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AR androgen receptor [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 367, updated on 24-Sep-2024

Summary

Official Symbol
ARprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name
androgen receptorprovided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:644
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000169083 MIM:313700; AllianceGenome:HGNC:644
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
KD; AIS; AR8; TFM; DHTR; SBMA; HYSP1; NR3C4; SMAX1; HUMARA
Summary
The androgen receptor gene is more than 90 kb long and codes for a protein that has 3 major functional domains: the N-terminal domain, DNA-binding domain, and androgen-binding domain. The protein functions as a steroid-hormone activated transcription factor. Upon binding the hormone ligand, the receptor dissociates from accessory proteins, translocates into the nucleus, dimerizes, and then stimulates transcription of androgen responsive genes. This gene contains 2 polymorphic trinucleotide repeat segments that encode polyglutamine and polyglycine tracts in the N-terminal transactivation domain of its protein. Expansion of the polyglutamine tract from the normal 9-34 repeats to the pathogenic 38-62 repeats causes spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA, also known as Kennedy's disease). Mutations in this gene are also associated with complete androgen insensitivity (CAIS). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]
Expression
Biased expression in liver (RPKM 12.9), endometrium (RPKM 10.8) and 13 other tissues See more
Orthologs
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Genomic context

Location:
Xq12
Exon count:
11
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) X NC_000023.11 (67544021..67730619)
RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) X NC_060947.1 (65973852..66160479)
RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) X NC_000023.10 (66763863..66950461)

Chromosome X - NC_000023.11Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene zinc finger protein 681 pseudogene Neighboring gene poly(A) binding protein nuclear 1 pseudogene Neighboring gene androgen receptor repeat instability region Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 14511 Neighboring gene negative expression of androgen receptor regulating lncRNA Neighboring gene BMI1 proto-oncogene, polycomb ring finger pseudogene 1

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

Expression

  • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
  • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
  • BioProject: PRJEB4337
  • Publication: PMID 24309898
  • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Phenotypes

Associated conditions

Description Tests
Androgen resistance syndrome Compare labs
Hypospadias 1, X-linked
MedGen: C2678098 OMIM: 300633 GeneReviews: Not available
Compare labs
Kennedy disease Compare labs
Malignant tumor of prostate
MedGen: C0376358 GeneReviews: Not available
Compare labs
Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome
MedGen: C0268301 OMIM: 312300 GeneReviews: Not available
Compare labs

Copy number response

Description
Copy number response
Triplosensitivity

No evidence available (Last evaluated 2020-12-08)

ClinGen Genome Curation Page
Haploinsufficency

Sufficient evidence for dosage pathogenicity (Last evaluated 2020-12-08)

ClinGen Genome Curation PagePubMed

EBI GWAS Catalog

Description
Genome-wide association analysis of metabolic traits in a birth cohort from a founder population.
EBI GWAS Catalog
Male-pattern baldness susceptibility locus at 20p11.
EBI GWAS Catalog
Seven prostate cancer susceptibility loci identified by a multi-stage genome-wide association study.
EBI GWAS Catalog
Six novel susceptibility Loci for early-onset androgenetic alopecia and their unexpected association with common diseases.
EBI GWAS Catalog
Susceptibility variants on chromosome 7p21.1 suggest HDAC9 as a new candidate gene for male-pattern baldness.
EBI GWAS Catalog

Pathways from PubChem

Interactions

Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

Markers

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables ATPase binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific ISA
Inferred from Sequence Alignment
more info
 
enables G protein-coupled receptor activity IC
Inferred by Curator
more info
PubMed 
enables POU domain binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
PubMed 
enables RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
PubMed 
enables androgen binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables beta-catenin binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables beta-catenin binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
PubMed 
enables beta-catenin binding TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
PubMed 
enables chromatin binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables enzyme binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
PubMed 
enables estrogen response element binding IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 
enables molecular adaptor activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables molecular condensate scaffold activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables nuclear receptor activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 
NOT enables nuclear receptor activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables nuclear receptor activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables nuclear receptor activity IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
enables nuclear receptor activity TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
PubMed 
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
PubMed 
enables signaling receptor binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
PubMed 
enables steroid binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
enables transcription cis-regulatory region binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables transcription coactivator binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
enables transcription coactivator binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
PubMed 
enables zinc ion binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in Leydig cell differentiation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in MAPK cascade IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
NOT involved_in androgen receptor signaling pathway IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in androgen receptor signaling pathway IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in animal organ formation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in cell-cell signaling TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
PubMed 
involved_in cellular response to estrogen stimulus IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in cellular response to steroid hormone stimulus IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
involved_in cellular response to testosterone stimulus IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in epithelial cell differentiation involved in prostate gland development IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in epithelial cell morphogenesis IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in epithelial cell proliferation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in estrogen receptor signaling pathway IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in in utero embryonic development IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in intracellular receptor signaling pathway IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in lateral sprouting involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in male genitalia morphogenesis IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in male gonad development IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 
involved_in male somatic sex determination IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in mammary gland alveolus development IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in morphogenesis of an epithelial fold IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in multicellular organism growth IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in negative regulation of cell population proliferation IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of integrin biosynthetic process IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
involved_in non-membrane-bounded organelle assembly IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in nuclear receptor-mediated steroid hormone signaling pathway IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of MAPK cascade IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of cell differentiation IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of cell population proliferation IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of gene expression IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of gene expression IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of integrin biosynthetic process IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of miRNA transcription IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of phosphorylation IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase III IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in prostate gland epithelium morphogenesis IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in prostate gland growth IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in regulation of developmental growth IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
involved_in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in seminiferous tubule development IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in signal transduction TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
PubMed 
involved_in single fertilization IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in spermatogenesis IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in tertiary branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
involved_in transcription by RNA polymerase II IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
 
