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GPX1 glutathione peroxidase 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 2876, updated on 6-Jul-2026
Official Symbol
GPX1provided by HGNC
Official Full Name
glutathione peroxidase 1provided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:4553
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000233276 MIM:138320; AllianceGenome:HGNC:4553
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
GPXD; GSHPX1
Summary
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family, members of which catalyze the reduction of organic hydroperoxides and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by glutathione, and thereby protect cells against oxidative damage. Other studies indicate that H2O2 is also essential for growth-factor mediated signal transduction, mitochondrial function, and maintenance of thiol redox-balance; therefore, by limiting H2O2 accumulation, glutathione peroxidases are also involved in modulating these processes. Several isozymes of this gene family exist in vertebrates, which vary in cellular location and substrate specificity. This isozyme is the most abundant, is ubiquitously expressed and localized in the cytoplasm, and whose preferred substrate is hydrogen peroxide. It is also a selenoprotein, containing the rare amino acid selenocysteine (Sec) at its active site. Sec is encoded by the UGA codon, which normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTRs of selenoprotein mRNAs contain a conserved stem-loop structure, designated the Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) element, that is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon, rather than as a stop signal. This gene contains an in-frame GCG trinucleotide repeat in the coding region, and three alleles with 4, 5 or 6 repeats have been found in the human population. The allele with 4 GCG repeats has been significantly associated with breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. Pseudogenes of this locus have been identified on chromosomes X and 21. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]
Expression
Ubiquitous expression in fat (RPKM 212.4), spleen (RPKM 100.0) and 24 other tissues See more
Orthologs
all
Try the new Gene page
Try the new Transcripts and proteins table
See GPX1 in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
3p21.31
Exon count:
2
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2025_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 3 NC_000003.12 (49357176..49358353, complement)
RS_2025_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 3 NC_060927.1 (49386555..49387726, complement)
RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 3 NC_000003.11 (49394609..49395786, complement)

Chromosome 3 - NC_000003.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19859 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 14359 Neighboring gene chromosome 3 open reading frame 62 Neighboring gene microRNA 4271 Neighboring gene ubiquitin specific peptidase 4 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 14360 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19860 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:49353925-49354426 Neighboring gene Sjoegren syndrome nuclear autoantigen 1 homolog Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:49354427-49354926 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 14361 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:49377657-49378156 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19863 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19864 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 2568 Neighboring gene GATA motif-containing MPRA enhancer 295 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19865 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancers GRCh37_chr3:49395462-49396070 and GRCh37_chr3:49396071-49396679 Neighboring gene ras homolog family member A Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:49423846-49424400 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:49424401-49424954 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:49426165-49426934 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 7935 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19868 Neighboring gene T cell leukemia translocation altered

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

  • Project title: Tissue-specific circular RNA induction during human fetal development
  • Description: 35 human fetal samples from 6 tissues (3 - 7 replicates per tissue) collected between 10 and 20 weeks gestational time were sequenced using Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA
  • BioProject: PRJNA270632
  • Publication: PMID 26076956
  • Analysis date: Mon Apr 2 22:54:59 2018

Related articles in PubMed

  1. Association between glutathione peroxidase 1 codon 198 variant and the occurrence of breast cancer in Rwanda. Habyarimana T, et al. Mol Genet Genomic Med, 2018 Mar. PMID 29411539, Free PMC Article
  2. Glutathione peroxidase-1 deficiency augments proinflammatory cytokine-induced redox signaling and human endothelial cell activation. Lubos E, et al. J Biol Chem, 2011 Oct 14. PMID 21852236, Free PMC Article
  3. Does Rectus Sheath Block Analgesia Alter Levels of the Oxidative Stress Biomarker Glutathione Peroxidase: A Randomised Trial of Patients with Cancer and Benign Disease. Purdy M, et al. Anticancer Res, 2017 Feb. PMID 28179349
  4. GPx-1 polymorphism (rs1050450) contributes to tumor susceptibility: evidence from meta-analysis. Chen J, et al. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2011 Oct. PMID 21842217, Free PMC Article
  5. Association of GPX1 polymorphism, GPX activity and prostate cancer risk. Erdem O, et al. Hum Exp Toxicol, 2012 Jan. PMID 21636625

