biol 2007 Feb Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) 2 functions as a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase in a heteromeric complex with ASK1. Takeda K, et al. J Biol Chem 2007 Mar 9 Aurora-B regulates RNA methyltransferase NSUN2. Sakita-Suto S, et al. Mol Biol Cell 2007 Mar Modeling of a human circadian mutation yields insights into clock regulation by PER2. Xu Y, et al. Cell 2007 Jan 12 Proteomics analysis of the interactome of N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 and its interactions with the androgen response program in prostate cancer cells. Tu LC, et al. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007 Apr DYRK1A autophosphorylation on serine residue 520 modulates its kinase activity via 14-3-3 binding. Alvarez M, et al. Mol Biol Cell 2007 Apr A specific PP2A regulatory subunit, B56gamma, mediates DNA damage-induced dephosphorylation of p53 at Thr55. Li HH, et al. EMBO J 2007 Jan 24 Cdk-inhibitory activity and stability of p27Kip1 are directly regulated by oncogenic tyrosine kinases. Grimmler M, et al. Cell 2007 Jan 26 p27 phosphorylation by Src regulates inhibition of cyclin E-Cdk2. Chu I, et al. Cell 2007 Jan 26 PRAK is essential for ras-induced senescence and tumor suppression. Sun P, et al. Cell 2007 Jan 26 A limited screen for protein interactions reveals new roles for protein phosphatase 1 in cell cycle control and apoptosis. Flores-Delgado G, et al. J Proteome Res 2007 Mar Role of activation of PIP5Kgamma661 by AP-2 complex in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Nakano-Kobayashi A, et al. EMBO J 2007 Feb 21 Death effector domain DEDa, a self-cleaved product of caspase-8/Mch5, translocates to the nucleus by binding to ERK1/2 and upregulates procaspase-8 expression via a p53-dependent mechanism. Yao Z, et al. EMBO J 2007 Feb 21 Subcellular localization of Grb2 by the adaptor protein Dok-3 restricts the intensity of Ca2+ signaling in B cells. Stork B, et al. EMBO J 2007 Feb 21 Interferons induce tyrosine phosphorylation of the eIF2alpha kinase PKR through activation of Jak1 and Tyk2. Su Q, et al. EMBO Rep 2007 Mar Biochemical and functional characterization of Orai proteins. Gwack Y, et al. J Biol Chem 2007 Jun 1 A ubiquitin ligase transfers preformed polyubiquitin chains from a conjugating enzyme to a substrate. Li W, et al. Nature 2007 Mar 15 Protein phosphatase 1 regulates assembly and function of the beta-catenin degradation complex. Luo W, et al. EMBO J 2007 Mar 21 Phosphopeptide enrichment by aliphatic hydroxy acid-modified metal oxide chromatography for nano-LC-MS/MS in proteomics applications. Sugiyama N, et al. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007 Jun Phosphorylation and ubiquitination of the IkappaB kinase complex by two distinct signaling pathways. Shambharkar PB, et al. EMBO J 2007 Apr 4 A new p38 MAP kinase-regulated transcriptional coactivator that stimulates p53-dependent apoptosis. Cuadrado A, et al. EMBO J 2007 Apr 18 Modulation of p300 binding by posttranslational modifications of the C-terminal activation domain of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. Cho H, et al. FEBS Lett 2007 Apr 17 Cyclin B1/Cdk1 binds and phosphorylates Filamin A and regulates its ability to cross-link actin. Cukier IH, et al. FEBS Lett 2007 Apr 17 Growth stimulation of non-small cell lung cancer cell lines by antibody against epidermal growth factor receptor promoting formation of ErbB2/ErbB3 heterodimers. Maegawa M, et al. Mol Cancer Res 2007 Apr FANCI is a second monoubiquitinated member of the Fanconi anemia pathway. Sims AE, et al. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2007 Jun Roles of ATM and NBS1 in chromatin structure modulation and DNA double-strand break repair. Berkovich E, et al. Nat Cell Biol 2007 Jun ATM and ATR substrate analysis reveals extensive protein networks responsive to DNA damage. Matsuoka S, et al. Science 2007 May 25 Abraxas and RAP80 form a BRCA1 protein complex required for the DNA damage response. Wang B, et al. Science 2007 May 25 Proinflammatory stimuli induce IKKalpha-mediated phosphorylation of PIAS1 to restrict inflammation and immunity. Liu B, et al. Cell 2007 Jun 1 L3MBTL1, a histone-methylation-dependent chromatin lock. Trojer P, et al. Cell 2007 Jun 1 The tumor suppressor PP2A Abeta regulates the RalA GTPase. Sablina AA, et al. Cell 2007 Jun 1 Determination of the sites of tyrosine O-sulfation in peptides and proteins. Yu Y, et al. Nat Methods 2007 Jul Detailed analysis of 15q11-q14 sequence corrects errors and gaps in the public access sequence to fully reveal large segmental duplications at breakpoints for Prader-Willi, Angelman, and inv dup(15) syndromes. Makoff AJ, et al. Genome Biol 2007 Regulation of Pax3 by proteasomal degradation of monoubiquitinated protein in skeletal muscle progenitors. Boutet SC, et al. Cell 2007 Jul 27 Calcineurin is essential for depolarization-induced nuclear translocation and tyrosine phosphorylation of PYK2 in neurons. Faure C, et al. J Cell Sci 2007 Sep 1 The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. Levy S, et al. PLoS Biol 2007 Sep 4 Specific sequence variations within the 4q35 region are associated with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Lemmers RJ, et al. Am J Hum Genet 2007 Nov Global survey of phosphotyrosine signaling identifies oncogenic kinases in lung cancer. Rikova K, et al. Cell 2007 Dec 14 The 44 kDa Pim-1 kinase directly interacts with tyrosine kinase Etk/BMX and protects human prostate cancer cells from apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic drugs. Xie Y, et al. Oncogene 2006 Jan 5 Regulation of HSL serine phosphorylation in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Watt MJ, et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006 Mar Hyperphosphorylation of JNK-interacting protein 1, a protein associated with Alzheimer disease. D'Ambrosio C, et al. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006 Jan Mapping post-translational modifications of the histone variant MacroH2A1 using tandem mass spectrometry. Chu F, et al. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006 Jan Nur77 is phosphorylated in cells by RSK in response to mitogenic stimulation. Wingate AD, et al. Biochem J 2006 Feb 1 Phosphorylation of the cytokinesis regulator ECT2 at G2/M phase stimulates association of the mitotic kinase Plk1 and accumulation of GTP-bound RhoA. Niiya F, et al. Oncogene 2006 Feb 9 Increased proliferation and altered growth factor dependence of human mammary epithelial cells overexpressing the Gab2 docking protein. Brummer T, et al. J Biol Chem 2006 Jan 6 Phosphorylation of HSF1 by MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 on serine 121, inhibits transcriptional activity and promotes HSP90 binding. Wang X, et al. J Biol Chem 2006 Jan 13 In vitro transport of membrane proteins to peroxisomes by shuttling receptor Pex19p. Matsuzono Y, et al. J Biol Chem 2006 Jan 6 Interleukin-1beta induction of NFkappaB is partially regulated by H2O2-mediated activation of NFkappaB-inducing kinase. Li Q, et al. J Biol Chem 2006 Jan 20 Cooperation of ERK and SCFSkp2 for MKP-1 destruction provides a positive feedback regulation of proliferating signaling. Lin YW, et al. J Biol Chem 2006 Jan 13 Phosphorylated alpha-actinin and protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B coregulate the disassembly of the focal adhesion kinase x Src complex and promote cell migration. Zhang Z, et al. J Biol Chem 2006 Jan 20 DNA replication stress-induced phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein mediated by ATM. Dodson GE, et al. J Biol Chem 2006 Jan 20 The AT-hook of the chromatin architectural transcription factor high mobility group A1a is arginine-methylated by protein