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Select item 14152801.

Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet].

Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience; 2000-2013.

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Select item 44036682.

StatPearls [Internet].

Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.

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Select item 31318243.

In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction.

National Research Council (US); Avise JC, Hubbell SP, Ayala FJ, editors.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2008.

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Select item 32265644.

Marine Mammals and Low-Frequency Sound: Progress Since 1994.

National Research Council (US) Committee to Review Results of ATOC's Marine Mammal Research Program.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2000.

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Select item 49162465.

NTP Research Report on Systematic Literature Review on the Effects of Fluoride on Learning and Memory in Animal Studies: Research Report 1 [Internet].

National Toxicology Program.

Research Triangle Park (NC): National Toxicology Program; 2016 Jul.

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Select item 32428726.

From Monsoons to Microbes: Understanding the Ocean's Role in Human Health.

National Research Council (US) Committee on the Ocean's Role in Human Health.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1999.

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Select item 31050567.

In the Light of Evolution: Volume VI: Brain and Behavior.

National Academy of Sciences; Striedter GF, Avise JC, Ayala FJ, editors.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2013 Jan 25.

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Select item 28215248.

PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].

Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-.

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Select item 31872869.

Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals.

National Research Council (US) Committee on Potential Impacts of Ambient Noise in the Ocean on Marine Mammals.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2003.

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Select item 502757810.

The walk without limbs: Searching for indigenous health knowledge in a rural context in South Africa [Internet].

Mji G, editor.

Cape Town (ZA): AOSIS; 2019.

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Select item 546242611.

Toxicological Profile for Endosulfan.

Atlanta (GA): Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (US); 2015 Aug.

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Select item 316823812.

Biodiversity.

Wilson EO, Peter FM, editors.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1988.

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Select item 454687413.

Some Industrial Chemicals.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.

Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2018. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 115.)

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Select item 433849414.

Physical Health of People in Prison: Assessment, Diagnosis and Management of Physical Health Problems.

National Guideline Centre (UK).

London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2016 Nov. (NICE Guideline, No. 57.)

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Select item 160721215.

Developmental Biology. 6th edition.

Gilbert SF.

Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2000.

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Select item 452710416.

Endovascular Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke [Internet].

Edmonton (AB): Institute of Health Economics; 2017 Aug.

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Select item 463899617.

Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for non-respiratory sleep disturbance in children with neurodisabilities: a systematic review.

Beresford B, McDaid C, Parker A, et al.

Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2018 Oct. (Health Technology Assessment, No. 22.60.)

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Select item 508308618.

FAQ: E. Coli: Good, Bad, & Deadly: “What is true for E. coli is true for the elephant”.

Washington (DC): American Society for Microbiology; 2011.

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Select item 522873419.

Guidelines on Recreational Water Quality: Volume 1 Coastal and Fresh Waters [Internet].

Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.

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Select item 324222020.

Biomedical Models and Resources: Current Needs and Future Opportunities.

National Research Council (US) Committee on New and Emerging Models in Biomedical and Behavioral Research.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1998.

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Supplemental Content

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Figure 3

This figure provides another example of the incongruity of fossil records and molecular genealogy. Using humans as a standard, all mammals that purportedly are closely related have relaxins that are not closer related to human relaxin than to that of skates and sharks. Since skates and sharks have been around in the Devonian period 380,000,000 years ago, the structural dissimilarity of the various relaxin molecules would suggest that the branching point between humans, horses, rats, etc., as well as sharks would have occurred 380,000,000 years ago. Conversely, the mammalian explosion is placed at about 60,000,000 years, which would force all the molecular genealogy lines to converge at a point 60,000,000 years ago, giving us a 300,000,000 years uncertainty. This difference is not trivial, it represents 3/5 of the total time of macro-organismic development.

Molecular Geneology.

Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet]. Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience; 2000-2013.
FIGURE 3-1

Fish and shark audiograms. Hearing capabilities in several fish species and a shark showing the lowest sound level that an animal can detect at each frequency. It is important to note that while thresholds here are presented in units of pressure, it is very likely that a number of species, including the sharks, respond best to particle acceleration and had experiments been done in terms of acceleration the shapes of the hearing curves might be somewhat different, though it is likely that the range of detection would not change very much. The stimuli in some of these experiments were in the near field where particle acceleration and pressure are not directly related. SOURCES: American shad: Mann et al. (1997); goldfish: Jacobs and Tavolga (1967); Atlantic salmon: Hawkins and Johnstone (1978); Atlantic cod: Chapman and Hawkins (1973); bull shark: Kritzler and Wood (1961).

Effects of Noise on Marine Mammals.

National Research Council (US) Committee on Potential Impacts of Ambient Noise in the Ocean on Marine Mammals. Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2003.
Figure 1

Evolution of the chordates. The phylogenetic relationships among chordates is shown (boxes) with notations of the major animal models in each taxon beneath the boxes. The adaptive immune system, defined by RAG-mediated rearranging antigen receptor genes of the Ig superfamily and by the major histocompatibility complex, has been found only in the jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes, beige boxes). Protochordates include Cephalochordates (Amphioxus) and Urochordates (Ciona/tunicates). Numbers denote when the taxa emerged in evolution (millions of years ago). Reprinted with some alterations; Hsu E, Pulham N, Rumfelt LL et al. The plasticity of immunoglobulin gene systems in evolution. Immunol Rev 2006; 210:8-26. Copyright Blackwell Munksgaard 2006.

V(D)J Recombination: Of Mice and Sharks.

Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet]. Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience; 2000-2013.
Figure 4

Organization of representative genes encoding zebrafish L chains. Some L chain type 1 clusters on chromosome 24 are represented on top line; the names of segments are some of those identified in reference 84; their updated linkage, polarity and distances were obtained from the Zv7 zebrafish genome assembly (www.ensembl.org) and reference 85. V (yellow boxes) and J (blue) gene segments are flanked by RSS (white triangle is RSS with 12 bp spacer, black triangle is RSS with 23 bp spacer) and C exons are depicted by black boxes. The transcriptional polarities are indicated by overhead arrows. A hypothetical series of rearrangements is depicted. Inversion recombination 1: rearrangement between J1c and V1i immediately upstream to form VJ (indicated as fused rectangles) and blunt-end joined RSS (fused triangles). Deletion recombination 2: The RSS-23 of the fused signal joint recombines with downstream V gene segment and deletes intervening DNA. Inversion recombination 3: the remaining J rearranges to upstream V, forming again VJ and blunt-end joined RSS. This VJ can be excised by deletion recombination 4 and replaced by rearrangement at another cluster, inversion recombination 5. A color version of this image is available at www.eurekah.com

V(D)J Recombination: Of Mice and Sharks.

Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet]. Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience; 2000-2013.