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in chromatin IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 
located_in chromatin IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
located_in chromatin ISA
Inferred from Sequence Alignment
more info
 
located_in cytoplasm IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
located_in cytosol IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 
located_in cytosol TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 
located_in nuclear speck IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
located_in nucleoplasm TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 
is_active_in nucleus IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 
located_in nucleus IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 
is_active_in plasma membrane IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
PubMed 
part_of protein-containing complex IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
PubMed 

General protein information

Preferred Names
androgen receptor
Names
dihydrotestosterone receptor
nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 4

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

NEW Try the new Transcript table

RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

  1. NG_009014.2 RefSeqGene

    Range
    4990..191588
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics), LRG_1406

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_000044.6NP_000035.2  androgen receptor isoform 1

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_000035.2

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (1, also known as AR-FL in PMID:20823238) represents the longest transcript and encodes the longest isoform (1).
    Source sequence(s)
    AA505591, AF321915, AL049564, AL356358, BC132975, M20132
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS14387.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    A0A0B4J1T2, A2RUN2, B1AKD7, C0JKD3, C0JKD4, E7EVX6, P10275, Q9UD95
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    D2Y6K2, D3YPP9, D3YPQ0, D3YPQ1, D3YPQ2, D3YPQ3
    Related
    ENSP00000363822.3, ENST00000374690.9
    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    cd07073
    Location:673918
    NR_LBD_AR; Ligand binding domain of the nuclear receptor androgen receptor, ligand activated transcription regulator
    cd07173
    Location:555636
    NR_DBD_AR; DNA-binding domain of androgen receptor (AR) is composed of two C4-type zinc fingers
    pfam02166
    Location:6449
    Androgen_recep; Androgen receptor
  2. NM_001011645.3NP_001011645.1  androgen receptor isoform 2

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001011645.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (2, also known as AR45 in PMID:15634333) contains an alternate exon in the 5' region and initiates translation at an alternate start codon compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (2) has a distinct and shorter N-terminus than isoform 1.
    Source sequence(s)
    AA505591, AF321915, AL049564, AL356358, BC132975, M20132, M23263
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    F1D8N5
    Conserved Domains (2) summary
    cd07073
    Location:141386
    NR_LBD_AR; Ligand binding domain of the nuclear receptor androgen receptor, ligand activated transcription regulator
    cd07173
    Location:23104
    NR_DBD_AR; DNA-binding domain of androgen receptor (AR) is composed of two C4-type zinc fingers
  3. NM_001348061.1NP_001334990.1  androgen receptor isoform 3

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (3, also known as AR-V7 in PMID:19117982 and AR3 in PMID:19244107) lacks multiple exons and includes an alternate 3' terminal exon, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (3) has a distinct and shorter C-terminus than isoform 1. This variant has been shown to be expressed at higher levels in castration-resistant prostate cancer samples (PMID:20823238).
    Source sequence(s)
    AF321915, AL356358, BC132975, FJ235916, M23263
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS87754.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    C0JKD5
    Related
    ENSP00000421155.1, ENST00000504326.5
    Conserved Domains (2) summary
    cd07173
    Location:555630
    NR_DBD_AR; DNA-binding domain of androgen receptor (AR) is composed of two C4-type zinc fingers
    pfam02166
    Location:6449
    Androgen_recep; Androgen receptor
  4. NM_001348063.1NP_001334992.1  androgen receptor isoform 4

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (4, also known as AR-V1 in PMID:20823238 and AR4 in PMID:19244107) lacks multiple exons and includes an alternate 3' terminal exon, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (4) has a distinct and shorter C-terminus than isoform 1.
    Source sequence(s)
    AF321915, AL356358, BC132975, FJ235917, M23263
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    C0JKD5
    Related
    ENST00000513847.5
    Conserved Domains (2) summary
    cd07173
    Location:555629
    NR_DBD_AR; DNA-binding domain of androgen receptor (AR) is composed of two C4-type zinc fingers
    pfam02166
    Location:6449
    Androgen_recep; Androgen receptor
  5. NM_001348064.1NP_001334993.1  androgen receptor isoform 5

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (5, also known as AR8 in PMID:21878636) lacks alternate exons in the central and 3' coding regions, uses an alternate splice site, resulting in a frameshift, and contains an alternate 3' terminal exon, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (5) has a distinct and shorter C-terminus than isoform 1. Although this variant is predicted to be a candidate for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), Western blot data with variant-specific antibodies in PMID:21878636 indicate that it is translated.
    Source sequence(s)
    AF321915, AL356358, BC132975, FJ235916, HM055487, M23263
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS87755.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0A087WUX9, G4VV16
    Related
    ENSP00000479013.1, ENST00000613054.2
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam02166
    Location:6449
    Androgen_recep; Androgen receptor
  6. NM_001424175.1NP_001411104.1  androgen receptor isoform 6

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    CP068255
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    D2Y6K2, D3YPP9, D3YPQ0, D3YPQ1, D3YPQ2, D3YPQ3

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000023.11 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    67544021..67730619
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060947.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    65973852..66160479
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)