arginine methyltransferase 6. Sgarra R, et al. J Biol Chem 2006 Feb 17 Binding of manumycin A inhibits IkappaB kinase beta activity. Bernier M, et al. J Biol Chem 2006 Feb 3 Phosphorylation on Ser106 modulates the cellular functions of the SHOX homeodomain protein. Marchini A, et al. J Mol Biol 2006 Jan 20 Shp-1 mediates the antiproliferative activity of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 in human microvascular endothelial cells. Seo DW, et al. J Biol Chem 2006 Feb 10 Chaperoning checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), an Hsp90 client, with purified chaperones. Arlander SJ, et al. J Biol Chem 2006 Feb 3 Identification of p122RhoGAP (deleted in liver cancer-1) Serine 322 as a substrate for protein kinase B and ribosomal S6 kinase in insulin-stimulated cells. Hers I, et al. J Biol Chem 2006 Feb 24 Phosphorylation of Ser158 regulates inflammatory redox-dependent hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha transcriptional activity. Guo H, et al. Biochem J 2006 Mar 1 Nutrients suppress phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling via raptor-dependent mTOR-mediated insulin receptor substrate 1 phosphorylation. Tzatsos A, et al. Mol Cell Biol 2006 Jan Akt-mediated YB-1 phosphorylation activates translation of silent mRNA species. Evdokimova V, et al. Mol Cell Biol 2006 Jan Histone demethylation by a family of JmjC domain-containing proteins. Tsukada Y, et al. Nature 2006 Feb 16 P70 S6 kinase mediates tau phosphorylation and synthesis. Pei JJ, et al. FEBS Lett 2006 Jan 9 The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 interacts with glycogen synthase kinase 3 and attenuates activity. Mi K, et al. J Biol Chem 2006 Feb 24 Tyrosine phosphorylation acts as a molecular switch to full-scale activation of the eIF2alpha RNA-dependent protein kinase. Su Q, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006 Jan 3 DNA-damage-responsive acetylation of pRb regulates binding to E2F-1. Markham D, et al. EMBO Rep 2006 Feb Protein kinase A phosphorylates and regulates dimerization of 14-3-3 epsilon. Gu YM, et al. FEBS Lett 2006 Jan 9 Functional role of NF-IL6beta and its sumoylation and acetylation modifications in promoter activation of cyclooxygenase 2 gene. Wang JM, et al. Nucleic Acids Res 2006 Identification of sites of mannose 6-phosphorylation on lysosomal proteins. Sleat DE, et al. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006 Apr Pim kinases phosphorylate multiple sites on Bad and promote 14-3-3 binding and dissociation from Bcl-XL. Macdonald A, et al. BMC Cell Biol 2006 Jan 10 Phosphorylation and transactivation of Pax6 by homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2. Kim EA, et al. J Biol Chem 2006 Mar 17 Phosphorylation of serine 526 is required for MEKK3 activity, and association with 14-3-3 blocks dephosphorylation. Fritz A, et al. J Biol Chem 2006 Mar 10 Induction of apoptosis by p110C requires mitochondrial translocation of the proapoptotic BCL-2 family member BAD. Chen C, et al. FEBS Lett 2006 Feb 6 Structural basis for the methylation site specificity of SET7/9. Couture JF, et al. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2006 Feb DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 8. Nusbaum C, et al. Nature 2006 Jan 19 CK2-dependent C-terminal phosphorylation at T300 directs the nuclear transport of TSPY protein. Krick R, et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006 Mar 10 Analysis on heat stress-induced hyperphosphorylation of stathmin at serine 37 in Jurkat cells by means of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry. Nakamura K, et al. J Chromatogr A 2006 Feb 17 Inhibition of DNA binding by differential sumoylation of heat shock factors. Anckar J, et al. Mol Cell Biol 2006 Feb Regulation of ubiquitin-binding proteins by monoubiquitination. Hoeller D, et al. Nat Cell Biol 2006 Feb Repression