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PTPA protein phosphatase 2 phosphatase activator [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 5524, updated on 20-Jan-2019

Summary

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Official Symbol
PTPAprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name
protein phosphatase 2 phosphatase activatorprovided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:9308
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000119383 MIM:600756
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
PP2A; PR53; PPP2R4
Summary
Protein phosphatase 2A is one of the four major Ser/Thr phosphatases and is implicated in the negative control of cell growth and division. Protein phosphatase 2A holoenzymes are heterotrimeric proteins composed of a structural subunit A, a catalytic subunit C, and a regulatory subunit B. The regulatory subunit is encoded by a diverse set of genes that have been grouped into the B/PR55, B'/PR61, and B''/PR72 families. These different regulatory subunits confer distinct enzymatic specificities and intracellular localizations to the holozenzyme. The product of this gene belongs to the B' family. This gene encodes a specific phosphotyrosyl phosphatase activator of the dimeric form of protein phosphatase 2A. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Expression
Ubiquitous expression in testis (RPKM 35.1), brain (RPKM 26.2) and 25 other tissues See more
Orthologs
mouse all

Genomic context

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See PTPA in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
9q34.11
Exon count:
14
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
109 current GRCh38.p12 (GCF_000001405.38) 9 NC_000009.12 (129110949..129148946)
105 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 9 NC_000009.11 (131873183..131911225)

Chromosome 9 - NC_000009.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene dolichyldiphosphatase 1 Neighboring gene carnitine O-acetyltransferase Neighboring gene immediate early response 5 like Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105376289

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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  • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
  • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
  • BioProject: PRJEB4337
  • Publication: PMID 24309898
  • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

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Related articles in PubMed

  1. Protein phosphatase 2A inhibition enhances radiation sensitivity and reduces tumor growth in chordoma. Hao S, et al. Neuro Oncol, 2018 May 18. PMID 29294092,
  2. Functional importance of PP2A regulatory subunit loss in breast cancer. Watt LF, et al. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2017 Nov. PMID 28744751
  3. Effects of fostriecin on β2-adrenoceptor-driven responses in human mast cells. Bastan R, et al. J Immunotoxicol, 2017 Dec. PMID 28090813
  4. Temporal Analysis of PP2A Phosphatase Activity During Insulin Stimulation Using a Direct Activity Probe. Beck JR, et al. ACS Chem Biol, 2016 Dec 16. PMID 27805358, Free PMC Article
  5. Association of functional genetic variation in PP2A with prefrontal working memory processing. Rampino A, et al. Behav Brain Res, 2017 Jan 1. PMID 27591184

See all (183) citations in PubMed

See citations in PubMed for homologs of this gene provided by HomoloGene

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into FunctionsWhat's a GeneRIF?

