U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

relA GDP/GTP pyrophosphokinase [ Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655 ]

Gene ID: 947244, updated on 26-Mar-2025
Official Symbol
relA
Official Full Name
GDP/GTP pyrophosphokinase
Primary source
ECOCYC:EG10835
Locus tag
b2784
See related
ASAP:ABE-0009125
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
PROVISIONAL
Organism
Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655 (strain: K-12, substrain: MG1655)
Lineage
Bacteria; Pseudomonadota; Gammaproteobacteria; Enterobacterales; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia
Also known as
ECK2778; RC
Summary
RelA has two physically and functionally distinct domains, the N-terminal domain, amino acids 1 to 455, is responsible for (p)ppGpp synthesis, and the C-terminal domain, amino acids 456 to 744, is responsible for self regulation. [More information is available at EcoGene: EG10835].
NEW
Try the new Gene table
Try the new Transcript table
Sequence:
NC_000913.3 (2911417..2913651, complement)

NC_000913.3Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase Neighboring gene endoribonuclease toxin MazF Neighboring gene antitoxin of the MazF-MazE toxin-antitoxin system MazE Neighboring gene 23S rRNA m(5)U1939 methyltransferase Neighboring gene sensor histidine kinase BarA

Genomic Sequence:
NC_000913.3

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Related articles in PubMed

  1. Nonribosomal synthesis of guanosine 5',3'-polyphosphates by the ribosomal wash of stringent Escherichia coli. Sy J, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1973 Jul. PMID 4579015, Free PMC Article
  2. Unbiased quantitation of Escherichia coli membrane proteome using phase transfer surfactants. Masuda T, et al. Mol Cell Proteomics, 2009 Dec. PMID 19767571, Free PMC Article
  3. Guanosine tetraphosphate inhibits protein synthesis in vivo. A possible protective mechanism for starvation stress in Escherichia coli. Svitil AL, et al. J Biol Chem, 1993 Feb 5. PMID 8428905
  4. Overexpression of the relA gene in Escherichia coli. Schreiber G, et al. J Biol Chem, 1991 Feb 25. PMID 1899866
  5. Cell cycle synchronization of Escherichia coli using the stringent response, with fluorescence labeling assays for DNA content and replication. Ferullo DJ, et al. Methods, 2009 May. PMID 19245839, Free PMC Article

See all (135) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. NirD curtails the stringent response by inhibiting RelA activity in Escherichia coli.
    Title: NirD curtails the stringent response by inhibiting RelA activity in Escherichia coli.
  2. (p)ppGpp controls stringent factors by exploiting antagonistic allosteric coupling between catalytic domains.
    Title: (p)ppGpp controls stringent factors by exploiting antagonistic allosteric coupling between catalytic domains.
  3. RNA binding of Hfq monomers promotes RelA-mediated hexamerization in a limiting Hfq environment.
    Title: RNA binding of Hfq monomers promotes RelA-mediated hexamerization in a limiting Hfq environment.
  4. The results reveal that nitrogen-starved Escherichia coli synthesizes (p)ppGpp and forms a higher percentage of persister cells than nonstarved cells and that both NtrC and RelA are important for these processes.
    Title: Nitrogen Starvation Induces Persister Cell Formation in Escherichia coli.
  5. The A-site finger structural element of 23S rRNA helix 38 is crucial for RelA binding to the ribosome and consequent activation.
    Title: The ribosomal A-site finger is crucial for binding and activation of the stringent factor RelA.
  6. Deleting dksA, which encodes a regulator of the stringent response to nutrient starvation, decreases growth under glucose phosphate stress conditions. The stringent response alarmone regulator ppGpp (synthesized by RelA and SpoT) also contributes to recovery from glucose phosphate stress: as with dksA, mutating relA and spoT worsens the growth defect of an sgrS mutant during stress.
    Title: Stringent Response Regulators Contribute to Recovery from Glucose Phosphate Stress in Escherichia coli.
  7. Amino acid starvation leads to loading of cognate tRNARelA complexes at vacant ribosomal A-sites. In turn, RelA is activated and synthesizes (p)ppGpp.
    Title: Activation of the Stringent Response by Loading of RelA-tRNA Complexes at the Ribosomal A-Site.
  8. The boomerang-shaped RelA with a wingspan of more than 100 A wraps around the A/R (30S A-site/RelA-bound) tRNA.
    Title: Ribosome•RelA structures reveal the mechanism of stringent response activation.
  9. We propose that the open conformation of RelA on the ribosome relieves the autoinhibitory effect of the CTD on the NTD, thus leading to stimulation of (p)ppGpp synthesis by RelA.
    Title: The stringent factor RelA adopts an open conformation on the ribosome to stimulate ppGpp synthesis.
  10. Here we review the role of (p)ppGpp in bacterial cell cycle regulation
    Title: (p)ppGpp and the bacterial cell cycle.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (25)

Gene Ontology Provided by EcoCyc

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables ATP binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables GTP binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables GTP diphosphokinase activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables GTP diphosphokinase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables GTP diphosphokinase activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables guanosine-3',5'-bis(diphosphate) 3'-diphosphatase activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables kinase activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables nucleotide binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
enables transferase activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in guanosine tetraphosphate biosynthetic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in guanosine tetraphosphate metabolic process IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in guanosine tetraphosphate metabolic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
acts_upstream_of_or_within guanosine tetraphosphate metabolic process IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
acts_upstream_of_or_within nucleobase-containing small molecule interconversion IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in response to starvation IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
Preferred Names
GDP/GTP pyrophosphokinase
NP_417264.1

NEW Try the new Transcript table

Genome Annotation

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000913.3 Reference assembly

    Range
    2911417..2913651 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NP_417264.1 GDP/GTP pyrophosphokinase [Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655]

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_417264.1

    Status: PROVISIONAL

    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0A7A6T5V0, A0A8T5Y9N7
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    PRK10872
    Location:1 → 743
    relA; (p)ppGpp synthetase I/GTP pyrophosphokinase; Provisional
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version

Gene LinkOut

The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.