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IL1A interleukin 1 alpha [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 3552, updated on 9-Sep-2025
Official Symbol
IL1Aprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name
interleukin 1 alphaprovided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:5991
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000115008 MIM:147760; AllianceGenome:HGNC:5991
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
IL1; IL-1A; IL1F1; IL1-ALPHA; IL-1 alpha
Summary
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family. This cytokine is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in various immune responses, inflammatory processes, and hematopoiesis. This cytokine is produced by monocytes and macrophages as a proprotein, which is proteolytically processed and released in response to cell injury, and thus induces apoptosis. This gene and eight other interleukin 1 family genes form a cytokine gene cluster on chromosome 2. It has been suggested that the polymorphism of these genes is associated with rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's disease. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Annotation information
Note: This gene has been reviewed for its involvement in coronavirus biology, and is involved in cytokine storm inflammatory response.
Expression
Biased expression in testis (RPKM 5.2), esophagus (RPKM 4.6) and 7 other tissues See more
Orthologs
mouse all
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See IL1A in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
2q14.1
Exon count:
8
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2025_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 2 NC_000002.12 (112773925..112784493, complement)
RS_2025_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 2 NC_060926.1 (113200569..113210953, complement)
RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 2 NC_000002.11 (113531502..113542070, complement)

Chromosome 2 - NC_000002.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC102724955 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr2:113448691-113448877 Neighboring gene CDK7 strongly-dependent group 2 enhancer GRCh37_chr2:113449610-113450809 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:113451927-113452426 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16397 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:113483672-113484391 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:113484392-113485110 Neighboring gene 5'-nucleotidase domain containing 4 Neighboring gene cytoskeleton associated protein 2 like Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16398 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16399 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 11876 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 10892 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16400 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16401 Neighboring gene BRD4-independent group 4 enhancer GRCh37_chr2:113551633-113552832 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16402 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16403 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:113563077-113563577 Neighboring gene P300/CBP strongly-dependent group 1 enhancer GRCh37_chr2:113569190-113570389 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124907871 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 10273 Neighboring gene interleukin 1 beta

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

  • Project title: Tissue-specific circular RNA induction during human fetal development
  • Description: 35 human fetal samples from 6 tissues (3 - 7 replicates per tissue) collected between 10 and 20 weeks gestational time were sequenced using Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA
  • BioProject: PRJNA270632
  • Publication: PMID 26076956
  • Analysis date: Mon Apr 2 22:54:59 2018

Related articles in PubMed

  1. The 31-kDa precursor of interleukin 1 alpha is myristoylated on specific lysines within the 16-kDa N-terminal propiece. Stevenson FT, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1993 Aug 1. PMID 8346241, Free PMC Article
  2. The IL1A genotype associates with atopy in nonasthmatic adults. Karjalainen J, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2002 Sep. PMID 12209090
  3. An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the interleukin-1A 3'untranslated region confers risk for gastric cancer. Zhang J, et al. Cancer Biomark, 2016. PMID 26889982
  4. Transcriptional responses of human epidermal keratinocytes to cytokine interleukin-1. Yano S, et al. J Cell Physiol, 2008 Jan. PMID 17941080
  5. Modulatory effect of interleukin-1α on expression of structural matrix proteins, MMPs and TIMPs in human cardiac myofibroblasts: role of p38 MAP kinase. Turner NA, et al. Matrix Biol, 2010 Sep. PMID 20619343, Free PMC Article

See all (1007) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. Association between IL-6 -174 G/C (rs1800795) and IL-1A -889 C/T (rs1800587) cytokine variants with polycystic ovary syndrome in Iranian women: A case-control study.
    Title: Association between IL-6 -174 G/C (rs1800795) and IL-1A -889 C/T (rs1800587) cytokine variants with polycystic ovary syndrome in Iranian women: A case-control study.
  2. Interleukin-1alpha inhibits transforming growth factor-beta1 and beta2-induced extracellular matrix production, remodeling and signaling in human lung fibroblasts: Master regulator in lung mucosal repair.
    Title: Interleukin-1α inhibits transforming growth factor-β1 and β2-induced extracellular matrix production, remodeling and signaling in human lung fibroblasts: Master regulator in lung mucosal repair.
  3. Interleukin-1 increases SERPINE1 expression in human granulosa-lutein cell via P50/P52 signaling pathways.
    Title: Interleukin-1 increases SERPINE1 expression in human granulosa-lutein cell via P50/P52 signaling pathways.
  4. Processing of angiocrine alarmin IL-1alpha in endothelial cells promotes lung and liver fibrosis.
    Title: Processing of angiocrine alarmin IL-1α in endothelial cells promotes lung and liver fibrosis.
  5. Association of genetic polymorphism of interleukin 1-alpha and interleukin 1-beta with external apical root resorption in orthodontic patients.
    Title: Association of genetic polymorphism of interleukin 1-alpha and interleukin 1-beta with external apical root resorption in orthodontic patients.
  6. Correlations of IL-1 and IL-6 Gene polymorphisms with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
    Title: Correlations of IL-1 and IL-6 Gene polymorphisms with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
  7. Serum Interleukin-1 Levels Are Associated with Intracranial Aneurysm Instability.
    Title: Serum Interleukin-1 Levels Are Associated with Intracranial Aneurysm Instability.
  8. Group B streptococcus induces cellular senescence in human amnion epithelial cells through a partial interleukin-1-mediated mechanism.
    Title: Group B streptococcus induces cellular senescence in human amnion epithelial cells through a partial interleukin-1-mediated mechanism.
  9. Analysis of the effects of importin alpha1 on the nuclear translocation of IL-1alpha in HeLa cells.
    Title: Analysis of the effects of importin α1 on the nuclear translocation of IL-1α in HeLa cells.
  10. IFI16 Induced by Direct Interaction between Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Macrophages Promotes Tumor Progression via Secretion of IL-1alpha.
    Title: IFI16 Induced by Direct Interaction between Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Macrophages Promotes Tumor Progression via Secretion of IL-1α.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (565)

Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

EBI GWAS Catalog

Description
Genome-wide pharmacogenomic study of neurocognition as an indicator of antipsychotic treatment response in schizophrenia.
EBI GWAS Catalog
Meta-analysis of genome-wide association scans for genetic susceptibility to endometriosis in Japanese population.
EBI GWAS Catalog

See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

Replication interactions

Interaction Pubs
Infectious wild type HIV-1 production is enhanced by 293T cells over-expressing IL1A PubMed
Knockdown of interleukin 1, alpha (IL1A) by siRNA inhibits HIV-1 replication in HeLa P4/R5 cells PubMed

Protein interactions

Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120 env Cytokines induced in vitro by HIV-1 gp120 in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) include interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and IFN-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-6, IL-10, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta PubMed
env HIV-1 gp120 increases the levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and IL-1 in human cells PubMed
env Addition of HIV-1 gp120 to IL-1 treated human granulocytes or monocytes results in a slower movement that is chemokinetic (loss of directionality or random) in nature PubMed
Envelope surface glycoprotein gp160, precursor env IL-1 and TNF-alpha production are induced by the treatment of cells with HIV-1 gp160 PubMed
Envelope transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 env HIV-1 gp41 or gp120 synthetic peptides induce the production of interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF); in contrast, gp41 or gp120 synthetic peptides are able to depress the production of interferon (IFN)-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-2 PubMed
Tat tat IL1A is upregulated in HIV-1 Tat and NC cotransfection of HEK 293T cells PubMed
tat IL-1 stimulated NO production and iNOS mRNA expression are down-regulated by pretreatment with HIV-1 Tat-SOD fusion proteins in cultured chondrocytes PubMed
tat HIV-1 Tat upregulates IL-1beta expression in a variety of cell types, including primary blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), Jurkat and microglia PubMed
tat HIV-1 Tat downregulates IL-1alpha expression in Raji cells PubMed
Vpr vpr HIV-1 Vpr upregulates the gene expression of IL1A in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells PubMed
nucleocapsid gag IL1A is upregulated in HIV-1 Tat and NC cotransfection of HEK 293T cells PubMed

Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

Markers

Homology

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables copper ion binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables cytokine activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables cytokine activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables cytokine activity IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
enables cytokine activity TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
enables interleukin-1 receptor binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in apoptotic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in apoptotic process TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in cellular response to heat IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in cellular response to lipopolysaccharide IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
acts_upstream_of_or_within connective tissue replacement involved in inflammatory response wound healing IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in cytokine-mediated signaling pathway IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in cytokine-mediated signaling pathway IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in cytokine-mediated signaling pathway IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
acts_upstream_of_or_within ectopic germ cell programmed cell death IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
acts_upstream_of_or_within extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in fever generation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in immune response IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in immune response IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in inflammatory response IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in inflammatory response IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
acts_upstream_of_or_within intracellular sodium ion homeostasis IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of cell population proliferation IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of angiogenesis IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of angiogenesis ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of cell division IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of cytokine production IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of gene expression IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of immature T cell proliferation in thymus IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of interleukin-2 production IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of interleukin-2 production IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
acts_upstream_of positive regulation of interleukin-2 production ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 PubMed 
acts_upstream_of positive regulation of interleukin-6 production ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of protein secretion IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
acts_upstream_of positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in response to copper ion IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in response to stress IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in cytoplasm IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
located_in cytosol IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in extracellular region IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
located_in extracellular region TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
is_active_in extracellular space IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
located_in extracellular space IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in extracellular space IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
located_in extracellular space IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
located_in extracellular space TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
located_in nucleus IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
Preferred Names
interleukin-1 alpha
Names
hematopoietin-1
preinterleukin 1 alpha
pro-interleukin-1-alpha

NEW Try the new Transcript table

RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

  1. NG_008850.1 RefSeqGene

    Range
    5902..16470
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_000575.5 → NP_000566.3  interleukin-1 alpha precursor

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_000566.3

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC112235
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS2101.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P01583, Q53QF9, Q7RU02
    Related
    ENSP00000263339.3, ENST00000263339.4
    Conserved Domains (2) summary
    smart00125
    Location:129 → 267
    IL1; Interleukin-1 homologues
    pfam02394
    Location:1 → 108
    IL1_propep; Interleukin-1 propeptide

  2. NM_001371554.1 → NP_001358483.1  interleukin-1 alpha precursor

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC112235
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS2101.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P01583, Q53QF9, Q7RU02
    Related
    ENSP00000629482.1, ENST00000959423.1
    Conserved Domains (2) summary
    smart00125
    Location:129 → 267
    IL1; Interleukin-1 homologues
    pfam02394
    Location:1 → 108
    IL1_propep; Interleukin-1 propeptide

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2025_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000002.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    112773925..112784493 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060926.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    113200569..113210953 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
P01583.1 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P01583

Gene LinkOut

The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

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