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DDT D-dopachrome tautomerase [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 1652, updated on 12-Apr-2026
Official Symbol
DDTprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name
D-dopachrome tautomeraseprovided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:2732
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000099977 MIM:602750; AllianceGenome:HGNC:2732
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
D-DT; DDCT; MIF2; MIF-2
Summary
D-dopachrome tautomerase converts D-dopachrome into 5,6-dihydroxyindole. The DDT gene is related to the migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in terms of sequence, enzyme activity, and gene structure. DDT and MIF are closely linked on chromosome 22. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Expression
Broad expression in liver (RPKM 108.4), kidney (RPKM 65.2) and 23 other tissues See more
Orthologs
all
Try the new Gene page
Try the new Transcripts and proteins table
See DDT in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
22q11.23
Exon count:
6
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2025_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 22 NC_000022.11 (23971370..23980504, complement)
RS_2025_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 22 NC_060946.1 (24378787..24387911, complement)
RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 22 NC_000022.10 (24313559..24322695, complement)

Chromosome 22 - NC_000022.11Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene glutathione S-transferase theta-4-like Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:24293845-24294536 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:24294537-24295228 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:24297463-24298070 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:24298071-24298678 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:24298679-24299286 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:24301603-24302268 Neighboring gene glutathione S-transferase theta 2B Neighboring gene D-dopachrome tautomerase like Neighboring gene glutathione S-transferase theta 2 (gene/pseudogene) Neighboring gene glutathione S-transferase theta 4 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105372959

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

  • Project title: Tissue-specific circular RNA induction during human fetal development
  • Description: 35 human fetal samples from 6 tissues (3 - 7 replicates per tissue) collected between 10 and 20 weeks gestational time were sequenced using Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA
  • BioProject: PRJNA270632
  • Publication: PMID 26076956
  • Analysis date: Mon Apr 2 22:54:59 2018

Related articles in PubMed

  1. D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT or MIF-2): doubling the MIF cytokine family. Merk M, et al. Cytokine, 2012 Jul. PMID 22507380, Free PMC Article
  2. D-dopachrome tautomerase promotes IL-6 expression and inhibits adipogenesis in preadipocytes. Ishimoto K, et al. Cytokine, 2012 Dec. PMID 22951300
  3. The action of D-dopachrome tautomerase as an adipokine in adipocyte lipid metabolism. Iwata T, et al. PLoS One, 2012. PMID 22428043, Free PMC Article
  4. D-dopachrome tautomerase in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases-A new kid on the block or just another MIF? Zan C, et al. FASEB J, 2022 Nov. PMID 36269019
  5. Knockdown of D-dopachrome Tautomerase Inhibits Cell Proliferation in Human HepG2 Cell Line. Takahashi A, et al. Anticancer Res, 2021 Aug. PMID 34281877

See all (62) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. D-dopachrome tautomerase in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases-A new kid on the block or just another MIF?
    Title: D-dopachrome tautomerase in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases-A new kid on the block or just another MIF?
  2. D-dopachrome tautomerase contributes to lung epithelial repair via atypical chemokine receptor 3-dependent Akt signaling.
    Title: D-dopachrome tautomerase contributes to lung epithelial repair via atypical chemokine receptor 3-dependent Akt signaling.
  3. A structurally preserved allosteric site in the MIF superfamily affects enzymatic activity and CD74 activation in D-dopachrome tautomerase.
    Title: A structurally preserved allosteric site in the MIF superfamily affects enzymatic activity and CD74 activation in D-dopachrome tautomerase.
  4. Knockdown of D-dopachrome Tautomerase Inhibits Cell Proliferation in Human HepG2 Cell Line.
    Title: Knockdown of D-dopachrome Tautomerase Inhibits Cell Proliferation in Human HepG2 Cell Line.
  5. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) and Its Homologue d-Dopachrome Tautomerase (DDT) Inversely Correlate with Inflammation in Discoid Lupus Erythematosus.
    Title: Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) and Its Homologue d-Dopachrome Tautomerase (DDT) Inversely Correlate with Inflammation in Discoid Lupus Erythematosus.
  6. Genetic regulation of gene expression of MIF family members in lung tissue.
    Title: Genetic regulation of gene expression of MIF family members in lung tissue.
  7. Cardiomyocyte d-dopachrome tautomerase protects against heart failure.
    Title: Cardiomyocyte d-dopachrome tautomerase protects against heart failure.
  8. results show that the minor allele frequency of rs755622 and expression of DDT are significantly increased in males for MS subjects and this minor allele variant can significantly upregulate DDT expression for males but not females, which suggests that the regulation of DDT expression level by rs755622 can affect MS progression in males.
    Title: Genetic Variant rs755622 Regulates Expression of the Multiple Sclerosis Severity Modifier D-Dopachrome Tautomerase in a Sex-Specific Way.
  9. D-dopachrome tautomerase transcription may be regulated in a cell-dependent manner, and was enhanced by AMPK activation in SGBS adipocytes through inhibiting the mTOR signaling
    Title: The AMPK/mTOR pathway is involved in D-dopachrome tautomerase gene transcription in adipocytes differentiated from SGBS cells, a human preadipocyte cell line.
  10. The knockdown of D-DT and MIF, individually and additively, inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion in HeLa and SiHa cells and restrained the growth of xenograft tumor.
    Title: Combined Knockdown of D-dopachrome Tautomerase and Migration Inhibitory Factor Inhibits the Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion in Human Cervical Cancer.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (26)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

