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APLN apelin [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 8862, updated on 12-Jun-2025
Official Symbol
APLNprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name
apelinprovided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:16665
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000171388 MIM:300297; AllianceGenome:HGNC:16665
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
APEL; XNPEP2
Summary
This gene encodes a peptide that functions as an endogenous ligand for the G-protein coupled apelin receptor. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed into biologically active C-terminal peptide fragments. These peptide fragments activate different tissue specific signaling pathways that regulate diverse biological functions including fluid homeostasis, cardiovascular function and insulin secretion. This protein also functions as a coreceptor for the human immunodeficiency virus 1. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]
Expression
Biased expression in placenta (RPKM 42.1), lung (RPKM 12.5) and 5 other tissues See more
Orthologs
NEW
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See APLN in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
Xq26.1
Exon count:
3
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) X NC_000023.11 (129645259..129654956, complement)
RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) X NC_060947.1 (127964047..127973744, complement)
RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) X NC_000023.10 (128779236..128788933, complement)

Chromosome X - NC_000023.11Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene SNF2 related chromatin remodeling ATPase 1 Neighboring gene small nucleolar RNA SNORD112 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 13828 Neighboring gene NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:128698883-128699384 Neighboring gene OCRL inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:128734568-128735068 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:128735069-128735569 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 20975 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:128783429-128783930 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:128783931-128784430 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 29915 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 20976 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 20977 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 29916 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 29917 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 14523 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105373334 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 29918 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 20978 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:128851647-128852238 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124905214 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:128852239-128852830

  • Project title: Tissue-specific circular RNA induction during human fetal development
  • Description: 35 human fetal samples from 6 tissues (3 - 7 replicates per tissue) collected between 10 and 20 weeks gestational time were sequenced using Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA
  • BioProject: PRJNA270632
  • Publication: PMID 26076956
  • Analysis date: Mon Apr 2 22:54:59 2018

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Protein interactions

Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120 env APJ, a seven transmembrane domain G-protein-coupled receptor, functions as a coreceptor for gp120 from some HIV-1 strains; a natural peptide ligand for APJ, apelin-13, efficiently blocks APJ coreceptor activity PubMed

Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

Markers

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables apelin receptor binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables apelin receptor binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables hormone activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables hormone activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables hormone activity IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
enables identical protein binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables signaling receptor binding TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
PubMed 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
acts_upstream_of_or_within G protein-coupled receptor internalization IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
acts_upstream_of_or_within G protein-coupled receptor internalization IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
acts_upstream_of_or_within adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in angiogenesis IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within apelin receptor signaling pathway IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in apelin receptor signaling pathway IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in apelin receptor signaling pathway IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within apelin receptor signaling pathway IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
involved_in apelin receptor signaling pathway IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
involved_in coronary vasculature development IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in coronary vasculature development ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 
involved_in drinking behavior IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in drinking behavior ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 
involved_in feeding behavior IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in gastrulation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in immune response TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 
involved_in lactation TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 
involved_in negative regulation of blood pressure IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in negative regulation of blood pressure ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within negative regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway IGI
Inferred from Genetic Interaction
more info
PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of gene expression IGI
Inferred from Genetic Interaction
more info
PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of vasoconstriction IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor internalization IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor internalization IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy IC
Inferred by Curator
more info
PubMed 
acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of cell population proliferation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of corticotropin secretion IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of heart contraction IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of heart contraction ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of heart rate IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of heat generation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of miRNA transcription IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of phosphorylation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in regulation of body fluid levels IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in regulation of the force of heart contraction IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in signal transduction IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in signal transduction TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
PubMed 
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in extracellular region IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
located_in extracellular region IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
located_in extracellular region TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 
is_active_in extracellular space IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 
is_active_in extracellular space IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
located_in extracellular space IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
located_in extracellular space IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
located_in perinuclear region of cytoplasm IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
Preferred Names
apelin
Names
AGTRL1 ligand
APJ endogenous ligand

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

  1. NG_016718.1 RefSeqGene

    Range
    5001..14698
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_017413.5NP_059109.3  apelin preproprotein

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_059109.3

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AL022162, BC021104, BM992527, DB481574
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS48165.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    Q4VY08, Q8WU89, Q9ULZ1
    Related
    ENSP00000391800.2, ENST00000429967.3
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam15360
    Location:2377
    Apelin; APJ endogenous ligand

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000023.11 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    129645259..129654956 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060947.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    127964047..127973744 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)