  1. High PP2A expression is associated with chordoma.
    Title: Protein phosphatase 2A inhibition enhances radiation sensitivity and reduces tumor growth in chordoma.
  2. PP2A dephosphorylates MYPT1(pThr696) and thereby stimulates MP activity inducing dephosphorylation of eNOS(pThr497) and the 20 kDa myosin II light chains.
    Title: Interplay of myosin phosphatase and protein phosphatase-2A in the regulation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase phosphorylation and nitric oxide production.
  3. Study reveals the mechanism controlling abscission through integration of Aurora B kinase and B56-bound PP2A phosphatase activities on the kinesin motor protein MKlp2. MKlp2 is an essential protein for promoting abscission, which may regulate tethering and stabilizing of the PM to the microtubule cytoskeleton at the intercellular bridge through its previously uncharacterized lipid association motif.
    Title: Opposing Activities of Aurora B Kinase and B56-PP2A Phosphatase on MKlp2 Determine Abscission Timing.
  4. These results suggest that loss of specific PP2A regulatory subunits is functionally important in breast tumourigenesis, and support strategies to enhance PP2A activity as a therapeutic approach in breast cancer.
    Title: Functional importance of PP2A regulatory subunit loss in breast cancer.
  5. High expression of PP2A is associated with cisplatin resistant gastric cancer.
    Title: Cucurbitacin B induces autophagy and apoptosis by suppressing CIP2A/PP2A/mTORC1 signaling axis in human cisplatin resistant gastric cancer cells.
  6. Study identifies Eya3 as a regulator of PP2A, a major cellular Ser/Thr phosphatase, and uncovers a mechanism of controlling the stability of a critical oncogene, c-Myc.
    Title: Eya3 partners with PP2A to induce c-Myc stabilization and tumor progression.
  7. Authors demonstrated CFTR and PP2AA interact in the cytosol, resulting in PP2A complex inactivation and increased degradation of PP2A substrates via the lysosomal/proteasome pathway.
    Title: High CFTR expression in Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute leukemia protects and maintains continuous activation of BCR-ABL and related signaling pathways in combination with PP2A.
  8. Together, the results suggest a complex antagonistic interplay between the control of ARPP-16 by MAST3 and PKA that creates a mechanism whereby cAMP mediates PP2A disinhibition.
    Title: Reciprocal regulation of ARPP-16 by PKA and MAST3 kinases provides a cAMP-regulated switch in protein phosphatase 2A inhibition.
  9. An imbalanced regulation in protein kinases and protein phosphatases is the direct cause of tau hyperphosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease; GSK-3beta and PP2A are the most implicated. (Review)
    Title: Role of microtubule-associated protein tau phosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease.
  10. Isoliensinine suppresses NF-kappaB in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through impairing PP2A/I2PP2A interaction and stimulating PP2A-dependent p65 dephosphorylation at Ser536
    Title: Isoliensinine induces dephosphorylation of NF-kB p65 subunit at Ser536 via a PP2A-dependent mechanism in hepatocellular carcinoma cells: roles of impairing PP2A/I2PP2A interaction.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (99)

Phenotypes

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Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

NHGRI GWAS Catalog

Description
An atlas of genetic influences on human blood metabolites.
NHGRI GWA Catalog
Genome-wide association study of HLA-DQB1*06:02 negative essential hypersomnia.
NHGRI GWA Catalog

Variation

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See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

Genotypes

HIV-1 interactions

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Protein interactions

Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
Tat tat HIV-1 Tat upregulates the total levels of PP2A protein and downregulates the inactive form of phosphorylated PP2A, which leads to inhibit hTERT activity directly or indirectly in CD4+ T cells PubMed
tat Protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A) and protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) regulate HIV-1 Tat-activated transcription through dephosphorylation of CDK9 PubMed
tat An increase in the amount of PP2A core enzyme with a concomitant decrease in the amount of PP2A holoenzyme inhibits HIV-1 Tat-stimulated transcription from the HIV-1 LTR promoter, indicating a role for PP2A in the modulation of HIV-1 gene expression PubMed
Vpr vpr Amino-acid peptide sequence (residues 77-92) of HIV-1 Vpr binds to PP2A1. The sequence from HIV-1 89.6 strain is a cell penetrating and death domain PubMed
vpr HIV-1 Vpr cell death causing peptide (amino acid residues 71-96) can activate the expression of PP2A when applied extracellularly to CD4+ T cells as well as cause the activation of PP2A from brain, liver, and adipose tissues PubMed
vpr HIV-1 Vpr was found to upregulate PP2A in fission yeast PubMed
vpr HIV-1 Vpr forms a complex with HIV-1 nucleocapsid that directly activates PP2A PubMed
nucleocapsid gag HIV-1 Vpr forms a complex with HIV-1 nucleocapsid that directly activates PP2A PubMed

Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

Pathways from BioSystems

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  • ATM Signaling Network in Development and Disease, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
    ATM Signaling Network in Development and Disease, organism-specific biosystemThis pathway is modeled after Figure 4 in the article "The ATM signaling network in development and disease" (See Bibliography). When DNA is damaged, DDR begins to work on recuperating the damage th...
  • Constitutive Androstane Receptor Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
    Constitutive Androstane Receptor Pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR) is a nuclear receptor and functions as a sensor for xenobiotics. It regulates transcription of genes encoding proteins in metabolism and excretion of xenobi...
  • Glycogen Metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
    Glycogen Metabolism, organism-specific biosystemGlycogen is a very large, branched polymer of glucose residues. Within skeletal muscle and liver glucose is stored as glycogen. In the liver, glycogen synthesis and degradation are regulated to maint...
  • Insulin resistance, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
    Insulin resistance, organism-specific biosystemInsulin resistance is a condition where cells become resistant to the effects of insulin. It is often found in people with health disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic...
  • Interleukin-11 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
    Interleukin-11 Signaling Pathway, organism-specific biosystemIL-11 is a multifunctional cytokine that belongs to the gp130 family. It was first isolated from a primate bone marrow derived cell line, PU-34 for its ability to stimulate the proliferation of a pla...
  • Validated targets of C-MYC transcriptional repression, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
    Validated targets of C-MYC transcriptional repression, organism-specific biosystem
    Validated targets of C-MYC transcriptional repression
  • Wnt Signaling Pathway and Pluripotency, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
    Wnt Signaling Pathway and Pluripotency, organism-specific biosystemThis pathway was adapted from several resources and is designed to provide a theoretical frame-work for examining Wnt signaling and interacting components in the context of embryonic stem-cell plurip...
  • p53 pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
    p53 pathway, organism-specific biosystem
    p53 pathway

Interactions

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Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

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Markers

Homology

Clone Names

  • MGC2184

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
ATP binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
contributes_to ATPase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 PubMed 
protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
protein heterodimerization activity TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
protein homodimerization activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
protein phosphatase 2A binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
protein phosphatase regulator activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
protein phosphatase regulator activity TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
protein tyrosine phosphatase activator activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 PubMed 
protein tyrosine phosphatase activator activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
signaling receptor binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
mitotic spindle organization IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 PubMed 
negative regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
negative regulation of protein dephosphorylation IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
positive regulation of apoptotic process IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
positive regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
positive regulation of protein dephosphorylation IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
protein peptidyl-prolyl isomerization IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
Component Evidence Code Pubs
calcium channel complex IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
cytoplasm IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 PubMed 
cytoplasm IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
extracellular exosome HDA PubMed 
nucleoplasm IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
  
nucleus IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 PubMed 
nucleus IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
protein phosphatase type 2A complex IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 PubMed 
protein phosphatase type 2A complex IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 

General protein information

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Preferred Names
serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A activator
Names
PP2A phosphatase activator
PP2A subunit B' isoform PR53
phosphotyrosyl phosphatase activator
protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit 4
protein phosphatase 2A activator, regulatory subunit 4
protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit 4
protein phosphatase 2A, regulatory subunit B' (PR 53)
serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'
NP_001180326.1
NP_001258761.1
NP_066954.2
NP_821067.1
NP_821068.1
NP_821070.1
XP_011517136.1
XP_011517137.1
XP_011517138.1
XP_011517139.1
XP_011517140.1
XP_016870377.1

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

  1. NG_029370.1 RefSeqGene

    Range
    5001..42998
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_001193397.1 → NP_001180326.1  serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A activator isoform e

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (6) contains a different first exon, which results in the use of an in-frame downstream start codon, and lacks an alternate coding segment, compared to variant 1. The resulting protein (isoform e) is shorter when compared to isoform a.
    Source sequence(s)
    AL158151, CD630703, DA052599, X73478
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS75917.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    Q15257
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    F6WIT2
    Related
    ENSP00000394338.3, ENST00000452489.6
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam03095
    Location:1 → 282
    PTPA; Phosphotyrosyl phosphate activator (PTPA) protein

  2. NM_001271832.1 → NP_001258761.1  serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A activator isoform f

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001258761.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (7) lacks two consecutive exons in the coding region, compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (f) lacks an internal segment, compared to isoform a.
    Source sequence(s)
    AK302043, AL158151, BC002545, DC375389, X73478
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS65156.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    Q15257
    Related
    ENSP00000349726.4, ENST00000357197.8
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam03095
    Location:26 → 288
    PTPA; Phosphotyrosyl phosphate activator (PTPA) protein

