U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

GPT glutamic--pyruvic transaminase [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 2875, updated on 5-Aug-2026
Official Symbol
GPTprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name
glutamic--pyruvic transaminaseprovided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:4552
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000167701 MIM:138200; AllianceGenome:HGNC:4552
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
ALT; AAT1; ALT1; GPT1; SGPT
Summary
This gene encodes cytosolic alanine aminotransaminase 1 (ALT1); also known as glutamate-pyruvate transaminase 1. This enzyme catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to generate pyruvate and glutamate and, therefore, plays a key role in the intermediary metabolism of glucose and amino acids. Serum activity levels of this enzyme are routinely used as a biomarker of liver injury caused by drug toxicity, infection, alcohol, and steatosis. A related gene on chromosome 16 encodes a putative mitochondrial alanine aminotransaminase.[provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]
Annotation information
Note: This gene has been reviewed for its involvement in coronavirus biology, and is relevant for disease process.
Expression
Biased expression in liver (RPKM 18.5), kidney (RPKM 12.6) and 12 other tissues See more
Orthologs
all
Try the new Gene page
Try the new Transcripts and proteins table
See GPT in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
8q24.3
Exon count:
12
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2025_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 8 NC_000008.11 (144503068..144507172)
RS_2025_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 8 NC_060932.1 (145672833..145676937)
RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 8 NC_000008.10 (145728451..145732555)

Chromosome 8 - NC_000008.11Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene kinesin family member C2 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr8:145698787-145699682 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr8:145699683-145700576 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr8:145701473-145702366 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 19696 Neighboring gene forkhead box H1 Neighboring gene protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 16A Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr8:145709653-145710352 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr8:145710353-145711052 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr8:145715271-145715770 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC101928953 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr8:145725199-145725860 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 19697 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 2015 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr8:145729171-145729831 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 28100 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 28101 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 19698 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr8:145735245-145735868 Neighboring gene solute carrier family 33 member 2 Neighboring gene RecQ like helicase 4 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 19699

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

  • Project title: Tissue-specific circular RNA induction during human fetal development
  • Description: 35 human fetal samples from 6 tissues (3 - 7 replicates per tissue) collected between 10 and 20 weeks gestational time were sequenced using Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA
  • BioProject: PRJNA270632
  • Publication: PMID 26076956
  • Analysis date: Mon Apr 2 22:54:59 2018

Related articles in PubMed

  1. A large population histology study showing the lack of association between ALT elevation and significant fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B. Seto WK, et al. PLoS One, 2012. PMID 22389715, Free PMC Article
  2. A better parameter in predicting insulin resistance: obesity plus elevated alanine aminotransferase. Chen PH, et al. World J Gastroenterol, 2009 Nov 28. PMID 19938201, Free PMC Article
  3. Usefulness of GPT for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in obese Japanese children. Abe Y, et al. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2009. PMID 20032584
  4. Relationship between serum HBV DNA level and liver histology in HBV carriers with normal ALT in Guilan province, Iran. Mansour-Ghanaei F, et al. Med Sci Monit, 2010 Mar. PMID 20190678
  5. [Relations between ALT level and count of HBV special CTL and non-specific CTL in patients with chronic hepatitis B]. Gu XB, et al. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi, 2009 Oct. PMID 20387481

