- Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes, organism-specific biosystemThe ISG proteins generated by IFN pathways plays key roles in the induction of innate and adaptive immune responses.
- Cell Cycle, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cell Cycle, organism-specific biosystem
Cell Cycle
- Cell Cycle, Mitotic, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cell Cycle, Mitotic, organism-specific biosystemThe replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells are controlled by a series of events collectively known as the cell cycle. DNA replication is carried o...
- Cellular response to heat stress, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cellular response to heat stress, organism-specific biosystemIn response to exposure to elevated temperature and certain other proteotoxic stimuli (e.g., hypoxia, free radicals) cells activate a number of cytoprotective mechanisms known collectively as "heat s...
- Cellular responses to stress, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cellular responses to stress, organism-specific biosystemCells are subject to external molecular and physical stresses such as foreign molecules that perturb metabolic or signaling processes, and changes in temperature or pH. The ability of cells and tissu...
- Cytokine Signaling in Immune system, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system, organism-specific biosystemCytokines are small proteins that regulate and mediate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. They are secreted in response to immune stimuli, and usually act briefly, locally, at very low concen...
- Disease, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Disease, organism-specific biosystemBiological processes are captured in Reactome by identifying the molecules (DNA, RNA, protein, small molecules) involved in them and describing the details of their interactions. From this molecular ...
- Export of Viral Ribonucleoproteins from Nucleus, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Export of Viral Ribonucleoproteins from Nucleus, organism-specific biosystemInfluenza genomic RNA (vRNA), synthesized in the nucleus of the infected host cell, is packaged into ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes containing viral polymerase proteins and NP (nucleocapsid). NP ...
- Gene Expression, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Gene Expression, organism-specific biosystemGene Expression covers the pathways by which genomic DNA is transcribed to yield RNA, the regulation of these transcription processes, and the pathways by which newly-made RNA Transcripts are process...
- Gene Silencing by RNA, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Gene Silencing by RNA, organism-specific biosystemIn this module, the biology of various types of regulatory non-coding RNAs are described. Currently, biogenesis and functions of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs are annotated.
- Glucose transport, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Glucose transport, organism-specific biosystemCells take up glucose by facilitated diffusion, via glucose transporters (GLUTs) associated with the plasma membrane, a reversible reaction (Joost and Thorens 2001). Four tissue-specific GLUT isoform...
- HIV Infection, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
HIV Infection, organism-specific biosystemThe global pandemic of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection has resulted in tens of millions of people infected by the virus and millions more affected. UNAIDS estimates around 40 million ...
- HIV Life Cycle, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
HIV Life Cycle, organism-specific biosystemThe life cycle of HIV-1 is divided into early and late phases, shown schematically in the figure. In the early phase, an HIV-1 virion binds to receptors and co-receptors on the human host cell surfac...
- Hexose transport, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Hexose transport, organism-specific biosystemHexoses, notably fructose, glucose, and galactose, generated in the lumen of the small intestine by breakdown of dietary carbohydrate are taken up by enterocytes lining the microvilli of the small in...
- Host Interactions of HIV factors, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Host Interactions of HIV factors, organism-specific biosystemLike all viruses, HIV-1 must co-opt the host cell macromolecular transport and processing machinery. HIV-1 Vpr and Rev proteins play key roles in this co-optation. Efficient HIV-1 replication likewis...
- Host Interactions with Influenza Factors, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Host Interactions with Influenza Factors, organism-specific biosystemInfection of a human host cell with influenza virus triggers an array of host processes that interfere with viral replication, notably the production of type I interferon. The viral NS1 protein plays...
- ISG15 antiviral mechanism, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
ISG15 antiviral mechanism, organism-specific biosystemInterferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is a member of the ubiquitin-like (Ubl) family. It is strongly induced upon exposure to type I Interferons (IFNs), viruses, bacterial LPS, and other stresses. On...
- Immune System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Immune System, organism-specific biosystemHumans are exposed to millions of potential pathogens daily, through contact, ingestion, and inhalation. Our ability to avoid infection depends on the adaptive immune system and during the first crit...
- Infectious disease, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Infectious disease, organism-specific biosystem
Infectious disease
- Influenza Infection, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Influenza Infection, organism-specific biosystemFor centuries influenza epidemics have plagued man, and influenza was probably the disease described by Hippocrates in 412 BC. Today it remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide with...
- Influenza Life Cycle, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Influenza Life Cycle, organism-specific biosystemThe virus particle initially associates with a human host cell by binding to sialic acid-containing receptors on the host cell surface. The bound virus is endocytosed by one of four distinct mechanis...
