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Select item 44036681.

StatPearls [Internet].

Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-.

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Select item 26591822.

Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE): Quality-assessed Reviews [Internet].

York (UK): Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (UK); 1995-.

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Select item 55578203.

All-Optical Methods to Study Neuronal Function [Internet].

Papagiakoumou E, editor.

New York: Humana; 2023.

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Select item 15027924.

Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet].

Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013.

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Select item 16509625.

Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System [Internet].

Kolb H, Fernandez E, Jones B, et al., editors.

Salt Lake City (UT): University of Utah Health Sciences Center; 1995-.

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Select item 41294006.

Optically Induced Nanostructures: Biomedical and Technical Applications.

König K, Ostendorf A, editors.

Berlin: De Gruyter; 2015 Jun 23.

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Select item 49353207.

High Resolution Imaging in Microscopy and Ophthalmology: New Frontiers in Biomedical Optics [Internet].

Bille JF, editor.

Cham (CH): Springer; 2019.

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Select item 16686908.

Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 6th edition.

Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, et al., editors.

Hamilton (ON): BC Decker; 2003.

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Select item 41126989.

The INTRABEAM® Photon Radiotherapy System for the adjuvant treatment of early breast cancer: a systematic review and economic evaluation.

Picot J, Copley V, Colquitt JL, et al.

Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2015 Aug. (Health Technology Assessment, No. 19.69.)

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Select item 187145810.

In Vivo Optical Imaging of Brain Function. 2nd edition.

Frostig RD, editor.

Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2009.

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Select item 526870211.

The Canadian Medical Imaging Inventory 2019–2020 [Internet].

Chao YS, Sinclair A, Morrison A, et al.

Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2021 Jan.

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Select item 462783612.

Proton Beam Therapy for the Treatment of Cancer in Children and Adults: A Health Technology Assessment [Internet].

Kim J, Wells C, Khangura S, et al.

Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2017 Aug. (CADTH Health Technology Assessment, No. 145.)

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Select item 220120813.

Particle Beam Radiation Therapies for Cancer [Internet].

Trikalinos TA, Terasawa T, Ip S, et al.

Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2009 Nov. (Comparative Effectiveness Technical Briefs, No. 1.)

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Select item 290269014.

Assay Guidance Manual [Internet].

Markossian S, Grossman A, Baskir H, et al., editors.

Bethesda (MD): Eli Lilly & Company and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences; 2004-.

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Select item 318340815.

A Review of the Dose Reconstruction Program of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency.

National Research Council (US) Committee to Review the Dose Reconstruction Program of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2003.

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Select item 487597816.

Medical Imaging Systems: An Introductory Guide [Internet].

Maier A, Steidl S, Christlein V, et al., editors.

Cham (CH): Springer; 2018.

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Select item 474183817.

Optimal Strategies for the Diagnosis of Acute Pulmonary Embolism: A Health Technology Assessment [Internet].

Sinclair A, Peprah K, Quay T, et al.

Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2018 Jan. (CADTH Optimal Use Report, No. 6.3b.)

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Select item 571481018.

Aflibercept (Eylea HD): Therapeutic area: Diabetic Macular Edema: Reimbursement Review [Internet].

Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2024 Nov.

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Select item 428354619.

Proton Beam Therapy versus Photon Radiotherapy for Adult and Pediatric Oncology Patients: A Review of the Clinical and Cost-Effectiveness [Internet].

Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2016 May 20.

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Select item 282152420.

PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].

Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-.

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Supplemental Content

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Fig. 31.1

The working principle of a laser is displayed (simplified). An energy source causes excitation in atoms of the active medium that, amplified by the resonator, leads to a chain reaction with the photons ultimately exiting through the subtotal-reflective resonator. The detailed view shows photons interacting with excited electrons of the active medium and emission of additional photons of the same energy

Minimally Invasive Technologies for Treatment of HTS and Keloids: Pulsed-Dye Laser.

Téot L, Mustoe TA, Middelkoop E, et al., editors. Textbook on Scar Management: State of the Art Management and Emerging Technologies [Internet]. Cham (CH): Springer; 2020.
Fig. 1.15

To parallelize STED/RESOLFT scanning, a “widefield” arrangement with an array of intensity minima (e.g. an array of doughnuts) may be used. The numbers of molecules at these readout target coordinates do not matter, while PALM requires that there may be only a single “on”-state molecule within a diffraction zone, i.e. within the distance dictated by the diffraction barrier. [More precisely: the number of molecules per diffraction zone has to be so low that each molecule is recognized individually.] The position of each on-state molecule is however completely random in space. I _s can be regarded as the number of photons that one needs to ensure that there is at least one photon interacting with the molecule, pushing it from one state to the other in order to create the required difference in molecular states. I/I _s is, so to speak, the number of photons which really elicit the (on/off) state transition at the molecule, while most of the others just “pass by”. Similarly, in the PALM concept, the number of photons n in 1/√(n) is the number of those photons that are really detected at the coordinate-giving pixelated detector (camera), i.e. that really contribute to revealing the position of the emitting molecule. In other words, in both concepts, to attain a high coordinate precision, one needs many photons that act. The references shown are to [8, 9, 49, 51, 52] described in the text

High-Resolution 3D Light Microscopy with STED and RESOLFT.

Bille JF, editor. High Resolution Imaging in Microscopy and Ophthalmology: New Frontiers in Biomedical Optics [Internet]. Cham (CH): Springer; 2019.
Figure 5.

Rod-generated signals measured in rods and cones of macaque. A, Photovoltage responses from a rod for flashes of increasing brightness (from 0.3 to 803 photons um^-2). B, Photovoltage responses from a cone for flashes of increasing brightness (from 2.0 to 3874 photons um^-2). Slow, rod-like responses are present in cones at dim light levels. The stimulating wavelength is 500 nm. Taken from Hornstein et al. (2005) (13).

Myriad roles for gap junctions in retinal circuits.

Kolb H, Fernandez E, Jones B, et al., editors. Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System [Internet]. Salt Lake City (UT): University of Utah Health Sciences Center; 1995-.
Figure 7.14Cesium-iodine layer has cylindrical structure and acts as optical fibers. Thus, the scattering of the light photons is reduced significantly

X-ray Imaging.

Maier A, Steidl S, Christlein V, et al., editors. Medical Imaging Systems: An Introductory Guide [Internet]. Cham (CH): Springer; 2018.