See all (156) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. Role of alanine aminotransferase in the effects of urinary caffeine concentration and its primary metabolite concentration on cognitive function in older adults: Bayesian Kernel Machine regression analysis and mediation analysis.
    Title: Role of alanine aminotransferase in the effects of urinary caffeine concentration and its primary metabolite concentration on cognitive function in older adults: Bayesian Kernel Machine regression analysis and mediation analysis.
  2. Sex Differences in the Association Between AST/ALT and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Japanese Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
    Title: Sex Differences in the Association Between AST/ALT and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Japanese Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
  3. The correlation between serum total bile acid and alanine aminotransferase of pregnant women and the disorders of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia-related amino acid metabolism.
    Title: The correlation between serum total bile acid and alanine aminotransferase of pregnant women and the disorders of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia-related amino acid metabolism.
  4. Alanine aminotransferase to high- density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is positively correlated with the occurrence of diabetes in the Chinese population: a population-based cohort study.
    Title: Alanine aminotransferase to high- density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is positively correlated with the occurrence of diabetes in the Chinese population: a population-based cohort study.
  5. Prevalence and metabolic determinants of abnormal alanine aminotransferase: A cross-sectional study of Iranian adults, 2018-2022.
    Title: Prevalence and metabolic determinants of abnormal alanine aminotransferase: A cross-sectional study of Iranian adults, 2018-2022.
  6. Genetic and Environmental Influences on Serum Alanine Aminotransferase Level: A Chinese Twin Study.
    Title: Genetic and Environmental Influences on Serum Alanine Aminotransferase Level: A Chinese Twin Study.
  7. Fasting plasma glucose and alanine aminotransferase on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: A nested case-control study.
    Title: Fasting plasma glucose and alanine aminotransferase on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: A nested case-control study.
  8. Identification of alanine aminotransferase 1 interaction network via iTRAQ-based proteomics in alternating migration, invasion, proliferation and apoptosis of HepG2 cells.
    Title: Identification of alanine aminotransferase 1 interaction network via iTRAQ-based proteomics in alternating migration, invasion, proliferation and apoptosis of HepG2 cells.
  9. Aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase ratio and the risk of diabetic nephropathy progression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A biopsy-based study.
    Title: Aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase ratio and the risk of diabetic nephropathy progression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A biopsy-based study.
  10. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a risk factor for glucose intolerance onset in men regardless of alanine aminotransferase status.
    Title: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a risk factor for glucose intolerance onset in men regardless of alanine aminotransferase status.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (131)

Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

EBI GWAS Catalog

Description
Common genetic variants associated with cognitive performance identified using the proxy-phenotype method.
EBI GWAS Catalog

See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

Markers

Homology

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate transaminase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate transaminase activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate transaminase activity NAS
Non-traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
enables pyridoxal phosphate binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables transaminase activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in L-alanine catabolic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in cytoplasm IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
is_active_in cytosol IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
located_in cytosol TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
located_in extracellular exosome HDA PubMed 
located_in extracellular region IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
Preferred Names
alanine aminotransferase 1
Names
alanine aminotransferase
alanine transaminase
glutamate pyruvate transaminase 1
glutamic--pyruvic transaminase 1
glutamic-alanine transaminase 1
glutamic-pyruvate transaminase (alanine aminotransferase)
serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase
serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase
NP_001369593.1
NP_001369594.1
NP_005300.1

NEW Try the new Transcript table

RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

  1. NG_015828.1 RefSeqGene

    Range
    5059..8091
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_001382664.1 → NP_001369593.1  alanine aminotransferase 1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC084125
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS6430.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    B0YJ18, D3DWM7, P24298, P78398, Q93076
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0ACI8QKK6
    Related
    ENSP00000433586.1, ENST00000528431.6
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    PTZ00377
    Location:17 → 496
    PTZ00377; alanine aminotransferase; Provisional

  2. NM_001382665.1 → NP_001369594.1  alanine aminotransferase 1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC084125
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS6430.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    B0YJ18, D3DWM7, P24298, P78398, Q93076
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0ACI8QKK6
    Related
    ENSP00000565028.1, ENST00000894969.2
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    PTZ00377
    Location:17 → 496
    PTZ00377; alanine aminotransferase; Provisional

  3. NM_005309.3 → NP_005300.1  alanine aminotransferase 1

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_005300.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AI283141, BP275218, BT006992
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS6430.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    B0YJ18, D3DWM7, P24298, P78398, Q93076
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A0ACI8QKK6
    Related
    ENSP00000378408.2, ENST00000394955.3
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    PTZ00377
    Location:17 → 496
    PTZ00377; alanine aminotransferase; Provisional

RNA

  1. NR_168476.1 RNA Sequence

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC084125
    Related
    ENST00000995206.1

  2. NR_168477.1 RNA Sequence

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC084125
    Related
    ENST00000995202.1

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2025_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000008.11 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    144503068..144507172
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060932.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    145672833..145676937
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
P24298.3 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P24298

Gene LinkOut

The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

Chemical Information
Molecular Biology Databases
Research Materials
Tools
Miscellaneous