  3. NM_021131.4 → NP_066954.2  serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A activator isoform b

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_066954.2

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR and lacks an in-frame segment of the coding region, compared to variant 1. Variants 2 and 3 encode a shorter protein (isoform b), also known as isoform alpha, that is missing an internal segment compared to isoform a.
    Source sequence(s)
    AL158151, BC002545, DB009663, X73478
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS6920.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    Q15257
    Related
    ENSP00000351885.4, ENST00000358994.8
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam03095
    Location:26 → 317
    PTPA; Phosphotyrosyl phosphate activator (PTPA) protein

  4. NM_178000.2 → NP_821067.1  serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A activator isoform b

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_821067.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks one of the coding exons compared to transcript variant 1. It maintains the reading frame and encodes a protein (isoform b), also known as isoform alpha, that is missing an internal segment of the protein compared to isoform a. Variants 2 and 3 encode the same isoform.
    Source sequence(s)
    AL158151, AU133279, BT020119, DC375389, X73478
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS6920.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    Q15257
    Related
    ENSP00000377036.2, ENST00000393370.6
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam03095
    Location:26 → 317
    PTPA; Phosphotyrosyl phosphate activator (PTPA) protein

  5. NM_178001.2 → NP_821068.1  serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A activator isoform a

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_821068.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript. It encodes the longest protein (isoform a), also known as isoform beta.
    Source sequence(s)
    AL158151, AU125192, DA737954, DC375389, X73478
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    Q15257
    Related
    ENSP00000337448.1, ENST00000337738.5
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam03095
    Location:26 → 351
    PTPA; Phosphotyrosyl phosphate activator (PTPA) protein

  6. NM_178003.2 → NP_821070.1  serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A activator isoform d

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_821070.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (5) lacks an in-frame segment of the coding region, compared to variant 1. It encodes a shorter protein (isoform d), also known as isoform epsilon, that is missing an internal segment compared to isoform a.
    Source sequence(s)
    AL158151, BQ896712, DA387148, DC375389, X73478
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    Q15257
    Related
    ENSP00000347109.3, ENST00000355007.7
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam03095
    Location:26 → 275
    PTPA; Phosphotyrosyl phosphate activator (PTPA) protein

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: Homo sapiens Annotation Release 109

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p12 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000009.12 Reference GRCh38.p12 Primary Assembly

    Range
    129110949..129148946
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. XM_011518836.2 → XP_011517138.1  serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A activator isoform X3

    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam03095
    Location:76 → 326
    PTPA; Phosphotyrosyl phosphate activator (PTPA) protein

  2. XM_011518834.2 → XP_011517136.1  serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A activator isoform X1

    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam03095
    Location:76 → 355
    PTPA; Phosphotyrosyl phosphate activator (PTPA) protein

  3. XM_011518838.2 → XP_011517140.1  serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A activator isoform X5

    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam03095
    Location:76 → 337
    PTPA; Phosphotyrosyl phosphate activator (PTPA) protein

  4. XM_011518837.2 → XP_011517139.1  serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A activator isoform X4

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_011517139.1

    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B4DZF8
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam03095
    Location:26 → 333
    PTPA; Phosphotyrosyl phosphate activator (PTPA) protein

  5. XM_011518835.2 → XP_011517137.1  serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A activator isoform X2

    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam03095
    Location:26 → 340
    PTPA; Phosphotyrosyl phosphate activator (PTPA) protein

  6. XM_017014888.2 → XP_016870377.1  serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A activator isoform X6

Suppressed Reference Sequence(s)

The following Reference Sequences have been suppressed. Explain

  1. NM_178002.1: Suppressed sequence

    Description
    NM_178002.1: This RefSeq was permanently suppressed because currently there is insufficient support for this transcript variant and PMID:10880964 indicates that the encoded isoform may not be functional.
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
Q15257.3 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:Q15257

Gene LinkOut

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