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Select item 15027921.

Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet].

Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2013.

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Select item 14152802.

Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet].

Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience; 2000-2013.

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Select item 44036683.

StatPearls [Internet].

Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-.

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Select item 34012944.

Endotext [Internet].

Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, et al., editors.

South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-.

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Select item 46090285.

Certolizumab Pegol (Cimzia) [Internet].

Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2017 Sep.

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Select item 33182006.

Golimumab (Simponi) (Subcutaneous Injection): Adult Patients with Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis Who Have Had an Inadequate Response to, or Have Medical Contraindications for, Conventional Therapies [Internet].

Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2014 Nov.

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Select item 26591827.

Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE): Quality-assessed Reviews [Internet].

York (UK): Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (UK); 1995-.

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Select item 52700588.

NTP Genetically Modified Model Report on the Toxicology Studies of Aspartame (CASRN 22839-47-0) in Genetically Modified (FVB Tg.AC Hemizygous) and B6.129-Cdkn2atm1Rdp (N2) Deficient Mice and Carcinogenicity Studies of Aspartame in Genetically Modified [B6.129-Trp53tm1Brd (N5) Haploinsufficient] Mice (Feed Studies): NTP GMM 01 [Internet].

Bucher JR, Bristol DW, French JE, et al.

Research Triangle Park (NC): National Toxicology Program; 2005 Oct.

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Select item 16541069.

Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition.

Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al.

New York: Garland Science; 2001.

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Select item 436938010.

Canakinumab (Ilaris) [Internet].

Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2016 Nov.

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Select item 466415411.

Clinical Review Report: Insulin Degludec (Tresiba): (Novo Nordisk Canada Inc): Indication: For once-daily treatment of adults with diabetes mellitus to improve glycemic control [Internet].

Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2017 Dec.

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Select item 424595412.

Calcineurin Inhibitors for Renal Transplant [Internet].

Leas BF, Uhl S, Sawinski DL, et al.

Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2016 Mar. (Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, No. 166.)

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Select item 494913813.

Clinical Review Report: Insulin degludec and liraglutide injection (Xultophy): (Novo Nordisk Canada Inc.): Indication: An adjunct to lifestyle modifications, for the once-daily treatment of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus to improve glycemic control in combination with metformin, with or without sulfonylurea, when these combined with basal insulin (less than 50 U daily) or liraglutide (less than or equal to 1.8 mg daily) do not provide adequate glycemic control [Internet].

Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2019 Dec.

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Pasireotide (Signifor): Treatment of Adult Patients with Cushing Disease [Internet].

Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2015 Aug.

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Effectiveness of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (rhGH) in the Treatment of Patients With Cystic Fibrosis [Internet].

Phung OJ, Coleman CI, Baker EL, et al.

Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2010 Oct. (Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, No. 23.)

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Clinical Review Report: Certolizumab Pegol (Cimzia): (UCB Canada Inc.): Indication: Treatment of adult patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis who are candidates for systemic therapy [Internet].

Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2020 Jan.

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Select item 166869017.

Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 6th edition.

Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, et al., editors.

Hamilton (ON): BC Decker; 2003.

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Select item 463463218.

Guidelines on second-and third-line medicines and type of insulin for the control of blood glucose levels in non-pregnant adults with diabetes mellitus.

Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.

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Select item 235805219.

Probe Reports from the NIH Molecular Libraries Program [Internet].

Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2010-.

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Somatropin (Genotropin) (0.15 mg/day to 0.3 mg/day): Replacement of Endogenous Growth Hormone in Adults with Growth Hormone Deficiency [Internet].

Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2014 Jan.

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Figure 7

Summary of different fates and functions of signal peptides. A) Signal peptides can function as membrane integrated peptides (e.g., signal peptides of arenavirus and foamy virus glycoproteins). B) Signal peptides can be released from the membrane to the cytosol (signal peptide of MMTV pre-Env and Rem proteins). C) Signal peptides can be released from the membrane to the ER lumen (signal peptide of SFV). D) Signal peptides can be processed by SPP and the resulting fragments can have various functions (see Table 1). E) Directly after their cleavage from the precursor protein signal peptides may become degraded. This is probably true for most signal peptides but little is known about this process.

Post-Targeting Functions of Signal Peptides.

Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet]. Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience; 2000-2013.
Figure 3.24Peptides bind to MHC molecules through structurally related anchor residues

Peptides eluted from two different MHC class I molecules are shown. The anchor residues (green) differ for peptides that bind different alleles of MHC class I molecules but are similar for all peptides that bind to the same MHC molecule. The upper and lower panels show peptides that bind to two different alleles of MHC class I molecules. The anchor residues that bind a particular MHC molecule need not be identical, but are always related (for example, phenylalanine (F) and tyrosine (Y) are both aromatic amino acids, whereas valine (V), leucine (L), and isoleucine (I) are all large hydro-phobic amino acids). Peptides also bind to MHC class I molecules through their amino (blue) and carboxy (red) termini.

Antigen recognition by T cells.

Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001.
Figure 5.9HLA-DM facilitates the loading of antigenic peptides onto class II molecules

The invariant chain binds to newly synthesized MHC class II molecules and blocks the binding of peptides and unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and during the transport of the MHC class II molecule into acidified endocytic vesicles (first panel). In such vesicles, proteases cleave the invariant chain, leaving the CLIP peptide bound to the MHC class II molecule (second panel). Pathogens and their proteins are broken down into peptides within acidified endocytic vesicles, but these peptides cannot bind to MHC class II molecules that are occupied by CLIP (third panel). The class II-like molecule, HLA-DM, binds to MHC class II:CLIP complexes, catalyzing the release of CLIP and the binding of antigenic peptides (fourth panel).

The generation of T-cell receptor ligands.

Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001.
Figure 7.36The differences between negative and positive selection may be due to differences in the aggregation of T-cell receptors upon ligand binding

Agonist, antagonist, and null peptides can be identified for a particular T-cell receptor by assaying the responses of mature T-cell clones. Their effects on mature T cells in vivo can be tested in mice made transgenic for this T-cell receptor (left-hand panels). By using thymic lobe organ cultures from mice that have also been genetically engineered to express only the MHC class I molecule recognized by the receptor, it is possible to test for the effects of these peptides on thymocyte development (right-hand panels). Binding to an agonist peptide (top panels) induces organized aggregation of T-cell receptors on the cell surface and effective signaling through the T-cell receptor. Agonist peptides trigger the full activation of mature T cells, however if they are encountered as self peptides by developing thymocytes they induce apoptosis and hence negative selection. Antagonist peptides (center panels) bind the T-cell receptor but fail to induce organized receptor aggregation. These peptides inhibit mature T cells but can drive the positive selection of developing thymocytes. Irrelevant peptides fail to engage the T-cell receptor at all and are ignored by mature T cells and developing thymocytes. If only irrelevant peptides are presented, the thymocyte is not positively selected and it dies by neglect.

Interaction with self antigens selects some lymphocytes for survival but eliminates others.

Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001.