- Activated TLR4 signalling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Activated TLR4 signalling, organism-specific biosystemTLR4 is unique among the TLR family in its ability to recruit four adapters to activate two distinct signaling pathways. One pathway is activated by the pair of the adapters Mal or TIRAP (Toll/inter...
- Cellular Senescence, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cellular Senescence, organism-specific biosystemCellular senescence involves irreversible growth arrest accompanied by phenotypic changes such as enlarged morphology, reorganization of chromatin through formation of senescence-associated heterochr...
- Cellular responses to stress, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cellular responses to stress, organism-specific biosystemCells are subject to external molecular and physical stresses such as foreign molecules that perturb metabolic or signaling processes, and changes in temperature or pH. The ability of cells and tissu...
- Fas Ligand (FasL) pathway and Stress induction of Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) regulation, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Fas Ligand (FasL) pathway and Stress induction of Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) regulation, organism-specific biosystemThis pathway describes the Fas induced apoptosis and interplay with Hsp27 in response to stress. More info: [http://www.biocarta.com/pathfiles/h_hsp27Pathway.asp BioCarta].
- Immune System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Immune System, organism-specific biosystemHumans are exposed to millions of potential pathogens daily, through contact, ingestion, and inhalation. Our ability to avoid infection depends on the adaptive immune system and during the first crit...
- Innate Immune System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Innate Immune System, organism-specific biosystemInnate immunity encompases the nonspecific part of immunity tha are part of an individual's natural biologic makeup
- MAP kinase activation in TLR cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
MAP kinase activation in TLR cascade, organism-specific biosystemThe mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, one of the most ancient and evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways, is involved in many processes of immune responses. The MAP kinases cascad...
- MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved module that is involved in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Mammals e...
- MAPK signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
MAPK signaling pathway, conserved biosystemThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved module that is involved in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Mammals e...
- MyD88 cascade initiated on plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
MyD88 cascade initiated on plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystemMammalian myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is Toll/interleukin (IL)-1 (TIR)-domain containing adapter protein which plays crucial role in TLR signaling. All TLRs, with only one exception of...
- MyD88 dependent cascade initiated on endosome, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
MyD88 dependent cascade initiated on endosome, organism-specific biosystemUpon binding of their ligands, TLR7/8 and TLR9 recruit a cytoplasmic adaptor MyD88 and IRAKs, downstream of which the signaling pathways are divided to induce either inflammatory cytokines or type I ...
- MyD88-independent TLR3/TLR4 cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
MyD88-independent TLR3/TLR4 cascade, organism-specific biosystemMyD88-independent signaling pathway is shared by TLR3 and TLR4 cascades. TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-beta (TRIF or TICAM1) is a key adapter molecule in transducing signals from ...
- MyD88:Mal cascade initiated on plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
MyD88:Mal cascade initiated on plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystemThe first known downstream component of TLR4 and TLR2 signaling is the adaptor MyD88. Another adapter MyD88-adaptor-like (Mal; also known as TIR-domain-containing adaptor protein or TIRAP) has also b...
- NGF signalling via TRKA from the plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
NGF signalling via TRKA from the plasma membrane, organism-specific biosystemTrk receptors signal from the plasma membrane and from intracellular membranes, particularly from early endosomes. Signalling from the plasma membrane is fast but transient; signalling from endosomes...
- Oxidative Stress Induced Senescence, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Oxidative Stress Induced Senescence, organism-specific biosystemOxidative stress, caused by increased concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell, can happen as a consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction induced by the oncogenic RAS (Moiseeva et al...
- Signal Transduction, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signal Transduction, organism-specific biosystemSignal transduction is a process in which extracellular signals elicit changes in cell state and activity. Transmembrane receptors sense changes in the cellular environment by binding ligands, such a...
- Signaling by VEGF, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signaling by VEGF, organism-specific biosystemIn normal development vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are crucial regulators of vascular development during embryogenesis (vasculogenesis) and blood-vessel formation in the adult (angioge...
- Signaling mediated by p38-alpha and p38-beta, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Signaling mediated by p38-alpha and p38-beta, organism-specific biosystem
Signaling mediated by p38-alpha and p38-beta
- Signalling by NGF, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signalling by NGF, organism-specific biosystemNeurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, NT-3, NT-4/5) play pivotal roles in survival, differentiation, and plasticity of neurons in the peripheral and central nervous system. They are produced, and secreted in mi...
- Signalling to ERKs, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signalling to ERKs, organism-specific biosystemNeurotrophins utilize multiple pathways to activate ERKs (ERK1 and ERK2), a subgroup of the large MAP kinase (MAPK) family, from the plasma membrane. The major signalling pathways to ERKs are via RAS...
