PTGS2 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: PTGS2provided by HGNC
Official Full Name: prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2provided by HGNC
Primary source: HGNC:HGNC:9605
See related: Ensembl:ENSG00000073756 MIM:600262
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Homo sapiens
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as: COX2; COX-2; PHS-2; PGG/HS; PGHS-2; hCox-2; GRIPGHS
Summary: Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), also known as cyclooxygenase, is the key enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis, and acts both as a dioxygenase and as a peroxidase. There are two isozymes of PTGS: a constitutive PTGS1 and an inducible PTGS2, which differ in their regulation of expression and tissue distribution. This gene encodes the inducible isozyme. It is regulated by specific stimulatory events, suggesting that it is responsible for the prostanoid biosynthesis involved in inflammation and mitogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009]
Expression: Biased expression in bone marrow (RPKM 59.3), urinary bladder (RPKM 41.1) and 11 other tissues See more
Orthologs: mouse all

Genomic context

Location:: 1q31.1

Exon count:: 10

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
109	current	GRCh38.p12 (GCF_000001405.38)	1	NC_000001.11 (186671812..186680427, complement)
105	previous assembly	GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25)	1	NC_000001.10 (186640944..186649559, complement)

Chromosome 1 - NC_000001.11 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to reference sequence details

Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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See details

Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
BioProject: PRJEB4337
Publication: PMID 24309898
Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into FunctionsWhat's a GeneRIF?

In colorectal cancer cohort, tumor tissue presents a differential COX-2 expression pattern with lower enzymatic activity that can be related to an altered metabolic and proteomic profile.
Title: Interplay between post-translational cyclooxygenase-2 modifications and the metabolic and proteomic profile in a colorectal cancer cohort.
Study showed that TRIP4 promoted melanoma growth through modulation of COX-2 and iNOS expression partially by activating NF-kappaB signaling indirectly and partially by the direct anchoring of itself at COX-2 and iNOS promoter via synergy with p300. Clinical data showed that high expression of TRIP4 was positively correlated with increased expression of COX-2 and iNOS and predicted poor prognosis in melanoma patients.
Title: The Tumor-Promoting Role of TRIP4 in Melanoma Progression and its Involvement in Response to BRAF-Targeted Therapy.
There was no significant association between COX-2 expression with grade, age, sex and ethnicity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
Title: Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
High COX2 expression is associated with esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Title: Campylobacter Concisus and Its Effect on the Expression of CDX1 and COX2
Statistically significant difference in PTGS2 (COX-2) expression observed among colorectal tumors from Greek patient population.
Title: Prognostic significance of EGFR and COX-2 expression in colorectal cancer and their association. A study in Greek population.
COX-2 role in the collective directional migration of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells in the hepatopulmonary syndrome.
Title: Cyclooxygenase-2 regulates HPS patient serum induced-directional collective HPMVEC migration via PKC/Rac signaling pathway.
The prognostic evaluation of PTGS2 SNPs or their haplotypes on breast cancer outcomes indicated that the variant rs689466 genotypes, as well as the rs689466- containing haplotype *4, were significantly associated with shorter disease-free survival. Such deleterious effect of rs689466 on prognosis, however, was valid only for obese patients.
Title: <i>PTGS2</i> polymorphism rs689466 favors breast cancer recurrence in obese patients.
a miR-26b/COX-2/ERK/JNK axis in regulating the motility of glioma in vitro and in vivo, providing a new sight for the treatment of glioma.
Title: miR-26b Mimic Inhibits Glioma Proliferation In Vitro and In Vivo Suppressing COX-2 Expression.
miR-30a acts as a tumor suppressor by double-targeting COX-2 and BCL9, and significantly affects the development of H. pylori-induced gastric cancer, shedding new light on the mechanisms underlying H. pylori-associated gastric cancer.
Title: miR-30a acts as a tumor suppressor by double-targeting COX-2 and BCL9 in H. pylori gastric cancer models.
Silencing ACAT1 attenuates Abeta-induced cytotoxicity and cell apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells, which may due to the synergistic effect of ACAT1 and COX2 through PKC/ERK pathways.
Title: Silencing the ACAT1 Gene in Human SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells Inhibits the Expression of Cyclo-Oxygenase 2 (COX2) and Reduces β-Amyloid-Induced Toxicity Due to Activation of Protein Kinase C (PKC) and ERK.

Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (1962)

Phenotypes

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Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

NHGRI GWAS Catalog

Description
Genome-wide association scan identifies a prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 variant involved in risk of knee osteoarthritis. NHGRI GWA Catalog NHGRI GWA CatalogPubMed

Variation

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See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

HIV-1 interactions

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Protein interactions

Protein	Gene	Interaction	Pubs
Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120	env	HIV-1 gp120 upregulates the expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) in human B cells	PubMed
	env	Overexpression of NF-kappaB inhibitory subunit, IkappaBalpha, completely abrogates gp120-induced COX-2 activity	PubMed
	env	HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 is able to induce COX-2 mRNA and protein in human neuroblastoma cell lines that express CXCR4 and CCR5 but not CD4; gp120 induces COX-2 promoter transcription through NF-kappaB and activating protein-1 (AP-1) sites	PubMed
	env	HIV-1 clade B gp120 induces higher levels of expression of the neuropathogenic molecule cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-mediated arachidonic acid by-products, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane A2 receptor (TBXA2R) compared to clade C gp120	PubMed
	env	HIV-1 gp120 increases the intracellular concentrations of prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 by upregulating the activity and expression of the arachidonate-metabolizing enzymes prostaglandin H synthase and 5-lipoxygenase, respectively	PubMed
	env	Preincubation of human astrocytoma cells with HIV-1 gp120 produces a significant increase of nitrite and PGE2 in cell supernatants; the effect of gp120 on both nitrite and PGE2 production is inhibited by antagonists of NO synthase or cyclooxygenase	PubMed
Envelope transmembrane glycoprotein gp41	env	Exposure of TZM-bl-2 cells to HIV gp41 increases PTGS2 (COX-2) mRNA	PubMed
	env	A synthetic peptide corresponding to the immunosuppressive domain (amino acids 574-592) of HIV-1 gp41 upregulates the expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2; prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase) in peptide-treated PBMCs	PubMed
Nef	nef	Coincubation of HIV-1 Nef and IFN-gamma downregulates COX-2 expression compared to untreated, Nef- or IFN-gamma-treated Caco-2 cells	PubMed
Tat	tat	Transcription factors NFAT and AP-1 (c-Jun/c-Fos) are required for HIV-1 Tat-induced upregulation of COX-2	PubMed
	tat	HIV-1 Tat-induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis increase Leishmania growth in HIV-1-infected macrophages	PubMed
Vpr	vpr	Treatment of human primary astrocytes with HIV-1 Vpr downregulates expression of eleven genes, BNIP3, CYGB, DUOX2, DUSP1, FOXM1, GAPDH, HPRT1, MT3, MTL5, PTGS2, and SCARA3	PubMed
matrix	gag	Exposure of TZM-bl-2 cells to HIV MA (p17) increases COX-2 mRNA	PubMed

Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

Pathways from BioSystems

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Arachidonic acid metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Arachidonic acid metabolism, organism-specific biosystem
Arachidonic acid metabolism
Arachidonic acid metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Arachidonic acid metabolism, organism-specific biosystemEicosanoids, oxygenated, 20-carbon fatty acids, are autocrine and paracrine signaling molecules that modulate physiological processes including pain, fever, inflammation, blood clot formation, smooth...
Arachidonic acid metabolism, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Arachidonic acid metabolism, conserved biosystem
Arachidonic acid metabolism
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor, organism-specific biosystemThe Aryl Hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is ligand activated transcription factor that regulates wide spectrum of gene expression. The main mediator of AhR is 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or...
C-MYB transcription factor network, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
C-MYB transcription factor network, organism-specific biosystem
C-MYB transcription factor network
C20 prostanoid biosynthesis, organism-specific biosystem (from BIOCYC)
C20 prostanoid biosynthesis, organism-specific biosystemGeneral Background A subclass of eicosanoids, the C20 prostanoids comprise of prostaglandins, thromboxanes and prostacyclins. They are all lipid compounds derived from the ω6 essential fatty ...
C20 prostanoid biosynthesis, conserved biosystem (from BIOCYC)
C20 prostanoid biosynthesis, conserved biosystemGeneral Background A subclass of eicosanoids, the C20 prostanoids comprise of prostaglandins, thromboxanes and prostacyclins. They are all lipid compounds derived from the ω6 essential fatty ...
Calcineurin-regulated NFAT-dependent transcription in lymphocytes, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Calcineurin-regulated NFAT-dependent transcription in lymphocytes, organism-specific biosystem
Calcineurin-regulated NFAT-dependent transcription in lymphocytes
Calcium signaling in the CD4+ TCR pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Calcium signaling in the CD4+ TCR pathway, organism-specific biosystem
Calcium signaling in the CD4+ TCR pathway
Chemical carcinogenesis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Chemical carcinogenesis, organism-specific biosystemIt has been estimated that exposure to environmental chemical carcinogens may contribute significantly to the causation of a sizable fraction, perhaps a majority, of human cancers. Human carcinogens ...
Chemical carcinogenesis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Chemical carcinogenesis, conserved biosystemIt has been estimated that exposure to environmental chemical carcinogens may contribute significantly to the causation of a sizable fraction, perhaps a majority, of human cancers. Human carcinogens ...
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system, organism-specific biosystemCytokines are small proteins that regulate and mediate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. They are secreted in response to immune stimuli, and usually act briefly, locally, at very low concen...
Eicosanoid Synthesis, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Eicosanoid Synthesis, organism-specific biosystemIn biochemistry, eicosanoids are signaling molecules made by oxidation of twenty-carbon essential fatty acids, (EFAs). They exert complex control over many bodily systems, mainly in inflammation or i...
Hepatitis C and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Hepatitis C and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, organism-specific biosystemPathway model based on hub miRNAs and their putative targets from network analysis. - From a set of differentially expressed genes in both chronic HCV (hepatitis C virus) and HCC (hepatocellular carc...
IL-17 signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
IL-17 signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe interleukin 17 (IL-17) family, a subset of cytokines consisting of IL-17A-F, plays crucial roles in both acute and chronic inflammatory responses. IL-17A, the hallmark cytokine of the newly defi...
IL-17 signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
IL-17 signaling pathway, conserved biosystemThe interleukin 17 (IL-17) family, a subset of cytokines consisting of IL-17A-F, plays crucial roles in both acute and chronic inflammatory responses. IL-17A, the hallmark cytokine of the newly defi...
Immune System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Immune System, organism-specific biosystemHumans are exposed to millions of potential pathogens daily, through contact, ingestion, and inhalation. Our ability to avoid infection depends on the adaptive immune system and during the first crit...
Integrated Pancreatic Cancer Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Integrated Pancreatic Cancer Pathway, organism-specific biosystemAn integrated pathway model which displays the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) among the relevant proteins for pancreatic cancer. This pathway is a collection of different mechanistic protein pat...
Interleukin-10 signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Interleukin-10 signaling, organism-specific biosystemInterleukin-10 (IL10) was originally described as a factor named cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor that inhibited T-helper (Th) 1 activation and Th1 cytokine production (Fiorentino et al. 1989). ...
Interleukin-4 and 13 signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Interleukin-4 and 13 signaling, organism-specific biosystemInterleukin-4 (IL4) is a principal regulatory cytokine during the immune response, crucially important in allergy and asthma (Nelms et al. 1999). When resting T cells are antigen-activated and expand...
Leishmaniasis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Leishmaniasis, organism-specific biosystemLeishmania is an intracellular protozoan parasite of macrophages that causes visceral, mucosal, and cutaneous diseases. The parasite is transmitted to humans by sandflies, where they survive and prol...
Leishmaniasis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Leishmaniasis, conserved biosystemLeishmania is an intracellular protozoan parasite of macrophages that causes visceral, mucosal, and cutaneous diseases. The parasite is transmitted to humans by sandflies, where they survive and prol...
Metabolic pathways, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Metabolic pathways, organism-specific biosystem