See all (413) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. Post-GWAS multiomic functional investigation of the TNIP1 locus in Alzheimer's disease highlights a potential role for GPX3.
    Title: Post-GWAS multiomic functional investigation of the TNIP1 locus in Alzheimer's disease highlights a potential role for GPX3.
  2. Cellular and exosomal GPx1 are essential for controlling hydrogen peroxide balance and alleviating oxidative stress in hypoxic glioblastoma.
    Title: Cellular and exosomal GPx1 are essential for controlling hydrogen peroxide balance and alleviating oxidative stress in hypoxic glioblastoma.
  3. Variation of the genes encoding antioxidant enzymes SOD2 (rs4880), GPX1 (rs1050450), and CAT (rs1001179) and susceptibility to male infertility: a genetic association study and in silico analysis.
    Title: Variation of the genes encoding antioxidant enzymes SOD2 (rs4880), GPX1 (rs1050450), and CAT (rs1001179) and susceptibility to male infertility: a genetic association study and in silico analysis.
  4. The mRNA expression of genes encoding selected antioxidant enzymes and thioredoxin, and the concentrations of their protein products in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva during periodontitis.
    Title: The mRNA expression of genes encoding selected antioxidant enzymes and thioredoxin, and the concentrations of their protein products in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva during periodontitis.
  5. Polyalanine polymorphism in the signal peptide of Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) gene & its association with osteoporosis.
    Title: Polyalanine polymorphism in the signal peptide of Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) gene & its association with osteoporosis.
  6. Polymorphisms of Antioxidant Enzymes SOD2 (rs4880) and GPX1 (rs1050450) Are Associated with Bladder Cancer Risk or Its Aggressiveness.
    Title: Polymorphisms of Antioxidant Enzymes SOD2 (rs4880) and GPX1 (rs1050450) Are Associated with Bladder Cancer Risk or Its Aggressiveness.
  7. Genetic polymorphism impact superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity in charcoal workers.
    Title: Genetic polymorphism impact superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity in charcoal workers.
  8. The Association of Polymorphisms in Genes Encoding Antioxidant Enzymes GPX1 (rs1050450), SOD2 (rs4880) and Transcriptional Factor Nrf2 (rs6721961) with the Risk and Development of Prostate Cancer.
    Title: The Association of Polymorphisms in Genes Encoding Antioxidant Enzymes GPX1 (rs1050450), SOD2 (rs4880) and Transcriptional Factor Nrf2 (rs6721961) with the Risk and Development of Prostate Cancer.
  9. Selenoprotein GPX1 is a prognostic and chemotherapy-related biomarker for brain lower grade glioma.
    Title: Selenoprotein GPX1 is a prognostic and chemotherapy-related biomarker for brain lower grade glioma.
  10. Salvianolic acid B inhibits myocardial I/R-induced ROS generation and cell apoptosis by regulating the TRIM8/GPX1 pathway.
    Title: Salvianolic acid B inhibits myocardial I/R-induced ROS generation and cell apoptosis by regulating the TRIM8/GPX1 pathway.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (280)

Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

Associated conditions

Description Tests
Gluthathione peroxidase deficiency
MedGen: C0398747 OMIM: 614164 GeneReviews: Not available
Compare labs

EBI GWAS Catalog

Description
A genome-wide association study identifies a novel locus at 6q22.1 associated with ulcerative colitis.
EBI GWAS Catalog
Genome-wide meta-analysis increases to 71 the number of confirmed Crohn's disease susceptibility loci.
EBI GWAS Catalog
Host-microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease.
EBI GWAS Catalog

See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

Protein interactions

Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120 env Antioxidant enzymes such as Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and/or glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) protect neuronal cells from HIV-1 gp120-induced programmed cell death PubMed
Tat tat Exposure to HIV-1 clade B Tat protein has a greater inhibition of GSS, GPx1, SOD1, and CAT expression compared with exposure to clade C Tat protein in monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells PubMed
tat HIV-1 Tat increases catalase and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) activities in human cardiac myocyte PubMed
tat Cotransduction with both SOD1 and GPx1 significantly prevents Tat-mediated increases in intracellular Ca2+ fluxes PubMed
tat HIV-1 induced neuron apoptosis is protected by transduction with antioxidant enzymes, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) PubMed
tat HIV-1 Tat causes a greater than 50% decrease in intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH), leading to the extracellular appearance of acidic FGF-1, an effect that is partially mediated through modulation of GSH biosynthetic enzymes PubMed
tat Expression of HIV-1 Tat in HeLa cells downregulates cytoplasmic glutathione peroxidase while upregulating phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase, thereby deregulating intracellular oxidant/antioxidant balance and amplifying UV sensitivity PubMed

Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

Markers

Homology

Clone Names

  • MGC14399, MGC88245

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables SH3 domain binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
enables glutathione peroxidase activity EXP
Inferred from Experiment
more info
 PubMed 
enables glutathione peroxidase activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables glutathione peroxidase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables glutathione peroxidase activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables peroxidase activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
enables protein tyrosine kinase binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in UV protection IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in arachidonate metabolic process IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in arachidonate metabolic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in cell redox homeostasis IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in cellular oxidant detoxification IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in cellular response to glucose stimulus IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in cellular response to oxidative stress IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in cellular response to oxidative stress IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in cellular response to oxidative stress NAS
Non-traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in epigenetic regulation of gene expression IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in glutathione metabolic process IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in glutathione metabolic process IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in heart contraction IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in hydrogen peroxide catabolic process IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in hydrogen peroxide catabolic process IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in lipoxygenase pathway IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of supramolecular fiber organization ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in response to estradiol IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in response to folic acid IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in response to glucose IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in response to hormone IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in response to hydrogen peroxide IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in response to hydrogen peroxide IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in response to nicotine IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in response to oxidative stress IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in response to selenium ion IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in response to selenium ion IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in response to selenium ion IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in response to vitamin E IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
Component Evidence Code Pubs
colocalizes_with Lewy body IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in cytoplasm IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in cytoplasm IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
located_in cytoplasm ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
is_active_in cytosol IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
located_in cytosol IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
  
located_in cytosol IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
located_in cytosol TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
located_in mitochondrial matrix TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
located_in mitochondrion HTP PubMed 
is_active_in mitochondrion IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
located_in mitochondrion IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in mitochondrion IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
located_in mitochondrion ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
Preferred Names
glutathione peroxidase 1
Names
GSHPx-1
cellular glutathione peroxidase
phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase GPX1
selenoprotein GPX1
NP_000572.2

Length

  • 203
NP_001316384.1

Length

  • 157
NP_001316431.1

Length

  • 104
NP_001316432.1

Length

  • 170
NP_958799.1

Length

  • 98

NEW Try the new Transcript table

RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

  1. NG_012264.1 RefSeqGene

    Range
    5006..6183
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_000581.4 → NP_000572.2  glutathione peroxidase 1 isoform 1

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_000572.2

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes the longest isoform (1).
    Source sequence(s)
    BC007865, DA730294
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS43091.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    E9PAS1, P07203, Q7Z5H1, Q9BW12
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0A994J430, Q7L4Q3
    Related
    ENSP00000407375.1, ENST00000419783.3
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cd00340
    Location:15 → 192
    GSH_Peroxidase; Glutathione (GSH) peroxidase family; tetrameric selenoenzymes that catalyze the reduction of a variety of hydroperoxides including lipid peroxidases, using GSH as a specific electron donor substrate. GSH peroxidase contains one selenocysteine residue per ...

  2. NM_001329455.2 → NP_001316384.1  glutathione peroxidase 1 isoform 5

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (5) uses an alternate, in-frame donor splice site at the 5' terminal exon, which results in the loss of the internal UGA stop codon compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (5) is shorter, lacking an internal protein segment containing the selenocysteine residue, compared to isoform 1.
    Source sequence(s)
    DA583406, HM005391
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS87079.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0A2R8Y6B6, A0A994J4L4
    Related
    ENSP00000495108.1, ENST00000643797.2

  3. NM_001329502.2 → NP_001316431.1  glutathione peroxidase 1 isoform 3

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (3) uses an alternate acceptor splice site at the 3' terminal exon, which causes a frameshift compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (3) is shorter with a distinct C-terminus compared to isoform 1.
    Source sequence(s)
    AC121247, BC007865, BP205653, DA730294
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS87078.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0A7I2YMD7
    Related
    ENSP00000493593.2, ENST00000496791.3

  4. NM_001329503.2 → NP_001316432.1  glutathione peroxidase 1 isoform 4

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (4) uses an alternate acceptor splice site at the 3' terminal exon, which causes a frameshift compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (4) is shorter with a distinct C-terminus compared to isoform 1.
    Source sequence(s)
    BC007865, BP213008, DA730294
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS87077.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0A7I2UQ36
    Related
    ENSP00000495001.2, ENST00000646881.3

  5. NM_201397.3 → NP_958799.1  glutathione peroxidase 1 isoform 2

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (2) retains an intron, which causes a frameshift compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (2) has a shorter and distinct C-terminus compared to isoform 1.
    Source sequence(s)
    BC007865, BI906726, DA730294
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS54582.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0A7I2YMD7
    Related
    ENSP00000391316.1, ENST00000419349.3
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cl00388
    Location:16 → 84
    Thioredoxin_like; Protein Disulfide Oxidoreductases and Other Proteins with a Thioredoxin fold

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2025_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000003.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    49357176..49358353 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060927.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    49386555..49387726 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
P07203.4 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P07203

Gene LinkOut

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