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PARP1 poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 142, updated on 27-Nov-2024

Summary

Official Symbol
PARP1provided by HGNC
Official Full Name
poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1provided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:270
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000143799 MIM:173870; AllianceGenome:HGNC:270
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
PARP; PARS; PPOL; ADPRT; ARTD1; ADPRT1; PARP-1; ADPRT 1; pADPRT-1; Poly-PARP
Summary
This gene encodes a chromatin-associated enzyme, poly(ADP-ribosyl)transferase, which modifies various nuclear proteins by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. The modification is dependent on DNA and is involved in the regulation of various important cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, and tumor transformation and also in the regulation of the molecular events involved in the recovery of cell from DNA damage. In addition, this enzyme may be the site of mutation in Fanconi anemia, and may participate in the pathophysiology of type I diabetes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Expression
Ubiquitous expression in lymph node (RPKM 71.4), appendix (RPKM 40.9) and 25 other tissues See more
Orthologs
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Genomic context

See PARP1 in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
1q42.12
Exon count:
23
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 1 NC_000001.11 (226360691..226408093, complement)
RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 1 NC_060925.1 (225548804..225596198, complement)
RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 1 NC_000001.10 (226548392..226595794, complement)

Chromosome 1 - NC_000001.11Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene Y-box binding protein 1 pseudogene 9 Neighboring gene signal peptidase complex subunit 3-like Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr1:226520933-226521487 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr1:226537384-226537884 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 2648 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 2649 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 2650 Neighboring gene BRD4-independent group 4 enhancer GRCh37_chr1:226566810-226568009 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr1:226590629-226591530 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 2651 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 1883 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 1884 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 2652 Neighboring gene melanoma risk locus-associated MPRA allelic enhancer 1:226596389 Neighboring gene melanoma risk locus-associated MPRA allelic enhancer 1:226598652 Neighboring gene melanoma risk locus-associated MPRA allelic enhancer 1:226602286 Neighboring gene melanoma risk locus-associated MPRA allelic enhancer 1:226602556 Neighboring gene melanoma risk locus-associated MPRA allelic enhancer 1:226603897 Neighboring gene melanoma risk locus-associated MPRA allelic enhancer 1:226605227 Neighboring gene NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr1:226605841-226606392 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 1885 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr1:226616591-226617472 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr1:226620366-226621218 Neighboring gene RPS3A pseudogene 7 Neighboring gene RN7SK pseudogene 165

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

Expression

  • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
  • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
  • BioProject: PRJEB4337
  • Publication: PMID 24309898
  • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

HIV-1 interactions

Replication interactions

Interaction Pubs
HIV-1 replication is enhanced by PARP1 in monocyte derived macrophages PubMed

