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PTGS2 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 5743, updated on 11-Jun-2025
Official Symbol
PTGS2provided by HGNC
Official Full Name
prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2provided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:9605
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000073756 MIM:600262; AllianceGenome:HGNC:9605
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
COX2; COX-2; PHS-2; PGG/HS; PGHS-2; hCox-2; GRIPGHS
Summary
Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), also known as cyclooxygenase, is the key enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis, and acts both as a dioxygenase and as a peroxidase. There are two isozymes of PTGS: a constitutive PTGS1 and an inducible PTGS2, which differ in their regulation of expression and tissue distribution. This gene encodes the inducible isozyme. It is regulated by specific stimulatory events, suggesting that it is responsible for the prostanoid biosynthesis involved in inflammation and mitogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009]
Expression
Biased expression in bone marrow (RPKM 59.3), urinary bladder (RPKM 41.1) and 11 other tissues See more
Orthologs
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See PTGS2 in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
1q31.1
Exon count:
10
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 1 NC_000001.11 (186671791..186680423, complement)
RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 1 NC_060925.1 (186026616..186035248, complement)
RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 1 NC_000001.10 (186640923..186649555, complement)

Chromosome 1 - NC_000001.11Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene PDC antisense RNA 1 Neighboring gene phosducin Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr1:186481023-186481524 Neighboring gene parkin coregulated like pseudogene Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr1:186606177-186606842 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr1:186606843-186607508 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 15579 Neighboring gene MED14-independent group 3 enhancer GRCh37_chr1:186646706-186647905 Neighboring gene PTGS2 antisense NFKB1 complex-mediated expression regulator RNA Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 1649 Neighboring gene phospholipase A2 group IVA Neighboring gene MPRA-validated peak520 silencer Neighboring gene NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr1:186954018-186954519

  • Project title: Tissue-specific circular RNA induction during human fetal development
  • Description: 35 human fetal samples from 6 tissues (3 - 7 replicates per tissue) collected between 10 and 20 weeks gestational time were sequenced using Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA
  • BioProject: PRJNA270632
  • Publication: PMID 26076956
  • Analysis date: Mon Apr 2 22:54:59 2018

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

EBI GWAS Catalog

Description
Genome-wide association scan identifies a prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 variant involved in risk of knee osteoarthritis.
EBI GWAS Catalog

Protein interactions

Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120 env HIV-1 gp120 upregulates the expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) in human B cells PubMed
env Overexpression of NF-kappaB inhibitory subunit, IkappaBalpha, completely abrogates gp120-induced COX-2 activity PubMed
env HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 is able to induce COX-2 mRNA and protein in human neuroblastoma cell lines that express CXCR4 and CCR5 but not CD4; gp120 induces COX-2 promoter transcription through NF-kappaB and activating protein-1 (AP-1) sites PubMed
env HIV-1 clade B gp120 induces higher levels of expression of the neuropathogenic molecule cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-mediated arachidonic acid by-products, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane A2 receptor (TBXA2R) compared to clade C gp120 PubMed
env HIV-1 gp120 increases the intracellular concentrations of prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 by upregulating the activity and expression of the arachidonate-metabolizing enzymes prostaglandin H synthase and 5-lipoxygenase, respectively PubMed
env Preincubation of human astrocytoma cells with HIV-1 gp120 produces a significant increase of nitrite and PGE2 in cell supernatants; the effect of gp120 on both nitrite and PGE2 production is inhibited by antagonists of NO synthase or cyclooxygenase PubMed
Envelope transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 env Exposure of TZM-bl-2 cells to HIV gp41 increases PTGS2 (COX-2) mRNA PubMed
env A synthetic peptide corresponding to the immunosuppressive domain (amino acids 574-592) of HIV-1 gp41 upregulates the expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2; prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase) in peptide-treated PBMCs PubMed
Nef nef Coincubation of HIV-1 Nef and IFN-gamma downregulates COX-2 expression compared to untreated, Nef- or IFN-gamma-treated Caco-2 cells PubMed
Tat tat Transcription factors NFAT and AP-1 (c-Jun/c-Fos) are required for HIV-1 Tat-induced upregulation of COX-2 PubMed
tat HIV-1 Tat-induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis increase Leishmania growth in HIV-1-infected macrophages PubMed
Vpr vpr Treatment of human primary astrocytes with HIV-1 Vpr downregulates expression of eleven genes, BNIP3, CYGB, DUOX2, DUSP1, FOXM1, GAPDH, HPRT1, MT3, MTL5, PTGS2, and SCARA3 PubMed
matrix gag Exposure of TZM-bl-2 cells to HIV MA (p17) increases COX-2 mRNA PubMed

Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

Markers

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables dioxygenase activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables enzyme binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
PubMed 
enables heme binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables heme binding ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 
enables metal ion binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables oxidoreductase activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen EXP
Inferred from Experiment
more info
PubMed 
enables oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 
enables oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 
enables peroxidase activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables peroxidase activity NAS
Non-traceable Author Statement
more info
PubMed 
enables prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 
enables prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
PubMed 
enables protein homodimerization activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in brown fat cell differentiation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in cellular oxidant detoxification IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within cellular response to fluid shear stress IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in cellular response to hypoxia IEP
Inferred from Expression Pattern
more info
PubMed 
involved_in cellular response to non-ionic osmotic stress IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in cyclooxygenase pathway IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 
involved_in cyclooxygenase pathway IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
acts_upstream_of_or_within cyclooxygenase pathway IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in cyclooxygenase pathway IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within decidualization IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within embryo implantation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in fatty acid biosynthetic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in fatty acid metabolic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in lipid metabolic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in lipoxygenase pathway TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 
involved_in long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 
involved_in negative regulation of apoptotic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of fever generation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of fever generation ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of fibroblast growth factor production ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of platelet-derived growth factor production ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process NAS
Non-traceable Author Statement
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta production ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
PubMed 
involved_in prostaglandin biosynthetic process IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in prostaglandin biosynthetic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in prostaglandin biosynthetic process ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 
involved_in prostaglandin biosynthetic process NAS
Non-traceable Author Statement
more info
PubMed 
involved_in prostaglandin metabolic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within prostaglandin secretion IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within regulation of blood pressure IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in regulation of blood pressure ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within regulation of cell population proliferation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in regulation of inflammatory response NAS
Non-traceable Author Statement
more info
PubMed 
involved_in regulation of neuroinflammatory response IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in regulation of neuroinflammatory response ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within response to nematode IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in response to oxidative stress IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within response to selenium ion IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
Component Evidence Code Pubs
is_active_in cytoplasm IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 
located_in cytoplasm IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
located_in cytoplasm IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
located_in cytoplasm ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 
located_in cytosol IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 
located_in endoplasmic reticulum IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
located_in endoplasmic reticulum IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
located_in endoplasmic reticulum lumen TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
PubMed 
located_in endoplasmic reticulum membrane IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
located_in endoplasmic reticulum membrane TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 
located_in membrane IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
is_active_in neuron projection IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 
located_in neuron projection IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
located_in neuron projection IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
located_in nuclear inner membrane IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
located_in nuclear inner membrane IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
located_in nuclear outer membrane IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
located_in nuclear outer membrane IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
located_in nucleus IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
Preferred Names
prostaglandin G/H synthase 2
Names
PGH synthase 2
PHS II
cyclooxygenase 2
cyclooxygenase 2b
prostaglandin H2 synthase 2
prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)
NP_000954.1

NEW Try the new Transcript table

RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

  1. NG_028206.2 RefSeqGene

    Range
    5005..13637
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_000963.4 → NP_000954.1  prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 precursor

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_000954.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AL033533, BC013734, BM978796, DA277667, KF455116
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS1371.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    A8K802, P35354, Q16876
    Related
    ENSP00000356438.5, ENST00000367468.10
    Conserved Domains (2) summary
    cd09816
    Location:75 → 562
    prostaglandin_endoperoxide_synthase; Animal prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase and related bacterial proteins
    cd00054
    Location:19 → 54
    EGF_CA; Calcium-binding EGF-like domain, present in a large number of membrane-bound and extracellular (mostly animal) proteins. Many of these proteins require calcium for their biological function and calcium-binding sites have been found to be located at the ...

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000001.11 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    186671791..186680423 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060925.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    186026616..186035248 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)