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    S surface glycoprotein [ Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ]

    Gene ID: 43740568, updated on 11-May-2025
    Gene symbol
    S
    Gene description
    surface glycoprotein
    Locus tag
    GU280_gp02
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    PROVISIONAL
    Organism
    Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (isolate: Wuhan-Hu-1, nat-host: Homo sapiens)
    Lineage
    Viruses; Riboviria; Orthornavirae; Pisuviricota; Pisoniviricetes; Nidovirales; Cornidovirineae; Coronaviridae; Orthocoronavirinae; Betacoronavirus; Sarbecovirus
    Also known as
    spike glycoprotein
    Summary
    Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Virus particles include the RNA genetic material and structural proteins needed for invasion of host cells. Once inside the cell the infecting RNA is used to encode structural proteins that make up virus particles, nonstructural proteins that direct virus assembly, transcription, replication and host control and accessory proteins whose function has not been determined.~ The structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 include the envelope protein (E), spike or surface glycoprotein (S), membrane protein (M) and the nucleocapsid protein (N). The spike glycoprotein is found on the outside of the virus particle and gives coronavirus viruses their crown-like appearance. This glycoprotein mediates attachment of the virus particle and entry into the host cell. S protein is an important target for vaccine development, antibody therapies and diagnostic antigen-based tests.
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    Sequence:
    NC_045512.2 (21563..25384)

    NC_045512.2Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene ORF1a polyprotein;ORF1ab polyprotein Neighboring gene ORF3a protein Neighboring gene envelope protein

    Genomic Sequence:
    NC_045512.2

    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Temporal trends of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence during the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in Kenya. Adetifa IMO, et al. Nat Commun, 2021 Jun 25. PMID 34172732, Free PMC Article
    2. Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike mutations important for infection of mice and escape from human immune sera. Rathnasinghe R, et al. Nat Commun, 2022 Jul 7. PMID 35798721, Free PMC Article
    3. The virological impacts of SARS-CoV-2 D614G mutation. Wang C, et al. J Mol Cell Biol, 2021 Dec 30. PMID 34289053, Free PMC Article
    4. Differences between Omicron SARS-CoV-2 RBD and other variants in their ability to interact with cell receptors and monoclonal antibodies. Giron CC, et al. J Biomol Struct Dyn, 2023 Jul-Aug. PMID 35815535
    5. The structural role of SARS-CoV-2 genetic background in the emergence and success of spike mutations: The case of the spike A222V mutation. Ginex T, et al. PLoS Pathog, 2022 Jul. PMID 35816514, Free PMC Article

    See all (1347) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein potentiates platelet aggregation via upregulating integrin alphaIIbbeta3 outside-in signaling pathway.
      Title: SARS-CoV-2 spike protein potentiates platelet aggregation via upregulating integrin αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling pathway.
    2. Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein with ACE2 induces cortical actin modulation, including dephosphorylation of ERM proteins and reduction of cortical stiffness.
      Title: Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein with ACE2 induces cortical actin modulation, including dephosphorylation of ERM proteins and reduction of cortical stiffness.
    3. ACE2 expression and spike S1 protein-mediated immune responses in oral mucosal cells.
      Title: ACE2 expression and spike S1 protein-mediated immune responses in oral mucosal cells.
    4. O-glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by host O-glycosyltransferase strengthens its trimeric structure.
      Title: O-glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by host O-glycosyltransferase strengthens its trimeric structure.
    5. An integrated bioinformatics approach reveals the potential role of microRNA-30b-5p and let-7a-5p during SARS CoV-2 spike-1 mediated neuroinflammation.
      Title: An integrated bioinformatics approach reveals the potential role of microRNA-30b-5p and let-7a-5p during SARS CoV-2 spike-1 mediated neuroinflammation.
    6. Glycosylation Modulation Dictates Trafficking and Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 S1 Subunit and ACE2 in Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells.
      Title: Glycosylation Modulation Dictates Trafficking and Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 S1 Subunit and ACE2 in Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells.
    7. Adsorption-Driven Deformation and Footprints of the RBD Proteins in SARS-CoV-2 Variants on Biological and Inanimate Surfaces.
      Title: Adsorption-Driven Deformation and Footprints of the RBD Proteins in SARS-CoV-2 Variants on Biological and Inanimate Surfaces.
    8. Sequential glycosylations at the multibasic cleavage site of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein regulate viral activity.
      Title: Sequential glycosylations at the multibasic cleavage site of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein regulate viral activity.
    9. Interaction Analysis on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Receptor Binding Domain Using Visualization of the Interfacial Electrostatic Complementarity.
      Title: Interaction Analysis on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Receptor Binding Domain Using Visualization of the Interfacial Electrostatic Complementarity.
    10. Mechanistic insights into SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induction of the chemokine CXCL10.
      Title: Mechanistic insights into SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induction of the chemokine CXCL10.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (564)
    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description
    Preferred Names
    surface glycoprotein
    YP_009724390.1
    • structural protein; spike protein

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    Genome Annotation

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_045512.2 Reference assembly

      Range
      21563..25384
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. YP_009724390.1 surface glycoprotein [Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]

      Status: PROVISIONAL

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P0DTC2
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A679G9E9, A0A6G7K2L4
      Conserved Domains (4) summary
      cd21480
      Location:319 → 541
      SARS-CoV-2_Spike_S1_RBD; receptor-binding domain of the S1 subunit of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Spike (S) protein
      cd21624
      Location:13 → 304
      SARS-CoV-like_Spike_S1_NTD; N-terminal domain of the S1 subunit of the Spike (S) protein from Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and related betacoronaviruses in the B lineage
      pfam19214
      Location:1233 → 1273
      CoV_S2_C; Coronavirus spike glycoprotein S2, intravirion
      cd22378
      Location:543 → 1208
      SARS-CoV-like_Spike_SD1-2_S1-S2_S2; SD-1 and SD-2 subdomains, the S1/S2 cleavage region, and the S2 fusion subunit of the spike (S) glycoprotein from SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and related betacoronaviruses in the B lineage
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    P0DTC2.1 P0DTC2

    Gene LinkOut