- Influenza Viral RNA Transcription and Replication, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Influenza Viral RNA Transcription and Replication, organism-specific biosystemIn the host cell nucleus, the viral negative-strand RNA (vRNA) serves as a template for the synthesis both of capped, polyadenylated viral messenger RNA and of full-length positive-strand RNA or comp...
- Interactions of Rev with host cellular proteins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Interactions of Rev with host cellular proteins, organism-specific biosystemIn order to facilitate the transport of incompletely spliced HIV-1 transcripts, Rev shuttles between the cytoplasm and nucleus using host cell transport mechanisms (reviewed in Li et al. 2005). Nucl...
- Interactions of Vpr with host cellular proteins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Interactions of Vpr with host cellular proteins, organism-specific biosystemVpr has been implicated in multiple processes during HIV-1 replication, including nuclear import of the pre-integration complex (PIC)(Heinzinger et al., 1994), apoptosis (Stewart et al., 1997) and in...
- Interferon Signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Interferon Signaling, organism-specific biosystemInterferons (IFNs) are cytokines that play a central role in initiating immune responses, especially antiviral and antitumor effects. There are three types of IFNs:Type I (IFN-alpha, -beta and others...
- Late Phase of HIV Life Cycle, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Late Phase of HIV Life Cycle, organism-specific biosystemThe late phase of the HIV-1 life cycle includes the regulated expression of the HIV gene products and the assembly of viral particles. The assembly of viral particles will be covered in a later relea...
- M Phase, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
M Phase, organism-specific biosystemMitosis, or the M phase, involves nuclear division and cytokinesis, where two identical daughter cells are produced. Mitosis involves prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Fin...
- Metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Metabolism, organism-specific biosystemMetabolic processes in human cells generate energy through the oxidation of molecules consumed in the diet and mediate the synthesis of diverse essential molecules not taken in the diet as well as th...
- Metabolism of carbohydrates, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Metabolism of carbohydrates, organism-specific biosystemThese pathways together are responsible for: 1) the extraction of energy and carbon skeletons for biosyntheses from dietary sugars and related molecules; 2) the short-term storage of glucose in the b...
- Metabolism of non-coding RNA, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Metabolism of non-coding RNA, organism-specific biosystemThe term non-coding is commonly employed for RNA that does not encode a protein, but this does not mean that such RNAs do not contain information nor have function. There is considerable evidence tha...
- Metabolism of proteins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Metabolism of proteins, organism-specific biosystemProtein metabolism comprises the pathways of translation, post-translational modification and protein folding.
- Mitotic Anaphase, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Mitotic Anaphase, organism-specific biosystemIn anaphase, the paired chromosomes separate at the centromeres, and move to the opposite sides of the cell. The movement of the chromosomes is facilitated by a combination of kinetochore movement al...
- Mitotic Metaphase and Anaphase, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Mitotic Metaphase and Anaphase, organism-specific biosystemMetaphase is marked by the formation of the metaphase plate. The metaphase plate is formed when the spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the middle of the cell. Such an organization helps to ...
- Mitotic Prometaphase, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Mitotic Prometaphase, organism-specific biosystemThe dissolution of the nuclear membrane marks the beginning of the prometaphase. Kinetochores are created when proteins attach to the centromeres. Microtubules then attach at the kinetochores, and th...
- Mitotic Prophase, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Mitotic Prophase, organism-specific biosystemDuring prophase, the chromatin in the nucleus condenses, and the nucleolus disappears. Centrioles begin moving to the opposite poles or sides of the cell. Some of the fibers that extend from the cen...
- NEP/NS2 Interacts with the Cellular Export Machinery, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
NEP/NS2 Interacts with the Cellular Export Machinery, organism-specific biosystemThe viral RNP complex is exported from the nucleus via the host cell CRM1 export pathway (Fukuda, 1997; Neumann, 2000; reviewed in Buolo, 2006). The vRNP complex does not interact directly with CRM1 ...
- NS1 Mediated Effects on Host Pathways, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
NS1 Mediated Effects on Host Pathways, organism-specific biosystemViral NS1 protein is a nuclear, dimeric protein that is highly expressed in infected cells and has dsRNA-binding activity. The RNA-binding domain lies within the N-terminal portion of the protein. Th...
- Nuclear Envelope Breakdown, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Nuclear Envelope Breakdown, organism-specific biosystemThe nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) happens in late prophase of mitosis and involves disassembly of the nuclear pore complex, depolymerization of the nuclear lamina, and clearance of nuclear envelo...
- Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) Disassembly, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) Disassembly, organism-specific biosystemNuclear envelope breakdown in mitosis involves permeabilization of the nuclear envelope through disassembly of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) (reviewed by Guttinger et al. 2009). Nucleoporin NUP98, l...