of SOX6 transcriptional activity by SUMO modification. Fernández-Lloris R, et al. FEBS Lett 2006 Feb 20 P38MAPK-dependent phosphorylation and degradation of SRC-3/AIB1 and RARalpha-mediated transcription. Giannì M, et al. EMBO J 2006 Feb 22 Identification of substrates of human protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22. Wu J, et al. J Biol Chem 2006 Apr 21 Phosphorylation-facilitated sumoylation of MEF2C negatively regulates its transcriptional activity. Kang J, et al. BMC Biochem 2006 Feb 14 Ubiquitylation of leptin receptor OB-Ra regulates its clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Belouzard S, et al. EMBO J 2006 Mar 8 Proteinase 3 is an IL-32 binding protein. Novick D, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006 Feb 28 Regulation of MDMX nuclear import and degradation by Chk2 and 14-3-3. LeBron C, et al. EMBO J 2006 Mar 22 14-3-3gamma binds to MDMX that is phosphorylated by UV-activated Chk1, resulting in p53 activation. Jin Y, et al. EMBO J 2006 Mar 22 The protein kinase DYRK1A phosphorylates the splicing factor SF3b1/SAP155 at Thr434, a novel in vivo phosphorylation site. de Graaf K, et al. BMC Biochem 2006 Mar 2 Signaling through mutants of the IgA receptor CD89 and consequences for Fc receptor gamma-chain interaction. Bakema JE, et al. J Immunol 2006 Mar 15 Site-specific phosphorylation of MCM4 during the cell cycle in mammalian cells. Komamura-Kohno Y, et al. FEBS J 2006 Mar Uncleaved TFIIA is a substrate for taspase 1 and active in transcription. Zhou H, et al. Mol Cell Biol 2006 Apr Phosphorylation of nucleotide excision repair factor xeroderma pigmentosum group A by ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related-dependent checkpoint pathway promotes cell survival in response to UV irradiation. Wu X, et al. Cancer Res 2006 Mar 15 The finished DNA sequence of human chromosome 12. Scherer SE, et al. Nature 2006 Mar 16 Glycogen synthase kinase-3 regulates mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and apoptosis by destabilization of MCL-1. Maurer U, et al. Mol Cell 2006 Mar 17 DOCA-induced phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta. Wyatt AW, et al. Cell Physiol Biochem 2006 CDK9 phosphorylates p53 on serine residues 33, 315 and 392. Radhakrishnan SK, et al. Cell Cycle 2006 Mar Human chromosome 11 DNA sequence and analysis including novel gene identification. Taylor TD, et al. Nature 2006 Mar 23 The prolyl isomerase Pin1 regulates amyloid precursor protein processing and amyloid-beta production. Pastorino L, et al. Nature 2006 Mar 23 Posttranslational N-myristoylation is required for the anti-apoptotic activity of human tGelsolin, the C-terminal caspase cleavage product of human gelsolin. Sakurai N, et al. J Biol Chem 2006 May 19 Phosphoproteome analysis of the human mitotic spindle. Nousiainen M, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006 Apr 4 Analysis of the DNA sequence and duplication history of human chromosome 15. Zody MC, et al. Nature 2006 Mar 30 Phosphorylation of RIalpha by cyclin-dependent kinase CDK 2/cyclin E modulates the dissociation of the RIalpha-RFC40 complex. Gupte RS, et al. Cell Cycle 2006 Mar Interaction with Grb14 results in site-specific regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor. Nouaille S, et al. EMBO Rep 2006 May Prolonged rapamycin treatment inhibits mTORC2 assembly and Akt/PKB. Sarbassov DD, et al. Mol Cell 2006 Apr 21 DNA sequence of human chromosome 17 and analysis of rearrangement in the human lineage. Zody MC, et al. 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J Biol Chem 2006 Nov 3 Phosphorylation of Tyr1214 within VEGFR-2 triggers the recruitment of Nck and activation of Fyn leading to SAPK2/p38 activation and endothelial cell migration in response to VEGF. Lamalice L, et al. J Biol Chem 2006 Nov 10 A PACS-1, GGA3 and CK2 complex regulates CI-MPR trafficking. Scott GK, et al. EMBO J 2006 Oct 4 Distinct and overlapping sets of SUMO-1 and SUMO-2 target proteins revealed by quantitative proteomics. Vertegaal AC, et al. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006 Dec Mdm2 is involved in the ubiquitination and degradation of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2. Salcedo A, et al. EMBO J 2006 Oct 18 The phosphorylation status of PAS-B distinguishes HIF-1alpha from HIF-2alpha in NBS1 repression. To KK, et al. EMBO J 2006 Oct 18 Suppression of receptor interacting protein 140 repressive activity by protein arginine methylation. Mostaqul Huq MD, et al. EMBO J 2006 Nov 1 C-terminal phosphorylation controls the stability and function of p27kip1. Kossatz U, et al. EMBO J 2006 Nov 1 Regulation of MBD1-mediated transcriptional repression by SUMO and PIAS proteins. Lyst MJ, et al. EMBO J 2006 Nov 15 PKA modulates GSK-3beta- and cdk5-catalyzed phosphorylation of tau in site- and kinase-specific manners. Liu F, et al. FEBS Lett 2006 Nov 13 Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks. Olsen JV, et al. Cell 2006 Nov 3 Regulation of RKIP binding to the N-region of the Raf-1 kinase. Park S, et al. FEBS Lett 2006 Nov 27 Repression of p53 activity by Smyd2-mediated methylation. Huang J, et al. Nature 2006 Nov 30 E4F1 is an atypical ubiquitin ligase that modulates p53 effector functions independently of degradation. Le Cam L, et al. Cell 2006 Nov 17 MDMX regulation of p53 response to ribosomal stress. Gilkes DM, et al. EMBO J 2006 Nov 29 Phosphorylation and cleavage of presenilin-associated rhomboid-like protein (PARL) promotes changes in mitochondrial morphology. Jeyaraju DV, et al. 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J Biol Chem 1967 May 25 More...  Representative (genome information for reference and representative genomes) Reference genome:   Homo sapiens GRCh38.p12 Submitter: Genome Reference Consortium Loc Type Name RefSeq INSDC Size (Mb) GC% Protein rRNA tRNA Other RNA Gene Pseudogene Chr 1 NC_000001.11 CM000663.2 248.96 42.3 11,321 17 90 4,457 5,109 1,386 Chr 2 NC_000002.12 CM000664.2 242.19 40.3 8,291 - 7 3,728 3,871 1,181 Chr 3 NC_000003.12 CM000665.2 198.3 39.7 7,150 - 4 2,782 2,990 900 Chr 4 NC_000004.12 CM000666.2 190.22 38.3 4,599 - 1 2,193 2,441 803 Chr 5 NC_000005.10 CM000667.2 181.54 39.5 4,729 - 17 2,194 2,592 778 Chr 6 NC_000006.12 CM000668.2 170.81 39.6 5,522 - 138 2,453 3,005 882 Chr 7 NC_000007.14 CM000669.2 159.35 40.7 5,112 - 22 2,330 2,792 911 Chr 8 NC_000008.11 CM000670.2 145.14 40.2 4,199 - 4 2,011 2,165 671 Chr 9 NC_000009.12 CM000671.2 138.4 42.3 4,699 - 3 2,222 2,270 706 Chr 10 NC_000010.11 CM000672.2 133.8 41.6 5,429 - 3 2,133 2,179 640 Chr 11 NC_000011.10 CM000673.2 135.09 41.6 6,394 - 13 2,336 2,924 829 Chr 12 NC_000012.12 CM000674.2 133.28 40.8 5,975 - 9 2,457 2,526 691 Chr 13 NC_000013.11 CM000675.2 114.36 40.2 2,056 - 4 1,243 1,385 475 Chr 14 NC_000014.9 CM000676.2 107.04 42.2 3,501 - 18 1,704 2,065 585 Chr 15 NC_000015.10 CM000677.2 101.99 43.4 3,623 - 9 1,810 1,824 554 Chr 16 NC_000016.10 CM000678.2 90.34 45.1 4,625 - 27 1,761 1,938 469 Chr 17 NC_000017.11 CM000679.2 83.26 45.3 6,226 - 33 2,243 2,450 556 Chr 18 NC_000018.10 CM000680.2 80.37 39.8 2,029 - 1 996 984 295 Chr 19 NC_000019.10 CM000681.2 58.62 47.9 6,750 - 6 1,877 2,499 523 Chr 20 NC_000020.11 CM000682.2 64.44 43.9 2,904 - - 1,308 1,358 338 Chr 21 NC_000021.9 CM000683.2 46.71 42.2 1,297 12 1 707 777 207 Chr 22 NC_000022.11 CM000684.2 50.82 47.7 2,582 - - 1,014 1,189 354 Chr X NC_000023.11 CM000685.2 156.04 39.6 3,801 - 4 1,265 2,186 875 Chr Y NC_000024.10 CM000686.2 57.23 45.4 324 - - 311 580 392 MT NC_012920.1 J01415.2 0.02 44.4 13 2 22 - 37 - Un - . - 169.03 44.3 6,143 17 161 3,437 6,543 1,878 Chromosomes Click on chromosome name to open Genome Data Viewer External Resources ENCODE GOLD HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) MGC