Metabolic pathways
Metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Metabolism, organism-specific biosystemMetabolic processes in human cells generate energy through the oxidation of molecules consumed in the diet and mediate the synthesis of diverse essential molecules not taken in the diet as well as th...
Metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins, organism-specific biosystemLipids are hydrophobic but otherwise chemically diverse molecules that play a wide variety of roles in human biology. They include ketone bodies, fatty acids, triacylglycerols, phospholipids and sphi...
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors, organism-specific biosystemVitamins are a diverse group of organic compounds, classified according to their solubility, either fat-soluble or water-soluble, that are either not synthesized or synthesized only in limited amount...
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors, organism-specific biosystemVitamins are a diverse group of organic compounds, required in small amounts in the diet. They have distinct biochemical roles, often as coenzymes, and are either not synthesized or synthesized only ...
MicroRNAs in cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
MicroRNAs in cancer, organism-specific biosystemMicroRNA (miRNA) is a cluster of small non-encoding RNA molecules of 21 - 23 nucleotides in length, which controls gene expression post-transcriptionally either via the degradation of target mRNAs or...
MicroRNAs in cancer, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
MicroRNAs in cancer, conserved biosystemMicroRNA (miRNA) is a cluster of small non-encoding RNA molecules of 21 - 23 nucleotides in length, which controls gene expression post-transcriptionally either via the degradation of target mRNAs or...
NF-kappa B signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
NF-kappa B signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemNuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) is the generic name of a family of transcription factors that function as dimers and regulate genes involved in immunity, inflammation and cell survival. There are...
NF-kappa B signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
NF-kappa B signaling pathway, conserved biosystemNuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) is the generic name of a family of transcription factors that function as dimers and regulate genes involved in immunity, inflammation and cell survival. There are...
Nicotinamide salvaging, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Nicotinamide salvaging, organism-specific biosystemNicotinamide (NAM) levels are modulated by the action of three enzymes involved in nicotinamide salvaging. They are nicotinamide deaminase, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase and nicotinate phosp...
Nicotinate metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Nicotinate metabolism, organism-specific biosystemNicotinate (niacin) and nicotinamide are precursors of the coenzymes nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+). When NAD+ and NADP+ are intercha...
Ovarian steroidogenesis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Ovarian steroidogenesis, organism-specific biosystemThe ovarian steroids, 17-beta estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), are critical for normal uterine function, establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, and mammary gland development. Furthermore, t...
Ovarian steroidogenesis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Ovarian steroidogenesis, conserved biosystemThe ovarian steroids, 17-beta estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), are critical for normal uterine function, establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, and mammary gland development. Furthermore, t...
Overview of nanoparticle effects, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Overview of nanoparticle effects, organism-specific biosystemThis pathway is giving a summary of currently known nanoparticle effects on cells and organisms. Although there is currently no nanoparticle specific effect known, there is a cascade of effects trigg...
Oxytocin signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Oxytocin signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemOxytocin (OT) is a nonapeptide synthesized by the magno-cellular neurons located in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei of the hypothalamus. It exerts a wide variety of central and ...
Oxytocin signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Oxytocin signaling pathway, conserved biosystemOxytocin (OT) is a nonapeptide synthesized by the magno-cellular neurons located in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei of the hypothalamus. It exerts a wide variety of central and ...
Pathways in cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Pathways in cancer, organism-specific biosystem
Pathways in cancer
Photodynamic therapy-induced HIF-1 survival signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Photodynamic therapy-induced HIF-1 survival signaling, organism-specific biosystemPhotodynamic therapy may induce a hypoxic survival response mediated by HIF-1.
Photodynamic therapy-induced NF-kB survival signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Photodynamic therapy-induced NF-kB survival signaling, organism-specific biosystemPhotodynamic therapy may induce a pro-inflammatory and angiogenic response mediated by NF-?B.
Prostaglandin Synthesis and Regulation, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Prostaglandin Synthesis and Regulation, organism-specific biosystemA prostaglandin is any member of a group of lipid compounds that are derived enzymatically from fatty acids and have important functions in the animal body. Every prostaglandin contains 20 carbon ato...
Quercetin and Nf-kB/ AP-1 Induced Cell Apoptosis, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Quercetin and Nf-kB/ AP-1 Induced Cell Apoptosis, organism-specific biosystem
Quercetin and Nf-kB/ AP-1 Induced Cell Apoptosis
Regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, organism-specific biosystemLipolysis in adipocytes, the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol (TAG) to release fatty acids (FAs) and glycerol for use by other organs as energy substrates, is a unique function of white adipose tissue. ...
Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, organism-specific biosystemEndogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) serve as retrograde messengers at synapses in various regions of the brain. The family of endocannabinoids includes at least five derivatives of arachidonic...
Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, conserved biosystemEndogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) serve as retrograde messengers at synapses in various regions of the brain. The family of endocannabinoids includes at least five derivatives of arachidonic...
S1P1 pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
S1P1 pathway, organism-specific biosystem
S1P1 pathway
Selenium Micronutrient Network, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Selenium Micronutrient Network, organism-specific biosystem
Selenium Micronutrient Network
Serotonergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Serotonergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemSerotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter that plays important roles in physiological functions such as learning and memory, emotion, sleep, pain, motor function and endoc...
Signaling by Interleukins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signaling by Interleukins, organism-specific biosystemInterleukins are low molecular weight proteins that bind to cell surface receptors and act in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion. They were first identified as factors produced by leukocytes but a...
Signaling mediated by p38-alpha and p38-beta, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
Signaling mediated by p38-alpha and p38-beta, organism-specific biosystem
Signaling mediated by p38-alpha and p38-beta
Small cell lung cancer, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Small cell lung cancer, organism-specific biosystemLung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death among men and women in industrialized countries. Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is a highly aggressive neoplasm, which accounts for approximately 25% ...
Small cell lung cancer, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Small cell lung cancer, conserved biosystemLung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death among men and women in industrialized countries. Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is a highly aggressive neoplasm, which accounts for approximately 25% ...
Spinal Cord Injury, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
Spinal Cord Injury, organism-specific biosystemThis pathway provides an overview of cell types, therapeutic targets, drugs, new proposed targets and pathways implicated in spinal cord injury. Spinal cord injury is a complex multistep process that...
Synthesis of 15-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Synthesis of 15-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives, organism-specific biosystemThe 15-eicosatetraenoic acids: 15-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HpETE), 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) and 15-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-oxoETE) are formed after the initial st...
Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX), organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX), organism-specific biosystemThe bioactive prostaglandin (PG) signalling molecules, including PGA2, PGE2, PGF2a, and PGI2 (prostacyclin) are synthesised from arachidonic acid and its products by various prostaglandin synthase ty...
TNF signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
TNF signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemTumor necrosis factor (TNF), as a critical cytokine, can induce a wide range of intracellular signal pathways including apoptosis and cell survival as well as inflammation and immunity. Activated TNF...
TNF signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
TNF signaling pathway, conserved biosystemTumor necrosis factor (TNF), as a critical cytokine, can induce a wide range of intracellular signal pathways including apoptosis and cell survival as well as inflammation and immunity. Activated TNF...
VEGF signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
VEGF signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThere is now much evidence that VEGFR-2 is the major mediator of VEGF-driven responses in endothelial cells and it is considered to be a crucial signal transducer in both physiologic and pathologic a...
VEGF signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
VEGF signaling pathway, conserved biosystemThere is now much evidence that VEGFR-2 is the major mediator of VEGF-driven responses in endothelial cells and it is considered to be a crucial signal transducer in both physiologic and pathologic a...
aspirin triggered resolvin D biosynthesis, organism-specific biosystem (from BIOCYC)
aspirin triggered resolvin D biosynthesis, organism-specific biosystemGeneral Background The ω 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are known to be essential for proper neuronal and immune function. Deficiencies in these important fatty acids are associated with mental...
aspirin triggered resolvin D biosynthesis, conserved biosystem (from BIOCYC)
aspirin triggered resolvin D biosynthesis, conserved biosystemGeneral Background The ω 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are known to be essential for proper neuronal and immune function. Deficiencies in these important fatty acids are associated with mental...
aspirin triggered resolvin E biosynthesis, organism-specific biosystem (from BIOCYC)
aspirin triggered resolvin E biosynthesis, organism-specific biosystemGeneral Background Resolvins (resolution phase interaction products) are a new class of anti-inflammatory mediators derived from the ω 3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoate and docosahexaenoate. Tho...
aspirin triggered resolvin E biosynthesis, conserved biosystem (from BIOCYC)
aspirin triggered resolvin E biosynthesis, conserved biosystemGeneral Background Resolvins (resolution phase interaction products) are a new class of anti-inflammatory mediators derived from the ω 3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoate and docosahexaenoate. Tho...
aspirin-triggered lipoxin biosynthesis, organism-specific biosystem (from BIOCYC)
aspirin-triggered lipoxin biosynthesis, organism-specific biosystemGeneral Background Lipoxins belong to the eicosanoid family, have a distinct conjugated tetraene structure and are generated from : ARACHIDONIC_ACID. These lipid derived mediators play an important ...
aspirin-triggered lipoxin biosynthesis, conserved biosystem (from BIOCYC)
aspirin-triggered lipoxin biosynthesis, conserved biosystemGeneral Background Lipoxins belong to the eicosanoid family, have a distinct conjugated tetraene structure and are generated from |FRAME: ARACHIDONIC_ACID|. These lipid derived mediators play an imp...

