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HK2 hexokinase 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 3099, updated on 18-Sep-2022

Summary

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Official Symbol
HK2provided by HGNC
Official Full Name
hexokinase 2provided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:4923
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000159399 MIM:601125; AllianceGenome:HGNC:4923
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
HKII; HXK2
Summary
Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, the first step in most glucose metabolism pathways. This gene encodes hexokinase 2, the predominant form found in skeletal muscle. It localizes to the outer membrane of mitochondria. Expression of this gene is insulin-responsive, and studies in rat suggest that it is involved in the increased rate of glycolysis seen in rapidly growing cancer cells. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2009]
Expression
Broad expression in fat (RPKM 34.4), colon (RPKM 24.2) and 19 other tissues See more
Orthologs
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Genomic context

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See HK2 in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
2p12
Exon count:
20
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
110 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 2 NC_000002.12 (74834127..74893359)
110 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 2 NC_060926.1 (74842983..74902233)
105.20220307 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 2 NC_000002.11 (75061254..75120486)

Chromosome 2 - NC_000002.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene ssemaphorin 4F Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC102724497 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC102724482 Neighboring gene ribosomal protein S28 pseudogene 5 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 11570 Neighboring gene long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1291 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105374809 Neighboring gene DNA polymerase epsilon 4, accessory subunit

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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  • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
  • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
  • BioProject: PRJEB4337
  • Publication: PMID 24309898
  • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

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Related articles in PubMed

  1. HK2: a potential regulator of osteoarthritis via glycolytic and non-glycolytic pathways. Bao C, et al. Cell Commun Signal, 2022 Aug 30. PMID 36042519, Free PMC Article
  2. The expression of Hexokinase 2 and its hub genes are correlated with the prognosis in glioma. Huang Y, et al. BMC Cancer, 2022 Aug 18. PMID 35982398, Free PMC Article
  3. Hexokinase 2 promoted cell motility and proliferation by activating Akt1/p-Akt1 in human ovarian cancer cells. Tian X, et al. J Ovarian Res, 2022 Aug 11. PMID 35953860, Free PMC Article
  4. The Correlation of HK2 Gene Expression with the Occurrence, Immune Cell Infiltration, and Prognosis of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Liu C, et al. Dis Markers, 2022. PMID 35265223, Free PMC Article
  5. Histone H2AX promotes metastatic progression by preserving glycolysis via hexokinase-2. Liu Y, et al. Sci Rep, 2022 Mar 8. PMID 35260660, Free PMC Article

See all (271) citations in PubMed

See citations in PubMed for homologs of this gene provided by HomoloGene

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. HK2: a potential regulator of osteoarthritis via glycolytic and non-glycolytic pathways.
    Title: HK2: a potential regulator of osteoarthritis via glycolytic and non-glycolytic pathways.
  2. Downregulating HK2 inhibits proliferation of endometrial stromal cells through a noncanonical pathway involving phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 in endometriosis.
    Title: Downregulating HK2 inhibits proliferation of endometrial stromal cells through a noncanonical pathway involving phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 in endometriosis.
  3. The expression of Hexokinase 2 and its hub genes are correlated with the prognosis in glioma.
    Title: The expression of Hexokinase 2 and its hub genes are correlated with the prognosis in glioma.
  4. Hexokinase 2 promoted cell motility and proliferation by activating Akt1/p-Akt1 in human ovarian cancer cells.
    Title: Hexokinase 2 promoted cell motility and proliferation by activating Akt1/p-Akt1 in human ovarian cancer cells.
  5. CRISPR/Cas9 Screens Reveal that Hexokinase 2 Enhances Cancer Stemness and Tumorigenicity by Activating the ACSL4-Fatty Acid beta-Oxidation Pathway.
    Title: CRISPR/Cas9 Screens Reveal that Hexokinase 2 Enhances Cancer Stemness and Tumorigenicity by Activating the ACSL4-Fatty Acid β-Oxidation Pathway.
  6. N(6)-methyladenosine methyltransferase KIAA1429 elevates colorectal cancer aerobic glycolysis via HK2-dependent manner.
    Title: N<sup>6</sup>-methyladenosine methyltransferase KIAA1429 elevates colorectal cancer aerobic glycolysis via HK2-dependent manner.
  7. Histone H2AX promotes metastatic progression by preserving glycolysis via hexokinase-2.
    Title: Histone H2AX promotes metastatic progression by preserving glycolysis via hexokinase-2.
  8. Disrupting Circadian Rhythm via the PER1-HK2 Axis Reverses Trastuzumab Resistance in Gastric Cancer.
    Title: Disrupting Circadian Rhythm via the PER1-HK2 Axis Reverses Trastuzumab Resistance in Gastric Cancer.
  9. Expression of HK2, PKM2, and PFKM Is Associated with Metastasis and Late Disease Onset in Breast Cancer Patients.
    Title: Expression of <i>HK2, PKM2,</i> and <i>PFKM</i> Is Associated with Metastasis and Late Disease Onset in Breast Cancer Patients.
  10. The Correlation of HK2 Gene Expression with the Occurrence, Immune Cell Infiltration, and Prognosis of Renal Cell Carcinoma.
    Title: The Correlation of HK2 Gene Expression with the Occurrence, Immune Cell Infiltration, and Prognosis of Renal Cell Carcinoma.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (189)