Protein interactions

Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120 env The mRNA expression levels for alpha-tubulin, TRADD, IFN-gamma R2, GAS1, MADD, NF-kappaB, I-kappa B, 14-3-3 protein, APaf1, PARP, IGF-1 receptor, RB1, Rb2/p130, ARC, and caspase 6 are upregulated in human neuronal cells after treatment with HIV-1 gp120 PubMed
env Contact of CD4+ T cells with HIV-1 infected or HIV-1 gp120-expressing cells induces PARP hydrolysis, which leads to the cleavage of 116 kDa PARP into two fragments PubMed
Nef nef HIV-1 Nef enhances apoptosis in CD4+ T lymphoblastoid cell lines through mechanisms that include the cleavage of the caspase target poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase PubMed
nef Expression of HIV-1 Nef in human brain micro vascular endothelial cells induces the cleavage of PARP protein, which is involved in DNA repair PubMed
Tat tat HIV-1 Tat binds TOP2B (topoisomeraseIIb), XRCC6 (Ku70), and PARP1 during transactivation and viral replication PubMed
tat HIV-1 clade B and C Tat induces cleavage of both PARP and CASP3 in primary glia PubMed
tat HIV-1 Tat-induced PARP cleavage during mitotic arrest occurs downstream of Tat-induced cytochrome c release during mitotic arrest in CD4+ T-lymphocytes PubMed
tat CB1 and CB2 endocannabinoid receptors are involved in HIV-1 Tat-induced cleavage of PARP1 and CASP3 in retinal cells PubMed
tat The levels of PARP1 protein are reduced after Caco-2 cells exposure to HIV-1 Tat compared with control PubMed
tat PARP1 negatively regulates HIV-1 transcription by directly competing with Tat-P-TEFb complex for binding to TAR RNA PubMed
tat HIV-1 Tat induces the cleavage of PARP and activation of apoptosis through a p56lck dependent mechanism PubMed
tat Treatment of primary human microvascular endothelial cells of lung origin with HIV-1 Tat caused cleavage of poly(A/DP)-ribose polymerase as a result of caspase activation PubMed
tat The poly(A) site in the HIV-1 5'-LTR is occluded in a Tat-dependent manner, suggesting a role for Tat in regulating this nucleotide signal PubMed
tat Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase modifies HIV-1 Tat with poly(ADP-ribose), suggesting a role for this enzyme in the regulation of HIV-1 gene expression PubMed
tat Purified recombinant HIV-1 Tat protein stimulates poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in a dose dependent manner PubMed
Vpr vpr Recruitment of PARP-1 by HIV-1 Vpr-glucocorticoid receptor (GR) complex prevents its nuclear localization, which is necessary for Vpr to suppress NF-kappaB PubMed
vpr HIV-1 Vpr induces apoptosis and the cleavage of ADPRT in a manner that is signaled through the DNA damage signaling protein ataxia telangiectasia Rad3-related protein (ATR) PubMed
Vpu vpu HIV-1 Vpu-induced cleavage of PARP is dependent on caspase activity in cells PubMed
integrase gag-pol PARP has been described as a requirement for efficient HIV-1 integration, however a conflicting report indicates it is not essential for efficient lentivirus integration PubMed
retropepsin gag-pol Inhibition of HIV-1 protease by saquinavir and leu3.a blocks PARP cleavage and protects cells from apoptosis and necrosis PubMed
gag-pol Positional proteomics analysis identifies the cleavage of human poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1 (PARP1) at amino acid residues 185-186 by the HIV-1 protease PubMed
gag-pol HIV-1 protease directly cleaves and activates procaspase 8 in T cells, which is associated with cleavage of BID, mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, activation of the downstream caspases 9 and 3, and cleavage of DFF and PARP PubMed

Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

Pathways from PubChem

Interactions

Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

Markers

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables DNA binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables NAD DNA ADP-ribosyltransferase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables NAD binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables NAD+-histone H2BE18 glutamate ADP-ribosyltransferase activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables NAD+-histone H2BE2 glutamate ADP-ribosyltransferase activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables NAD+-histone H2BE35 glutamate ADP-ribosyltransferase activity ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 
enables NAD+-histone H2BS6 serine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables NAD+-histone H3S10 serine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables NAD+-protein ADP-ribosyltransferase activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 
enables NAD+-protein ADP-ribosyltransferase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables NAD+-protein poly-ADP-ribosyltransferase activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 
enables NAD+-protein poly-ADP-ribosyltransferase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables NAD+-protein poly-ADP-ribosyltransferase activity IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
enables NAD+-protein poly-ADP-ribosyltransferase activity TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 
enables NAD+-protein-aspartate ADP-ribosyltransferase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables NAD+-protein-glutamate ADP-ribosyltransferase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables NAD+-protein-histidine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables NAD+-protein-serine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables NAD+-protein-tyrosine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables R-SMAD binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables RNA binding HDA PubMed 
enables RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
PubMed 
enables chromatin binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables damaged DNA binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables enzyme binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
PubMed 
enables histone deacetylase binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables identical protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
PubMed 
enables nuclear estrogen receptor binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables nucleosome binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables nucleotidyltransferase activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
PubMed 
enables protein homodimerization activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables protein kinase binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
PubMed 
enables transcription regulator activator activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables ubiquitin protein ligase binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables zinc ion binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in ATP generation from poly-ADP-D-ribose IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in DNA ADP-ribosylation IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in DNA damage response IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
acts_upstream_of_or_within DNA damage response IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
involved_in DNA damage response IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
involved_in DNA repair IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in DNA repair TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
PubMed 
involved_in apoptotic process IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in carbohydrate biosynthetic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in cellular response to UV IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
involved_in cellular response to amyloid-beta IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in cellular response to insulin stimulus IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in cellular response to nerve growth factor stimulus IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within cellular response to oxidative stress IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
involved_in cellular response to zinc ion IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in decidualization ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 
involved_in double-strand break repair IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 
involved_in double-strand break repair IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in double-strand break repair IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
involved_in innate immune response IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in macrophage differentiation TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
PubMed 
acts_upstream_of_or_within mitochondrial DNA metabolic process IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
acts_upstream_of_or_within mitochondrial DNA repair IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
acts_upstream_of_or_within mitochondrion organization IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of ATP biosynthetic process IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 
involved_in negative regulation of adipose tissue development ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 
involved_in negative regulation of cGAS/STING signaling pathway IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of innate immune response IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of innate immune response IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 
involved_in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 
involved_in negative regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription, elongation IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of mitochondrial depolarization IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of myofibroblast differentiation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of necroptotic process ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of single strand break repair IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of single strand break repair IGI
Inferred from Genetic Interaction
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in protein auto-ADP-ribosylation IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in protein autoprocessing IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in protein localization to chromatin IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
acts_upstream_of_or_within protein modification process IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
involved_in protein poly-ADP-ribosylation IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in regulation of base-excision repair IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in regulation of catalytic activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 
involved_in regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within regulation of protein localization IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
involved_in replication fork reversal IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in response to aldosterone IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in response to gamma radiation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in signal transduction involved in regulation of gene expression IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in telomere maintenance TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
PubMed 
involved_in transcription by RNA polymerase II TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
PubMed 
involved_in transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
Component Evidence Code Pubs
is_active_in chromatin IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
located_in chromatin IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
located_in chromosome, telomeric region HDA PubMed 
is_active_in cytosol IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
located_in membrane HDA PubMed 
located_in mitochondrion IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
located_in nuclear body IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 
located_in nuclear envelope IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
is_active_in nuclear replication fork IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
is_active_in nucleolus IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 
located_in nucleolus IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
located_in nucleoplasm IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 
located_in nucleoplasm TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 
is_active_in nucleus IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
located_in nucleus IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
part_of protein-DNA complex IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
part_of protein-containing complex IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
is_active_in site of DNA damage IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
located_in site of DNA damage IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
is_active_in site of double-strand break IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
located_in site of double-strand break IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
part_of transcription regulator complex IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 

General protein information

Preferred Names
poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1
Names
ADP-ribosyltransferase (NAD+; poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase)
ADP-ribosyltransferase NAD(+)
ADP-ribosyltransferase diphtheria toxin-like 1
DNA ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP1
NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase 1
poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1
poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase
poly(ADP-ribosyl)transferase
poly[ADP-ribose] synthase 1
protein poly-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP1
NP_001609.2

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

NEW Try the new Transcript table

RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_001618.4NP_001609.2  poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001609.2

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AK225654, BC037545, DB097441, J03473
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS1554.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    B1ANJ4, P09874, Q8IUZ9
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B2R5W3
    Related
    ENSP00000355759.5, ENST00000366794.10
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cl27333
    Location:61010
    PARP_reg; Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, regulatory domain

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000001.11 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    226360691..226408093 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060925.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    225548804..225596198 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)