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Select item 49729821.

Assessment of Long-Term Health Effects of Antimalarial Drugs When Used for Prophylaxis.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Committee to Review Long-Term Health Effects of Antimalarial Drugs; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Styka AN, Savitz DA, editors.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2020 Feb 25.

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Select item 13988522.

Defining and Defeating the Intolerable Burden of Malaria III: Progress and Perspectives: Supplement to Volume 77(6) of American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

Breman JG, Alilio MS, White NJ, editors.

Northbrook (IL): American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene; 2007 Dec.

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Select item 44036683.

StatPearls [Internet].

Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-.

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Select item 31341924.

Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance.

Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs; Arrow KJ, Panosian C, Gelband H, editors.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2004.

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Select item 48538165.

LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet].

Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-.

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Select item 31975026.

Malaria Control during Mass Population Movements and Natural Disasters.

Bloland PB, Williams HA; National Research Council (US) Committee on Population; Program on Forced Migration and Health at the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2002.

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Select item 13685967.

The Intolerable Burden of Malaria II: What's New, What's Needed: Supplement to Volume 71(2) of the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

Breman JG, Alilio MS, Mills A, editors.

Northbrook (IL): American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene; 2004 Aug.

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Select item 45657288.

Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet].

Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006-.

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Select item 26591829.

Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE): Quality-assessed Reviews [Internet].

York (UK): Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (UK); 1995-.

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Select item 326434210.

Malaria: Obstacles and Opportunities.

Institute of Medicine (US) Committee for the Study on Malaria Prevention and Control; Oaks SC Jr, Mitchell VS, Pearson GW, et al., editors.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1991.

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Select item 310077211.

Countering the Problem of Falsified and Substandard Drugs.

Committee on Understanding the Global Public Health Implications of Substandard, Falsified, and Counterfeit Medical Products; Board on Global Health; Institute of Medicine; Buckley GJ, Gostin LO, editors.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2013 May 20.

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Select item 282062212.

Medical Genetics Summaries [Internet].

Pratt VM, Scott SA, Pirmohamed M, et al., editors.

Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2012-.

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Select item 141279613.

The Intolerable Burden of Malaria: A New Look at the Numbers: Supplement to Volume 64(1) of the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

Breman JG, Egan A, Keusch GT, editors.

Northbrook (IL): American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene; 2001 Jan.

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Select item 165969414.

Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. 2nd edition.

Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, et al., editors.

Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank; New York: Oxford University Press; 2006.

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Select item 324827015.

Interactions of Drugs, Biologics, and Chemicals in U.S. Military Forces.

Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Study the Interactions of Drugs, Biologics, and Chemicals in U.S. Military Forces; Petersdorf RG, Page WF, Thaul S, editors.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1996.

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Select item 429652416.

Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach. 2nd edition.

Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.

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Select item 235805217.

Probe Reports from the NIH Molecular Libraries Program [Internet].

Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2010-.

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Select item 251951818.

Rare Diseases and Orphan Products: Accelerating Research and Development.

Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Accelerating Rare Diseases Research and Orphan Product Development; Field MJ, Boat TF, editors.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2010.

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Select item 144534219.

Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition.

Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors.

Boston: Butterworths; 1990.

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Select item 520324820.

SARS-CoV-2 Assays [Internet].

Bethesda (MD): National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS); 2020-.

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Figure A6.2Effectiveness of artesunate plus mefloquine combination on parasite levels and resistance

Note: The artesunate plus mefloquine combination. If no artesunate is given, then the number of parasites exposed to mefloquine alone is given by the area of A; with the combination administered for 3 days the number of parasites exposed to mefloquine alone is given by the area of B (100 million times fewer). Furthermore, mefloquine levels are higher (m to n) when confronting B than when confronting the same number of parasites (B1) if no artesunate is given (x to y). If a parasite containing a de novo mefloquine-resistant mutation were to occur, then such a parasite should still be susceptible to artesunate. Thus, the probability of selecting a resistant mutant is reduced by 100 million times; as only a maximum of 100 000 parasites are exposed to mefloquine alone after the fourth day (i.e. in the third cycle), and any artesunate-resistant parasite selected by artesunate initially would always be killed by the accompanying mefloquine. As a result, the combination is more effective, reduces transmission and prevents the emergence of resistance to both drugs.

RESISTANCE TO ANTIMALARIAL MEDICINES.

Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. 2nd edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
Figure 1

Drug efficacy in western Thailand. CQ = chloroquine; SP= sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine; Q = quinine; QT = quinine and tetracycline; M₁₅= mefloquine, 15 mg/kg; M₂₅= mefloquine, 25 mg/kg.

Antimalarial Drug Resistance, Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy, and the Contribution of Modeling to Elucidating Policy Choices.

Breman JG, Alilio MS, Mills A, editors. The Intolerable Burden of Malaria II: What's New, What's Needed: Supplement to Volume 71(2) of the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Northbrook (IL): American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene; 2004 Aug.
Figure 2

The pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic profile of artemisinin combination treatment in falciparum malaria.6–8 The individual patient parasite burden (approximating to 2% parasitemia in an adult) is shown on the vertical axis in a logarithmic scale, and the concomitant profile of drug concentrations is shown as a curved red line. The total numbers of parasites exposed to the drugs are shown as triangles, the area of which corresponds to total numbers in the blood. In this example the ACT partner drug is mefloquine. The treatment is given for 3 days, which covers 2 asexual cycles and the effect of the artesunate is a 100,000,000-fold reduction in parasite burden. This leaves approximately 10,000 parasites (dark green triangle B) remaining for residual concentrations of mefloquine (from points m to n) to remove. If no artesunate had been given, the mefloquine would have reduced the parasite burden more slowly (light brown large triangle), and the number of parasites corresponding to B (i.e., B₁) would have been exposed to lower mefloquine concentrations (from points p to q). In this example these concentrations would be insufficient to inhibit growth of the most resistant parasites prevalent (minimum inhibitory concentration; MIC_R) and so, whereas the ACT would cure all infections provided these blood concentrations were achieved, there would be treatment failures with mefloquine monotherapy. MIC_s refers to the most sensitive MICs for artesunate and mefloquine respectively. The time from points x to y on the mefloquine elimination curve represents the window of selection (about 16 days in this example) during which newly acquired infections with sensitive parasites cannot establish themselves whereas resistant parasites can.

Artemisinin-Based Combination Treatment of Falciparum Malaria.

Breman JG, Alilio MS, White NJ, editors. Defining and Defeating the Intolerable Burden of Malaria III: Progress and Perspectives: Supplement to Volume 77(6) of American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Northbrook (IL): American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene; 2007 Dec.
FIGURE 6-3aAn HPLC chromatogram with distinct peaks for chloroquine, quinine, and mefloquine can be used to identify cheap chloroquine and quinine treatments labeled as the more expensive mefloquine

NOTE: HPLC = high-performance liquid chromatography; mAU = milli absorbance unit.
SOURCE: Adapted from Gaudiano et al., 2006. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier.

Detection Technology.

Committee on Understanding the Global Public Health Implications of Substandard, Falsified, and Counterfeit Medical Products; Board on Global Health; Institute of Medicine; Buckley GJ, Gostin LO, editors. Countering the Problem of Falsified and Substandard Drugs. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2013 May 20.