Phenotypes

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Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

EBI GWAS Catalog

Description
Bivariate genome-wide association analyses of femoral neck bone geometry and appendicular lean mass.
EBI GWAS Catalog

Variation

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See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

Genotypes

HIV-1 interactions

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Protein interactions

Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
Rev rev HIV-1 Rev interacting protein, hexokinase 2 (HK2), is identified by the in-vitro binding experiments involving cytosolic or nuclear extracts from HeLa cells PubMed
Vpr vpr A stable-isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture coupled with mass spectrometry-based proteomics identifies upregulation of hexokinase 2 (HK2) expression by HIV-1 Vpr in Vpr transduced macrophages PubMed

Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

Pathways from PubChem

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Interactions

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Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

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Markers

Homology

Clone Names

  • DKFZp686M1669

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables ATP binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables fructokinase activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 PubMed 
enables fructokinase activity ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
enables glucokinase activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 PubMed 
enables glucokinase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables glucokinase activity TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
enables glucose binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables hexokinase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
acts_upstream_of_or_within apoptotic mitochondrial changes IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in canonical glycolysis TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
involved_in carbohydrate phosphorylation IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in cellular glucose homeostasis IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in cellular response to leukemia inhibitory factor IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in fructose 6-phosphate metabolic process ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in glucose 6-phosphate metabolic process IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in glucose 6-phosphate metabolic process IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in glucose metabolic process IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in glycolytic process IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in glycolytic process TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in lactation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in maintenance of protein location in mitochondrion IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of angiogenesis IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion in response to mitochondrial depolarization IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in regulation of glucose import IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in response to hypoxia IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in response to ischemia IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in centrosome IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
  
is_active_in cytosol IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 PubMed 
located_in cytosol IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
  
located_in cytosol TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
located_in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
  
located_in membrane HDA PubMed 
located_in mitochondrial outer membrane IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
is_active_in mitochondrion IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
 PubMed 
located_in mitochondrion IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
  
located_in plasma membrane IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
located_in sarcoplasmic reticulum IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  

General protein information

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Preferred Names
hexokinase-2
Names
hexokinase type II
hexokinase-2, muscle
hexokinase-B
muscle form hexokinase
NP_000180.2
NP_001358454.1
XP_005264337.1
XP_011531109.1
XP_016859434.1
XP_047300040.1
XP_047300041.1

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_000189.5 → NP_000180.2  hexokinase-2 isoform 1

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_000180.2

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC019069, AC104135
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS1956.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P52789, Q9UN82
    Related
    ENSP00000290573.2, ENST00000290573.7
    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    PTZ00107
    Location:12 → 460
    PTZ00107; hexokinase; Provisional
    pfam00349
    Location:471 → 667
    Hexokinase_1
    pfam03727
    Location:673 → 907
    Hexokinase_2

  2. NM_001371525.1 → NP_001358454.1  hexokinase-2 isoform 2

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC019069, AC104135
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    E9PB90
    Related
    ENSP00000387140.1, ENST00000409174.1
    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    PTZ00107
    Location:1 → 432
    PTZ00107; hexokinase; Provisional
    pfam00349
    Location:443 → 639
    Hexokinase_1
    pfam03727
    Location:645 → 879
    Hexokinase_2

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: Homo sapiens Annotation Release 110 details...Open this link in a new tab

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000002.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    74834127..74893359
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. XM_005264280.3 → XP_005264337.1  hexokinase-2 isoform X1

    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    PTZ00107
    Location:12 → 460
    PTZ00107; hexokinase; Provisional
    pfam00349
    Location:21 → 219
    Hexokinase_1; Hexokinase
    pfam03727
    Location:694 → 928
    Hexokinase_2; Hexokinase

  2. XM_011532807.3 → XP_011531109.1  hexokinase-2 isoform X3

    Conserved Domains (3) summary
    PTZ00107
    Location:430 → 897
    PTZ00107; hexokinase; Provisional
    pfam00349
    Location:439 → 656
    Hexokinase_1; Hexokinase
    pfam03727
    Location:662 → 896
    Hexokinase_2; Hexokinase

  3. XM_017003945.3 → XP_016859434.1  hexokinase-2 isoform X4

  4. XM_047444084.1 → XP_047300040.1  hexokinase-2 isoform X2

  5. XM_047444085.1 → XP_047300041.1  hexokinase-2 isoform X2

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060926.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    74842983..74902233
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
P52789.2 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P52789

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