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PTGS2 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 5743, updated on 8-Apr-2026

Summary

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Official Symbol: PTGS2provided by HGNC
Official Full Name: prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2provided by HGNC
Primary source: HGNC:HGNC:9605
See related: Ensembl:ENSG00000073756 MIM:600262; AllianceGenome:HGNC:9605
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Homo sapiens
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as: COX2; COX-2; PHS-2; PGG/HS; PGHS-2; hCox-2; GRIPGHS
Summary: Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), also known as cyclooxygenase, is the key enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis, and acts both as a dioxygenase and as a peroxidase. There are two isozymes of PTGS: a constitutive PTGS1 and an inducible PTGS2, which differ in their regulation of expression and tissue distribution. This gene encodes the inducible isozyme. It is regulated by specific stimulatory events, suggesting that it is responsible for the prostanoid biosynthesis involved in inflammation and mitogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009]
Expression: Biased expression in bone marrow (RPKM 59.3), urinary bladder (RPKM 41.1) and 11 other tissues See more
Orthologs: all
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Genomic context

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See PTGS2 in Genome Data Viewer

Location:: 1q31.1

Exon count:: 10

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
RS_2025_08	current	GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40)	1	NC_000001.11 (186671791..186680423, complement)
RS_2025_08	current	T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1)	1	NC_060925.1 (186026616..186035248, complement)
RS_2024_09	previous assembly	GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25)	1	NC_000001.10 (186640923..186649555, complement)

Chromosome 1 - NC_000001.11 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to reference sequence details

Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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See details

Project title: Tissue-specific circular RNA induction during human fetal development
Description: 35 human fetal samples from 6 tissues (3 - 7 replicates per tissue) collected between 10 and 20 weeks gestational time were sequenced using Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA
BioProject: PRJNA270632
Publication: PMID 26076956
Analysis date: Mon Apr 2 22:54:59 2018

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Relation between ABCB1 overexpression and COX2 and ALOX5 genes in human erythroleukemia cell lines.
Title: Relation between ABCB1 overexpression and COX2 and ALOX5 genes in human erythroleukemia cell lines.
Association between vertebral endplate defects and patient-reported symptoms: an immunohistochemical study investigating the COX-2/PGE-2/EP-4 axis.
Title: Association between vertebral endplate defects and patient-reported symptoms: an immunohistochemical study investigating the COX-2/PGE-2/EP-4 axis.
Integration of single-cell RNA sequencing of endothelial cells and proteomics to unravel the role of ICAM1-PTGS2 communication in apical periodontitis: A laboratory investigation.
Title: Integration of single-cell RNA sequencing of endothelial cells and proteomics to unravel the role of ICAM1-PTGS2 communication in apical periodontitis: A laboratory investigation.
Breast volume in non-obese females is related to breast adipose cell hypertrophy, inflammation, and COX2 expression.
Title: Breast volume in non-obese females is related to breast adipose cell hypertrophy, inflammation, and COX2 expression.
RUNX1-induced upregulation of PTGS2 enhances cell growth, migration and invasion in colorectal cancer cells.
Title: RUNX1-induced upregulation of PTGS2 enhances cell growth, migration and invasion in colorectal cancer cells.
Rel Family Transcription Factor NFAT5 Upregulates COX2 via HIF-1alpha Activity in Ishikawa and HEC1a Cells.
Title: Rel Family Transcription Factor NFAT5 Upregulates COX2 via HIF-1α Activity in Ishikawa and HEC1a Cells.
[The relationship between the expression of PGE2 and COX-2 and the osteogenic activity and oxygen level of alveolar bone].
Title: [The relationship between the expression of PGE2 and COX-2 and the osteogenic activity and oxygen level of alveolar bone].
The cyclooxygenase-2 upregulation mediates production of PGE2 autacoid to positively regulate interleukin-6 secretion in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and polyp-derived fibroblasts.
Title: The cyclooxygenase-2 upregulation mediates production of PGE2 autacoid to positively regulate interleukin-6 secretion in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and polyp-derived fibroblasts.
Unravelling the role of HAS2, GREM1, and PTGS2 gene expression in cumulus cells: implications for human oocyte development competency - a systematic review and integrated bioinformatic analysis.
Title: Unravelling the role of HAS2, GREM1, and PTGS2 gene expression in cumulus cells: implications for human oocyte development competency - a systematic review and integrated bioinformatic analysis.
Expression of PTGS2 along with genes regulating VEGF signalling pathway and association with high-risk factors in locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Title: Expression of PTGS2 along with genes regulating VEGF signalling pathway and association with high-risk factors in locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (2134)

Phenotypes

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Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

EBI GWAS Catalog

Description
Genome-wide association scan identifies a prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 variant involved in risk of knee osteoarthritis. EBI GWAS Catalog EBI GWAS CatalogPubMed

Variation

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See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