- Signalling to RAS, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signalling to RAS, organism-specific biosystemSignalling through Shc adaptor proteins appears to be identical for both NGF and EGF. It leads to a fast, but transient, MAPK/ERK activation, which is insufficient to explain the prolonged activation...
- TRAF6 mediated induction of NFkB and MAP kinases upon TLR7/8 or 9 activation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
TRAF6 mediated induction of NFkB and MAP kinases upon TLR7/8 or 9 activation, organism-specific biosystemTRAF6 mediates NFkB activation via canonical phosphorylation of IKK complex by TAK1. TRAF6 and TAK1 also regulate MAPK cascades leading to the activation of AP-1.
- TRIF-mediated TLR3/TLR4 signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
TRIF-mediated TLR3/TLR4 signaling, organism-specific biosystemTRIF(TICAM1) was shown to induce IRF3/7 and NF-?B activation and apoptosis through distinct intracellular signaling pathways [Han KJ et al 2004; Kaiser WJ and Offermann MK et al 2005]. TRIF consists...
- Toll Like Receptor 10 (TLR10) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor 10 (TLR10) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemLittle is known about TLR10 ligands. It has been established that the receptor homodimerizes upon binding and signals in an MyD88-dependent manner (Hasan U et al 2005; Nyman T et al 2008). It may als...
- Toll Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemTLR2 is involved in recognition of peptidoglycan from gram-positive bacteria, bacterial lipoproteins, mycoplasma lipoprotein and mycobacterial products. It is quite possible that recognition of at le...
- Toll Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemToll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) as was shown for mammals is expressed on myeloid dendritic cells, respiratory epithelium, macrophages, and appears to play a central role in mediating the antiviral and in...
- Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemToll-like Receptor 4 is a Microbe Associated Molecular Pattern receptor well known for it's sensitivity to Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). LPS is assembled within diverse Gram-negative bacteria,...
- Toll Like Receptor 5 (TLR5) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor 5 (TLR5) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemTLR5 is the receptor for flagellin, the protein that forms bacterial flagella. Unlike most other Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), flagellin does not undergo any posttranslational modif...
- Toll Like Receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemRNA can serve as a danger signal, both in its double-stranded form (that is associated with viral infection), as well as single-stranded RNA (ssRNA). Specifically, guanosine (G)- and uridine (U)-rich...
- Toll Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) Cascade, organism-specific biosystemCpG DNA is an unusual Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP). Cytosine methylation exists in mammalian but not bacterial cells, and most (but not all) CpG in the mammalian genome is methylated....
- Toll Like Receptor TLR1:TLR2 Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor TLR1:TLR2 Cascade, organism-specific biosystemTLR1 is expressed by monocytes. TLR1 and TLR2 cotranslationally form heterodimeric complexes on the cell surface and in the cytosol. The TLR2:TLR1 complex recognizes Neisserial PorB and Mycobacterial...
- Toll Like Receptor TLR6:TLR2 Cascade, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll Like Receptor TLR6:TLR2 Cascade, organism-specific biosystemTLR2 and TLR4 recognize different bacterial cell wall components. While TLR4 is trained onto Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide components, TLR2 - in combination with TLR6 - plays a major role in recog...
- Toll-Like Receptors Cascades, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Toll-Like Receptors Cascades, organism-specific biosystemIn human, ten members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family (TLR1-TLR10) have been identified (TLR11 has been found in mouse, but not in human). All TLRs have a similar Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) doma...
- VEGF signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
VEGF signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThere is now much evidence that VEGFR-2 is the major mediator of VEGF-driven responses in endothelial cells and it is considered to be a crucial signal transducer in both physiologic and pathologic a...
- VEGF signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
VEGF signaling pathway, conserved biosystemThere is now much evidence that VEGFR-2 is the major mediator of VEGF-driven responses in endothelial cells and it is considered to be a crucial signal transducer in both physiologic and pathologic a...
- VEGFA-VEGFR2 Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
VEGFA-VEGFR2 Pathway, organism-specific biosystemAngiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting vasculature. One of the most important proangiogenic factors is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF exerts its biologic...
- activated TAK1 mediates p38 MAPK activation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
activated TAK1 mediates p38 MAPK activation, organism-specific biosystemp38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) belongs to a highly conserved family of serine/threonine protein kinases. The p38 MAPK-dependent signaling cascade is activated by pro-inflammatory or stre...
- p38 signaling mediated by MAPKAP kinases, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
p38 signaling mediated by MAPKAP kinases, organism-specific biosystem
p38 signaling mediated by MAPKAP kinases
- p38MAPK events, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
p38MAPK events, organism-specific biosystemNGF induces sustained activation of p38, a member of the MAPK family (Morooka T, Nishida E, 1998). Both p38 and the ERKs appear to be involved in neurite outgrowth and differentiation caused by NGF i...