dhd deadhead [Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: dhdprovided by FlyBase
Official Full Name: deadheadprovided by FlyBase
Primary source: FLYBASE:FBgn0011761
Locus tag: Dmel_CG4193
See related: AllianceGenome:FB:FBgn0011761
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Drosophila melanogaster
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Ecdysozoa; Arthropoda; Hexapoda; Insecta; Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Diptera; Brachycera; Muscomorpha; Ephydroidea; Drosophilidae; Drosophila; Sophophora
Also known as: 4193; CG4193; Dhd; DHD; Dmdhd; Dmeldhd; Dmel\CG4193; DmTrx-1; Trx-1; Trx1
Summary: Enables glutathione disulfide oxidoreductase activity and protein-disulfide reductase activity. Involved in female meiotic nuclear division; head development; and sperm DNA decondensation. Located in cytosol and nucleus. Is expressed in adult head; germline cell; nurse cell; organism; and primordial germ cell. Orthologous to several human genes including TXN (thioredoxin). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Jul 2025]
Orthologs: all
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Genomic context

Location:: 4F4-4F4; 1-11 cM

Exon count:: 1

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
Release 6.54	current	Release 6 plus ISO1 MT (GCF_000001215.4)	X	NC_004354.4 (5312171..5313125)
Release 5.57	previous assembly	Release 5 (GCF_000001215.2)	X	NC_004354.3 (5206204..5207158)

Chromosome X - NC_004354.4 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to reference sequence details

Genomic Sequence:

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Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Three classes of epigenomic regulators converge to hyperactivate the essential maternal gene deadhead within a heterochromatin mini-domain.
Title: Three classes of epigenomic regulators converge to hyperactivate the essential maternal gene deadhead within a heterochromatin mini-domain.
This study demonstrates that DHD localizes to the sperm nucleus to reduce its disulfide targets and is then rapidly degraded after fertilization.
Title: Unlocking sperm chromatin at fertilization requires a dedicated egg thioredoxin in Drosophila.
thioredoxin DHD plays a critical role in early development to facilitate the switch from protamine-based sperm chromatin structures to the somatic nucleosomal chromatin.
Title: Thioredoxin-dependent disulfide bond reduction is required for protamine eviction from sperm chromatin.
evidence for distinct biological function of Trx-1
Title: Thioredoxin-2 but not thioredoxin-1 is a substrate of thioredoxin peroxidase-1 from Drosophila melanogaster: isolation and characterization of a second thioredoxin in D. Melanogaster and evidence for distinct biological functions of Trx-1 and Trx-2.
dimer dissociation constants K(d) were found to be 2.2mM for reduced DmTrx and above 10mM for oxidized DmTrx as well as for the protein in the presence of reduced glutathione
Title: Comparative structural analysis of oxidized and reduced thioredoxin from Drosophila melanogaster.
Drosophila thioredoxin can function as an anti-aging agent and as a suppressor of Parkin-associated endothelin receptor-like receptor - and poly-glutamine-induced neurotoxicity
Title: Thioredoxin suppresses Parkin-associated endothelin receptor-like receptor-induced neurotoxicity and extends longevity in Drosophila.

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Interactions

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Products	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs	Description

General gene information

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Homology

NCBI Orthologs

Orthologs from OrthoDB

Gene Ontology Provided by FlyBase

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables glutathione disulfide oxidoreductase activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables protein-disulfide reductase activity	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables protein-disulfide reductase activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables protein-disulfide reductase activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in cell redox homeostasis	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in female meiotic nuclear division	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in head development	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in sperm DNA decondensation	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
is_active_in cytosol	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in cytosol	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in cytosol	ISM Inferred from Sequence Model more info	PubMed
is_active_in nucleus	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in nucleus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in nucleus	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info

General protein information

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Preferred Names: deadhead

Names: CG4193-PA; CG4193-PB; dhd-PA; dhd-PB; thioredoxin; thioredoxin-like

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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Genome Annotation

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference assembly

Genomic

NC_004354.4 Reference assembly

Range

5312171..5313125

Download

GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_001297953.1 → NP_001284882.1 deadhead, isoform B

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001284882.1

Status: REVIEWED

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

P47938, Q8MSC0, Q9W4D5

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

A0A1B2AKE9, X2JDR5

Conserved Domains (1) summary

cd02947
Location:17 → 93

TRX_family; TRX family; composed of two groups: Group I, which includes proteins that exclusively encode a TRX domain; and Group II, which are composed of fusion proteins of TRX and additional domains. Group I TRX is a small ancient protein that alter the redox ...
NM_078491.3 → NP_511046.1 deadhead, isoform A

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_511046.1

Status: REVIEWED

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

P47938, Q8MSC0, Q9W4D5

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

A0A1B2AKE9, X2JDR5

Related

FBpp0070717

Conserved Domains (1) summary

cd02947
Location:17 → 93

TRX_family; TRX family; composed of two groups: Group I, which includes proteins that exclusively encode a TRX domain; and Group II, which are composed of fusion proteins of TRX and additional domains. Group I TRX is a small ancient protein that alter the redox ...