- Nuclear import of Rev protein, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Nuclear import of Rev protein, organism-specific biosystemNuclear import of Rev involves the cellular proteins including importin-beta and B23 and is mediated by an arginine-rich nuclear localization signal (NLS) within the RNA binding domain of the Rev pr...
- Nuclear pore complex, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
Nuclear pore complex, organism-specific biosystemStructural complex; Genetic information processing; RNA processing
- Nuclear pore complex, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
Nuclear pore complex, conserved biosystemStructural complex; Genetic information processing; RNA processing
- Post-translational protein modification, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Post-translational protein modification, organism-specific biosystemAfter translation, many newly formed proteins undergo further covalent modifications that alter their functional properties and that are essentially irreversible under physiological conditions in the...
- Processing of Capped Intron-Containing Pre-mRNA, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Processing of Capped Intron-Containing Pre-mRNA, organism-specific biosystemCo-transcriptional pre-mRNA splicing is not obligatory. Pre-mRNA splicing begins co-transcriptionally and often continues post-transcriptionally. Human genes contain an average of nine introns per ge...
- RHO GTPase Effectors, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RHO GTPase Effectors, organism-specific biosystemRHO GTPases regulate cell behaviour by activating a number of downstream effectors that regulate cytoskeletal organization, intracellular trafficking and transcription (reviewed by Sahai and Marshall...
- RHO GTPases Activate Formins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
RHO GTPases Activate Formins, organism-specific biosystemFormins are a family of proteins with 15 members in mammals, organized into 8 subfamilies. Formins are involved in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton. Many but not all formin family members are act...
- RNA transport, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
RNA transport, organism-specific biosystemRNA transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is fundamental for gene expression. The different RNA species that are produced in the nucleus are exported through the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) ...
- RNA transport, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
RNA transport, conserved biosystemRNA transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is fundamental for gene expression. The different RNA species that are produced in the nucleus are exported through the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) ...
- Regulation of Glucokinase by Glucokinase Regulatory Protein, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Regulation of Glucokinase by Glucokinase Regulatory Protein, organism-specific biosystemGlucokinase (GCK1) is negatively regulated by glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP), which reversibly binds the enzyme to form an inactive complex. Binding is stimulated by fructose 6-phosphate and s...
- Regulation of HSF1-mediated heat shock response, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Regulation of HSF1-mediated heat shock response, organism-specific biosystemThe ability of HSF1 to respond to cellular stresses is under negative regulation by chaperones, modulation of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, post-translational modifications and transition from monomer...
- Resolution of Sister Chromatid Cohesion, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Resolution of Sister Chromatid Cohesion, organism-specific biosystemThe resolution of sister chromatids in mitotic prometaphase involves removal of cohesin complexes from chromosomal arms, with preservation of cohesion at centromeres (Losada et al. 1998, Hauf et al. ...
- Rev-mediated nuclear export of HIV RNA, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Rev-mediated nuclear export of HIV RNA, organism-specific biosystemThe HIV-1 genome contains 9 genes encoded by a single transcript. In order for the virus to replicate, unspliced, singly-spliced and fully spliced viral mRNA must be exported from the nucleus. The H...
- SLC-mediated transmembrane transport, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
SLC-mediated transmembrane transport, organism-specific biosystemProteins with transporting functions can be roughly classified into 3 categories: ATP-powered pumps, ion channels, and transporters. Pumps utilize the energy released by ATP hydrolysis to power the m...
- SUMO E3 ligases SUMOylate target proteins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
SUMO E3 ligases SUMOylate target proteins, organism-specific biosystemSUMO proteins are conjugated to lysine residues of target proteins via an isopeptide bond with the C-terminal glycine of SUMO (reviewed in Zhao 2007, Gareau and Lima 2010, Hannoun et al. 2010, Citro ...
- SUMOylation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
SUMOylation, organism-specific biosystemSmall Ubiquitin-like MOdifiers (SUMOs) are a family of 3 proteins (SUMO1,2,3) that are reversibly conjugated to lysine residues of target proteins via a glycine-lysine isopeptide bond (reviewed in Ha...
- SUMOylation of DNA damage response and repair proteins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
SUMOylation of DNA damage response and repair proteins, organism-specific biosystemSeveral factors that participate in DNA damage response and repair are SUMOylated (reviewed in Dou et al. 2011, Bekker-Jensen and Mailand 2011, Ulrich 2012, Psakhye and Jentsch 2012, Bologna and Ferr...
- SUMOylation of DNA replication proteins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
SUMOylation of DNA replication proteins, organism-specific biosystemThe sliding clamp protein PCNA, Aurora-A, Aurora-B, Borealin, and various topoisomerases can be SUMOylated (reviewed in Wan et al. 2012). SUMOylation of PCNA appears to reduce formation of double-str...
