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ACD2 accelerated cell death 2 (ACD2) [ Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) ]

Gene ID: 829854, updated on 11-Jun-2025
Official Symbol
ACD2
Official Full Name
accelerated cell death 2 (ACD2)
Primary source
TAIR:AT4G37000
Locus tag
AT4G37000
See related
Araport:AT4G37000
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Arabidopsis thaliana (ecotype: Columbia)
Lineage
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta; Spermatophyta; Magnoliopsida; eudicotyledons; Gunneridae; Pentapetalae; rosids; malvids; Brassicales; Brassicaceae; Camelineae; Arabidopsis
Also known as
ACCELERATED CELL DEATH 2; AP22.36; AP22_36; ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA RED CHLOROPHYLL CATABOLITE REDUCTASE; ATRCCR; RCCR; RED CHLOROPHYLL CATABOLITE REDUCTASE
Summary
Mutants have spontaneous spreading cell death lesions and constitutive activation of defenses in the absence of pathogen infection. Its product was shown to display red chlorophyll catabolite reductase (RCCR), which catalyzes one step in the breakdown of the porphyrin component of chlorophyll. The enzyme was further assessed to be a Type-1 (pFCC-1-producing) RCCR.Upon P. syringae infection, ACD2 localization shifts from being largely in chloroplasts to partitioning to chloroplasts, mitochondria, and to a small extent, cytosol. Overexpression of ACD2 delayed cell death and the replication of P. syringae.
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See ACD2 in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
chromosome: 4
Exon count:
2
Sequence:
Chromosome: 4; NC_003075.7 (17442612..17444295)

Chromosome 4 - NC_003075.7Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene CLK4-associating serine/arginine-rich protein Neighboring gene heat shock factor 4 Neighboring gene centrin 2 Neighboring gene initiation factor 4A-like protein Neighboring gene uncharacterized protein

Genomic Sequence:
NC_003075.7

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Related articles in PubMed

  1. Crystal structure of red chlorophyll catabolite reductase: enlargement of the ferredoxin-dependent bilin reductase family. Sugishima M, et al. J Mol Biol, 2009 Jun 5. PMID 19374909
  2. The Arabidopsis-accelerated cell death gene ACD2 encodes red chlorophyll catabolite reductase and suppresses the spread of disease symptoms. Mach JM, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2001 Jan 16. PMID 11149948, Free PMC Article
  3. The mitochondrion--an organelle commonly involved in programmed cell death in Arabidopsis thaliana. Yao N, et al. Plant J, 2004 Nov. PMID 15500474
  4. Arabidopsis ACCELERATED CELL DEATH2 modulates programmed cell death. Yao N, et al. Plant Cell, 2006 Feb. PMID 16387834, Free PMC Article
  5. Crystal structures of the substrate-bound forms of red chlorophyll catabolite reductase: implications for site-specific and stereospecific reaction. Sugishima M, et al. J Mol Biol, 2010 Oct 8. PMID 20727901

See all (21) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. ACD2 localizes dynamically during infection to protect cells from pro-death mobile substrate molecules, some of which may originate in chloroplasts, but have major effects on mitochondria.
    Title: Accelerated cell death 2 suppresses mitochondrial oxidative bursts and modulates cell death in Arabidopsis.
  2. Two conserved acidic residues, Glu154 and Asp291, of chlorophyll catabolite reductase sandwich the C20/C1 double bond of red chlorophyll catabolite, suggesting that these two residues are involved in site-specific reduction.
    Title: Crystal structures of the substrate-bound forms of red chlorophyll catabolite reductase: implications for site-specific and stereospecific reaction.
  3. crystal structure of RCCR at 2.4 A resolution shows RCCR forms a homodimer, in which each subunit folds in an alpha/beta/alpha sandwich.
    Title: Crystal structure of red chlorophyll catabolite reductase: enlargement of the ferredoxin-dependent bilin reductase family.
  4. The Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplast protein ACCELERATED CELL DEATH2 (ACD2) modulates the amount of programmed cell death (PCD) triggered by Pseudomonas syringae and protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) treatment.
    Title: Arabidopsis ACCELERATED CELL DEATH2 modulates programmed cell death.
  5. Used to elicit the role of mitochondria in programmed cell death as evaluated by flow cytometry.
    Title: The mitochondrion--an organelle commonly involved in programmed cell death in Arabidopsis thaliana.
  6. The roles of ACD2 and PAO1 enzymes in chlorophyll breakdown during leaf sensescence in A. thaliana are reported.
    Title: Chlorophyll breakdown in senescent Arabidopsis leaves. Characterization of chlorophyll catabolites and of chlorophyll catabolic enzymes involved in the degreening reaction.
  7. RCCR (At4g37000), together with pheophorbide a oxygenase, is required for the detoxification of chlorophyll catabolites.
    Title: In vivo participation of red chlorophyll catabolite reductase in chlorophyll breakdown.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction
Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description
NM_119863.4

Gene Ontology Provided by TAIR

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
enables red chlorophyll catabolite reductase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables red chlorophyll catabolite reductase activity TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
acts_upstream_of_or_within chlorophyll catabolic process IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
acts_upstream_of_or_within chlorophyll catabolic process TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
acts_upstream_of_or_within defense response to other organism IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
acts_upstream_of_or_within regulation of plant-type hypersensitive response IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
acts_upstream_of_or_within regulation of programmed cell death IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in chloroplast HDA PubMed 
located_in chloroplast IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in chloroplast ISM
Inferred from Sequence Model
more info
  
located_in chloroplast envelope HDA PubMed 
located_in chloroplast stroma HDA PubMed 
located_in cytoplasm IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in cytosol IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
NOT located_in cytosol RCA
inferred from Reviewed Computational Analysis
more info
 PubMed 
located_in mitochondrion IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in plasma membrane HDA PubMed 
Preferred Names
accelerated cell death 2 (ACD2)
NP_195417.1
  • ACCELERATED CELL DEATH 2 (ACD2); FUNCTIONS IN: red chlorophyll catabolite reductase activity; INVOLVED IN: chlorophyll catabolic process, defense response, incompatible interaction, regulation of programmed cell death, regulation of plant-type hypersensitive response; LOCATED IN: in 6 components; EXPRESSED IN: 23 plant structures; EXPRESSED DURING: 13 growth stages; CONTAINS InterPro DOMAIN/s: Red chlorophyll catabolite reductase (InterPro:IPR009439); Has 181 Blast hits to 181 proteins in 30 species: Archae - 0; Bacteria - 8; Metazoa - 0; Fungi - 0; Plants - 170; Viruses - 0; Other Eukaryotes - 3 (source: NCBI BLink).

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Genome Annotation

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_003075.7 Reference assembly

    Range
    17442612..17444295
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_119863.4 → NP_195417.1  accelerated cell death 2 (ACD2) [Arabidopsis thaliana]

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_195417.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    O23185, Q8LDU4
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0A178UVU9
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    PLN02581
    Location:51 → 318
    PLN02581; red chlorophyll catabolite reductase
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
Q8LDU4.2

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