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Select item 18602421.

WormBook: The Online Review of C. elegans Biology [Internet].

Pasadena (CA): WormBook; 2005-2018.

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Select item 18669542.

C. elegans II. 2nd edition.

Riddle DL, Blumenthal T, Meyer BJ, et al., editors.

Cold Spring Harbor (NY): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1997.

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Select item 16868403.

Retroviruses.

Coffin JM, Hughes SH, Varmus HE, editors.

Cold Spring Harbor (NY): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1997.

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Select item 18957884.

Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition.

Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al.

New York: Garland Science; 2002.

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Select item 30778625.

Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection [Internet].

Gilmore MS, Clewell DB, Ike Y, et al., editors.

Boston: Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; 2014-.

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Select item 55080386.

RNA, the Epicenter of Genetic Information: A new understanding of molecular biology.

Mattick J, Amaral P.

Abingdon (UK): CRC Press; 2022 Sep 20.

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Select item 16541067.

Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition.

Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al.

New York: Garland Science; 2001.

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Select item 50541988.

Moving Targets: Fighting the Evolution of Resistance in Infections, Pests, and Cancer: A Report on An American Academy of Microbiology Colloquium Philadelphia, Pennsylvania July 2012.

Washington (DC): American Society for Microbiology; 2012.

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Select item 14152809.

Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet].

Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience; 2000-2013.

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Select item 254905810.

Ending the War Metaphor: The Changing Agenda for Unraveling the Host-Microbe Relationship: Workshop Summary.

Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2006.

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Select item 246326211.

Antibiotic Resistance: Implications for Global Health and Novel Intervention Strategies: Workshop Summary.

Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2010.

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Select item 233066812.

Microbial Evolution and Co-Adaptation: A Tribute to the Life and Scientific Legacies of Joshua Lederberg: Workshop Summary.

Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2009.

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Select item 555888413.

Systems Biology: Functional Strategies of Living Organisms [Internet]. 2nd edition.

Konieczny L, Roterman-Konieczna I, Spólnik P.

Cham (CH): Springer; 2023.

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Select item 576504614.

Heritable Genetic Modification in Food Animals.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division on Earth and Life Studies; Food and Nutrition Board; Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources; Committee on Heritable Genetic Modification in Food Animals.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2025 Apr 23.

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Select item 195089215.

Entrez Programming Utilities Help [Internet].

Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2010-.

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Select item 314664016.

Animal Biotechnology: Science-Based Concerns.

National Research Council (US) Committee on Defining Science-Based Concerns Associated with Products of Animal Biotechnology.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2002.

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Select item 408515617.

Biological Agents.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.

Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2012. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 100B.)

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Select item 438470218.

In the Light of Evolution: Volume V: Cooperation and Conflict.

Strassman JE, Queller DC, Avise JC, et al., editors.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011.

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Select item 520369419.

Gliomas [Internet].

Debinski W, editor.

Brisbane (AU): Exon Publications; 2021 Apr 30.

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Select item 527510020.

Oral Health in America: Advances and Challenges [Internet].

Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research(US); 2021 Dec.

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Figure 2

Structure of Tc1 and Tc3 transposases. The DDE motifs, minimal sequence-specific DNA-binding domains (solid line), and nonspecific DNA-binding domains (dotted line) are indicated.

Mechanism of Tc1 Transposition.

Riddle DL, Blumenthal T, Meyer BJ, et al., editors. C. elegans II. 2nd edition. Cold Spring Harbor (NY): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1997.
Figure 2The integration of a transposable element into a cell-surface receptor gene was the event that ultimately gave rise to the immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes and their somatic recombination

Transposable elements are closed circles of extra chromosomal DNA, or episomes, that can insert themselves into the genome and later excise themselves to recreate the closed circle. In this way they can move from site to site in the genome. The transposable element must contain two functional elements, the first being transposase enzymes that mediate the integration and excision of the DNA circle from the genome, the second being specific recognition sequences for those transposases; these are sometimes called integration/excision sequences (left panel). The transposases cleave the transposable element between the two integration/excision sequences. They also cleave genomic DNA at a random site, and then ligate the ends of the integration/ excision sequences with the cut ends of the genomic DNA (center panel). The excision of the transposable element is the reverse of this process, the transposases cutting between the ends of the integration/excision sequences and the genomic DNA, and then joining together the two integration/excision sequences. In the evolution of the immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes, an initial integration event into the middle of a cell-surface receptor has been followed by rearrangements of DNA that has separated the transposase enzymes, that we now know as the RAG-1 and RAG-2 genes, from the integration/excision sequences, that we now term the recombination signal sequences, or RSS (right panel). However, the enzymes retain their ancestral function and the RAG gene products will catalyze the insertion of RSS containing fragments of DNA into the genome.

Evolution of the adaptive immune response.

Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001.
Figure 4.

ICEEfm1 in E. faecium strains Aus0004, E1162, E1679 and U0317. The ICEEfm1 elements of strains Aus0004, E1162, E1679, and U0317 were aligned using the Artemis Comparison Tool (15). Arrows indicate coding sequences (CDS) and the direction of transcription. Red-colored bands indicate matching regions between ICEEfm1 of different strains. A small blue band represents an inversion of a transposase fragment between E. faecium E1162 and E1679. The yellow arrows indicate a region that is identical to a fragment of the E. faecalis MMH594 PAI (126). The green arrows represent CDS that are homologous to the conjugation module of Tn916. The purple arrows in E1679 represent CDS putatively encoding a functional pathway for inositol uptake and metabolism. Orange arrows represent transposases and integrases. Dark blue arrows represent the genes of the vanB cluster on Tn1549. The esp gene is colored pink. White arrows indicate flanking genes that are not part of ICEEfm1.

Enterococcal Genomics.

Gilmore MS, Clewell DB, Ike Y, et al., editors. Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection [Internet]. Boston: Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; 2014-.
Figure 2:

Structure of the FCT region encoding pili. The nine characterized FCT region forms are shown. Genes encode transcriptional regulators (RofA/Nra, MsmR; green), pilus structural proteins (PB/FctA/Tee, AP1/Cpa/FctX, AP2/FctB; dark blue), other (putative) fibronectin-binding proteins (PrtF1/SfbI, PrtF2/Pfbp/FbaB, other FnBP; light blue), and processing enzymes (signal peptidase, sortases; gray); transposases are not shown. The gene content and organization of the FCT regions is based on either nucleotide sequence determination or PCR-mapping. Representative M-serotypes are assigned, based on the sequenced genomes of numerous S. pyogenes strains; our current understanding of the relationship between the T type and the FCT form is incomplete. Data is based on findings reported in (Beres & Musser, 2007; Bessen, et al., 2015; Falugi, et al., 2008; Kratovac, Manoharan, Luo, Lizano, & Bessen, 2007).

Molecular Basis of Serotyping and the Underlying Genetic Organization of Streptococcus pyogenes.

Ferretti JJ, Stevens DL, Fischetti VA, editors. Streptococcus pyogenes : Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations [Internet]. Oklahoma City (OK): University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; 2016-.