- SUMOylation of RNA binding proteins, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
SUMOylation of RNA binding proteins, organism-specific biosystemSUMOylation of RNA-binding proteins (Li et al. 2004, reviewed in Filosa et al. 2013) alters their interactions with nucleic acids and with proteins. Whereas SUMOylation of HNRNPC decreases its affini...
- Separation of Sister Chromatids, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Separation of Sister Chromatids, organism-specific biosystemWhile sister chromatids resolve in prometaphase, separating along chromosomal arms, the cohesion of sister centromeres persists until anaphase. At the anaphase onset, the anaphase promoting complex/c...
- Signal Transduction, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signal Transduction, organism-specific biosystemSignal transduction is a process in which extracellular signals elicit changes in cell state and activity. Transmembrane receptors sense changes in the cellular environment by binding ligands, such a...
- Signaling by Rho GTPases, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Signaling by Rho GTPases, organism-specific biosystemThe Rho family of small guanine nucleotide binding proteins is one of five generally recognized branches of the Ras superfamily. Like most Ras superfamily members, typical Rho proteins function as bi...
- Transcriptional regulation by small RNAs, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transcriptional regulation by small RNAs, organism-specific biosystemRecent evidence indicates that small RNAs participate in transcriptional regulation in addition to post-transcriptional silencing. Components of the RNAi machinery (ARGONAUTE1 (AGO1, EIF2C1), AGO2 (E...
- Transmembrane transport of small molecules, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transmembrane transport of small molecules, organism-specific biosystem
Transmembrane transport of small molecules
- Transport of Mature Transcript to Cytoplasm, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transport of Mature Transcript to Cytoplasm, organism-specific biosystemTransport of mRNA through the Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) is a dynamic process involving distinct machinery and receptor subsets. The separation of the two compartments and the regulation of this tran...
- Transport of Mature mRNA Derived from an Intronless Transcript, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transport of Mature mRNA Derived from an Intronless Transcript, organism-specific biosystemTransport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is translated into protein, is highly selective and closely coupled to correct RNA processing.
- Transport of Mature mRNA derived from an Intron-Containing Transcript, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transport of Mature mRNA derived from an Intron-Containing Transcript, organism-specific biosystemTransport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is translated into protein, is highly selective and closely coupled to correct RNA processing. This coupling is achieved by the nuclear p...
- Transport of Mature mRNAs Derived from Intronless Transcripts, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transport of Mature mRNAs Derived from Intronless Transcripts, organism-specific biosystemTransport of mature mRNAs derived from intronless transcripts require some of the same protein complexes as mRNAs derived from intron containing complexes, including TAP and Aly/Ref. However a number...
- Transport of Ribonucleoproteins into the Host Nucleus, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transport of Ribonucleoproteins into the Host Nucleus, organism-specific biosystemAn unusual characteristic of the influenza virus life cycle is its dependence on the nucleus. Trafficking of the viral genome into and out of the nucleus is a tightly regulated process with all viral...
- Transport of the SLBP Dependant Mature mRNA, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transport of the SLBP Dependant Mature mRNA, organism-specific biosystemTransport of U7 snRNP and stem-loop binding protein (SLBP) processed mRNA.
- Transport of the SLBP independent Mature mRNA, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Transport of the SLBP independent Mature mRNA, organism-specific biosystemTransport of the SLBP independent Mature mRNA through the nuclear pore.
- Viral Messenger RNA Synthesis, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Viral Messenger RNA Synthesis, organism-specific biosystemLike the mRNAs of the host cell, influenza virus mRNAs are capped and polyadenylated (reviewed in Neumann, 2004). The methylated caps, however, are scavenged from host cell mRNAs and serve as primers...
- Vpr-mediated nuclear import of PICs, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
Vpr-mediated nuclear import of PICs, organism-specific biosystemVpr appears to function in anchoring the PIC to the nuclear envelope. This anchoring likely involves interactions between Vpr and host nucleoporins.
- snRNP Assembly, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
snRNP Assembly, organism-specific biosystemSmall nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) are crucial for pre-mRNA processing to mRNAs. Each snRNP contains a small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and an extremely stable core of seven Sm proteins. The U6 snRNA...
- tRNA processing, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
tRNA processing, organism-specific biosystemGenes encoding transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are transcribed by RNA polymerase III in the nucleus and by mitochondrial RNA polymerase in the mitochondrion.In the nucleus transcription reactions produce precu...
- tRNA processing in the nucleus, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
tRNA processing in the nucleus, organism-specific biosystemGenes encoding transfer RNAs are transcribed in the nucleus by RNA polymerase III. (Distinct processes of transcription and processing also occur in mitochondria.) The initial transcripts, pre-tRNAs,...