th tyrosine hydroxylase [Danio rerio (zebrafish)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: thprovided by ZNC
Official Full Name: tyrosine hydroxylaseprovided by ZNC
Primary source: ZFIN:ZDB-GENE-990621-5
See related: Ensembl:ENSDARG00000030621 AllianceGenome:ZFIN:ZDB-GENE-990621-5
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: PROVISIONAL
Organism: Danio rerio
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Actinopterygii; Neopterygii; Teleostei; Ostariophysi; Cypriniformes; Danionidae; Danioninae; Danio
Summary: Enables tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity. Acts upstream of or within dopamine biosynthetic process and spinal cord motor neuron differentiation. Predicted to be located in cell projection and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. Predicted to be active in axon; cytoplasm; and perikaryon. Is expressed in several structures, including chromaffin cell; digestive system; head; nervous system; and posterior presumptive neural plate. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in Parkinson's disease; Parkinsonism; heroin dependence; hypertension; and obesity. Orthologous to human TH (tyrosine hydroxylase). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Jun 2025]
Orthologs: human mouse all
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Genomic context

Location:: chromosome: 25

Exon count:: 13

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
RS_2025_04	current	GRCz12tu (GCF_049306965.1)	25	NC_133200.1 (25263583..25282834, complement)
RS_2024_08	previous assembly	GRCz11 (GCF_000002035.6)	25	NC_007136.7 (24055341..24074500, complement)

Chromosome 25 - NC_133200.1 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Genomic Sequence:

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Expression

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See details

Project title: Sequencing the Zebrafish transcriptome from a range of tissues and developmental stages
Description: Sequencing the Zebrafish transcriptome from a range of tissues and developmental stages
BioProject: PRJEB1986
Analysis date: Fri Dec 8 19:48:10 2017

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Tyrosine hydroxylase is co-localized with egr1 in olfactory bulb throughout brain development.
Title: Correlated basal expression of immediate early gene egr1 and tyrosine hydroxylase in zebrafish brain and downregulation in olfactory bulb after transitory olfactory deprivation.
Transiently knocked down tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, the rate limiting enzyme in DA synthesis) gene expression in the early stages of brain development was studied in zebrafish.
Title: Transient knockdown of tyrosine hydroxylase during development has persistent effects on behaviour in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio).
Overall, TH1+ and serotonergic system innervation is massively altered in the successfully regenerated spinal cord of adult zebrafish.
Title: Plasticity of tyrosine hydroxylase and serotonergic systems in the regenerating spinal cord of adult zebrafish.
The tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells in zebrafish are limited to very specific subpopulations of the amacrine cells.
Title: Two types of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the zebrafish retina.
mRNA expression of TH1 and TH2 is differentially affected by hypoxia exposure in larvae and adults. TH1 mRNA levels are much higher in eye and brain
Title: Interactive effects of development and hypoxia on catecholamine synthesis and cardiac function in zebrafish (Danio rerio).
th1 is predominant in the brain of zebrafish and th2 in the periphery.
Title: Complementary developmental expression of the two tyrosine hydroxylase transcripts in zebrafish.
The developmental sequence of THir cell groups in dogfish appears to be rather similar to that described for teleosts, apart from the appearance of the ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra and pallial cells, which lack in teleosts.
Title: Temporal and spatial organization of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cell groups in the embryonic brain of an elasmobranch, the lesser-spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula.
In the analyzed samples we found two novel TH mRNAs, one lacking exon 8, and another lacking exons 8+9. These new splicing variants are described in a region of TH previously reported to be conserved.
Title: New splicing variants for human Tyrosine Hydroxylase gene with possible implications for the detection of minimal residual disease in patients with neuroblastoma.

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General gene information

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Gene Ontology Provided by ZFIN

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables iron ion binding	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables metal ion binding	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables monooxygenase activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables oxidoreductase activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced pteridine as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
acts_upstream_of_or_within aromatic amino acid metabolic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within catecholamine biosynthetic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within catecholamine biosynthetic process	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in cognition	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in dopamine biosynthetic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within dopamine biosynthetic process	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in dopamine biosynthetic process from tyrosine	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in epinephrine biosynthetic process	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in mating behavior	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in norepinephrine biosynthetic process	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in serotonin biosynthetic process	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within spinal cord motor neuron differentiation	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in synaptic transmission, dopaminergic	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
is_active_in axon	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in axon	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
located_in cell projection	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
is_active_in cytoplasm	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in cytoplasm	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
located_in neuron projection	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
is_active_in perikaryon	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in perinuclear region of cytoplasm	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info

General protein information

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Preferred Names: tyrosine 3-monooxygenase

Names: th1

NP_571224.1

EC 1.14.16.2

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_131149.1 → NP_571224.1 tyrosine 3-monooxygenase

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_571224.1

Status: PROVISIONAL

Source sequence(s)

JBMGRA010000025

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

B3DJW5, B3DJX1, F6NQW5

Related

ENSDARP00000040409.6, ENSDART00000040410.7

Conserved Domains (3) summary

TIGR01269
Location:36 → 489

Tyr_3_monoox; tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, tetrameric

pfam00351
Location:157 → 486

Biopterin_H; Biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase

cl09141
Location:36 → 151

ACT; ACT domains are commonly involved in specifically binding an amino acid or other small ligand leading to regulation of the enzyme