Interactions

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Products	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs	Description

General gene information

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Markers

GDB:455285 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:157459

SHGC-76038 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:23085

ha3073 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:515637

G67929 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:225608

G67930 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:225609

PTGS2_236 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:280936

PTGS2-235F (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:15725

csnpptgs2-pcr10-1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:243111

csnpptgs2-pcr6-1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:243112

G63797 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:139433

csnpptgs2-pcr8-1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:243113

G63796 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:139434

G63795 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:139435

G63807 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:139436

G63794 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:139437

G63806 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:139438

G63790 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:139439

G63789 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:139440

G63792 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:139441

D1S3433 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:13489

G63793 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:139442

G63791 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:139443

G65466 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:166594

G65467 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:166595

G65468 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:166596

G65469 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:166597

G65470 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:166598

G65471 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:166599

G65464 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:166600

G65465 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:166601

PMC309638P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:272598

PMC100312P2 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270057

Homology

Homologs of the PTGS2 gene: The PTGS2 gene is conserved in chimpanzee, Rhesus monkey, dog, cow, mouse, rat, chicken, zebrafish, and frog.
Orthologs from Annotation Pipeline: 259 organisms have orthologs with human gene PTGS2
Orthologs

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enzyme binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
heme binding	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
metal ion binding	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
peroxidase activity	NAS Non-traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
protein binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
protein homodimerization activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
NAD biosynthesis via nicotinamide riboside salvage pathway	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
aging	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
angiogenesis	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
bone mineralization	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
brown fat cell differentiation	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
cellular oxidant detoxification	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
cellular response to ATP	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
cellular response to UV	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
cellular response to fluid shear stress	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
cellular response to heat	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
cellular response to hypoxia	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
cellular response to lead ion	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
cellular response to mechanical stimulus	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
cellular response to non-ionic osmotic stress	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
cyclooxygenase pathway	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
cyclooxygenase pathway	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
cytokine-mediated signaling pathway	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
decidualization	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
embryo implantation	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
hair cycle	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
inflammatory response	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
learning	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
lipoxygenase pathway	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
maintenance of permeability of blood-brain barrier	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
memory	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
negative regulation of blood vessel diameter	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
negative regulation of calcium ion transport	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
negative regulation of cell cycle	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
negative regulation of cell proliferation	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
ovulation	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
oxidation-reduction process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
positive regulation of apoptotic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info	PubMed
positive regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info	PubMed
positive regulation of fever generation	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
positive regulation of fibroblast growth factor production	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info	PubMed
positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info	PubMed
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
positive regulation of platelet-derived growth factor production	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
positive regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process	NAS Non-traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
positive regulation of protein import into nucleus	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
positive regulation of synaptic plasticity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta production	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info	PubMed
positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info	PubMed
positive regulation of vasoconstriction	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
prostaglandin biosynthetic process	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
prostaglandin biosynthetic process	NAS Non-traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
regulation of blood pressure	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
regulation of inflammatory response	NAS Non-traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
regulation of neuroinflammatory response	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
response to angiotensin	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
response to estradiol	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
response to fatty acid	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
response to fructose	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
response to glucocorticoid	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
response to lipopolysaccharide	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
response to lithium ion	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
response to manganese ion	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
response to oxidative stress	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
response to tumor necrosis factor	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
response to vitamin D	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
sensory perception of pain	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
caveola	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
cytoplasm	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
cytoplasm	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
endoplasmic reticulum	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
endoplasmic reticulum lumen	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
neuron projection	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
protein-containing complex	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info

General protein information

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Preferred Names: prostaglandin G/H synthase 2

Names: PGH synthase 2; PHS II; cyclooxygenase 2; cyclooxygenase 2b; prostaglandin H2 synthase 2; prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)

NP_000954.1

EC 1.14.99.1

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

NG_028206.2 RefSeqGene

Range

5001..13616

Download

GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_000963.4 → NP_000954.1 prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 precursor

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_000954.1

Status: REVIEWED

Source sequence(s)

AL033533, BC013734, BM978796, DA277667, KF455116

Consensus CDS

CCDS1371.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

P35354

Related

ENSP00000356438.5, ENST00000367468.10

Conserved Domains (2) summary

cd09816
Location:75 → 562

prostaglandin_endoperoxide_synthase; Animal prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase and related bacterial proteins

cd00054
Location:19 → 54

EGF_CA; Calcium-binding EGF-like domain, present in a large number of membrane-bound and extracellular (mostly animal) proteins. Many of these proteins require calcium for their biological function and calcium-binding sites have been found to be located at the ...