HIV-1 interactions

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Protein interactions

Protein	Gene	Interaction	Pubs
Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120	env	HIV-1 gp120 upregulates the expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) in human B cells	PubMed
	env	Overexpression of NF-kappaB inhibitory subunit, IkappaBalpha, completely abrogates gp120-induced COX-2 activity	PubMed
	env	HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 is able to induce COX-2 mRNA and protein in human neuroblastoma cell lines that express CXCR4 and CCR5 but not CD4; gp120 induces COX-2 promoter transcription through NF-kappaB and activating protein-1 (AP-1) sites	PubMed
	env	HIV-1 clade B gp120 induces higher levels of expression of the neuropathogenic molecule cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-mediated arachidonic acid by-products, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane A2 receptor (TBXA2R) compared to clade C gp120	PubMed
	env	HIV-1 gp120 increases the intracellular concentrations of prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 by upregulating the activity and expression of the arachidonate-metabolizing enzymes prostaglandin H synthase and 5-lipoxygenase, respectively	PubMed
	env	Preincubation of human astrocytoma cells with HIV-1 gp120 produces a significant increase of nitrite and PGE2 in cell supernatants; the effect of gp120 on both nitrite and PGE2 production is inhibited by antagonists of NO synthase or cyclooxygenase	PubMed
Envelope transmembrane glycoprotein gp41	env	Exposure of TZM-bl-2 cells to HIV gp41 increases PTGS2 (COX-2) mRNA	PubMed
	env	A synthetic peptide corresponding to the immunosuppressive domain (amino acids 574-592) of HIV-1 gp41 upregulates the expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2; prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase) in peptide-treated PBMCs	PubMed
Nef	nef	Coincubation of HIV-1 Nef and IFN-gamma downregulates COX-2 expression compared to untreated, Nef- or IFN-gamma-treated Caco-2 cells	PubMed
Tat	tat	Transcription factors NFAT and AP-1 (c-Jun/c-Fos) are required for HIV-1 Tat-induced upregulation of COX-2	PubMed
	tat	HIV-1 Tat-induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis increase Leishmania growth in HIV-1-infected macrophages	PubMed
Vpr	vpr	Treatment of human primary astrocytes with HIV-1 Vpr downregulates expression of eleven genes, BNIP3, CYGB, DUOX2, DUSP1, FOXM1, GAPDH, HPRT1, MT3, MTL5, PTGS2, and SCARA3	PubMed
matrix	gag	Exposure of TZM-bl-2 cells to HIV MA (p17) increases COX-2 mRNA	PubMed

Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

Interactions

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Products	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs	Description

General gene information

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Markers

GDB:455285 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:157459

SHGC-76038 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:23085

ha3073 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:515637

G67929 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:225608

G67930 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:225609

PTGS2_236 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:280936

PTGS2-235F (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:15725

csnpptgs2-pcr10-1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:243111

csnpptgs2-pcr6-1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:243112

G63797 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:139433

csnpptgs2-pcr8-1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:243113

G63796 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:139434

G63795 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:139435

G63807 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:139436

G63794 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:139437

G63806 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:139438

G63790 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:139439

G63789 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:139440

G63792 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:139441

D1S3433 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:13489

G63793 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:139442

G63791 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:139443

G65466 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:166594

G65467 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:166595

G65468 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:166596

G65469 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:166597

G65470 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:166598

G65471 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:166599

G65464 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:166600

G65465 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:166601

PMC309638P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:272598

PMC100312P2 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270057

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables enzyme binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables heme binding	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables heme binding	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
enables oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen	EXP Inferred from Experiment more info	PubMed
enables oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
enables oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables peroxidase activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables peroxidase activity	NAS Non-traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
enables prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables protein binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables protein homodimerization activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in brown fat cell differentiation	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in cellular oxidant detoxification	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in cellular response to hypoxia	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
involved_in cellular response to non-ionic osmotic stress	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in cyclooxygenase pathway	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in cyclooxygenase pathway	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in lipoxygenase pathway	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
involved_in long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
involved_in negative regulation of apoptotic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of fever generation	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of fever generation	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in positive regulation of fibroblast growth factor production	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of platelet-derived growth factor production	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in positive regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process	NAS Non-traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta production	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info	PubMed
involved_in prostaglandin biosynthetic process	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in prostaglandin biosynthetic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in prostaglandin biosynthetic process	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in prostaglandin biosynthetic process	NAS Non-traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in prostanoid biosynthetic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in regulation of blood pressure	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in regulation of inflammatory response	NAS Non-traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of neuroinflammatory response	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in regulation of neuroinflammatory response	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in response to oxidative stress	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
is_active_in cytoplasm	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in cytoplasm	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in cytoplasm	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
located_in cytoplasm	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
located_in endoplasmic reticulum	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
is_active_in endoplasmic reticulum lumen	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
located_in endoplasmic reticulum lumen	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
located_in endoplasmic reticulum membrane	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
located_in endoplasmic reticulum membrane	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
is_active_in neuron projection	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in neuron projection	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in neuron projection	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
located_in nuclear inner membrane	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in nuclear inner membrane	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
located_in nuclear outer membrane	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in nuclear outer membrane	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info

General protein information

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Preferred Names: prostaglandin G/H synthase 2

Names: PGH synthase 2; PHS II; cyclooxygenase 2; cyclooxygenase 2b; prostaglandin H2 synthase 2; prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)

NP_000954.1

EC 1.14.99.1

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

NG_028206.2 RefSeqGene

Range

5005..13637

Download

GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_000963.4 → NP_000954.1 prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 precursor

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_000954.1

Status: REVIEWED

Source sequence(s)

AL033533, BC013734, BM978796, DA277667, KF455116

Consensus CDS

CCDS1371.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

A8K802, P35354, Q16876

Related

ENSP00000356438.5, ENST00000367468.10

Conserved Domains (2) summary

cd09816
Location:75 → 562

prostaglandin_endoperoxide_synthase; Animal prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase and related bacterial proteins

cd00054
Location:19 → 54

EGF_CA; Calcium-binding EGF-like domain, present in a large number of membrane-bound and extracellular (mostly animal) proteins. Many of these proteins require calcium for their biological function and calcium-binding sites have been found to be located at the ...