Markers

Homology

Clone Names

  • FLJ78842

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables D-dopachrome decarboxylase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables D-dopachrome decarboxylase activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables D-dopachrome decarboxylase activity IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
enables cytokine receptor binding IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables dopachrome isomerase activity TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
enables phenylpyruvate tautomerase activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables phenylpyruvate tautomerase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in negative regulation of macrophage chemotaxis IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade IGI
Inferred from Genetic Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of inflammatory response IC
Inferred by Curator
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in cytoplasm IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
located_in cytoplasm TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
located_in extracellular exosome HDA PubMed 
is_active_in extracellular region IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
located_in extracellular region IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
Preferred Names
D-dopachrome decarboxylase
Names
phenylpyruvate tautomerase II
NP_001077861.1
NP_001346.1
NP_001368781.1
NP_001384414.1

NEW Try the new Transcript table

RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_001084392.3 → NP_001077861.1  D-dopachrome decarboxylase isoform a

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001077861.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR compared to variant 1. Variants 1 and 2 both encode the same isoform (a).
    Source sequence(s)
    AC253536
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS13820.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    B7Z522, O00774, O60787, P30046, Q13534
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    J3KQ18, Q53Y51
    Related
    ENSP00000381386.4, ENST00000398344.9
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam01187
    Location:2 → 116
    MIF; Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)

  2. NM_001355.4 → NP_001346.1  D-dopachrome decarboxylase isoform a

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001346.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript. Variants 1 and 2 both encode the same isoform (a).
    Source sequence(s)
    AP000351, CA414359, U49785
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS13820.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    B7Z522, O00774, O60787, P30046, Q13534
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    J3KQ18, Q53Y51
    Related
    ENSP00000215773.4, ENST00000350608.7
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam01187
    Location:2 → 116
    MIF; Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)

  3. NM_001381852.2 → NP_001368781.1  D-dopachrome decarboxylase isoform b

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (3) encodes the longer isoform (b).
    Source sequence(s)
    AC253536
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS93131.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B5MC82, B5MCS6
    Related
    ENSP00000384866.3, ENST00000403754.7
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cl00235
    Location:2 → 100
    4Oxalocrotonate_Tautomerase; 4-Oxalocrotonate Tautomerase: Catalyzes the isomerization of unsaturated ketones. The structure is a homohexamer that is arranged as a trimer of dimers. The hexamer contains six active sites, each formed by residues from three monomers, two from one ...

  4. NM_001397485.1 → NP_001384414.1  D-dopachrome decarboxylase isoform a

    Status: REVIEWED

    Source sequence(s)
    AC253536
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS13820.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    B7Z522, O00774, O60787, P30046, Q13534
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    J3KQ18, Q53Y51
    Related
    ENSP00000608551.1, ENST00000938492.1
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam01187
    Location:2 → 116
    MIF; Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2025_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000022.11 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    23971370..23980504 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Reference GRCh38.p14 ALT_REF_LOCI_1

Genomic

  1. NT_187633.1 Reference GRCh38.p14 ALT_REF_LOCI_1

    Range
    207734..216870 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060946.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    24378787..24387911 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
P30046.3 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P30046

Gene LinkOut

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