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Select item 44036681.

StatPearls [Internet].

Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-.

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Select item 14152802.

Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet].

Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience; 2000-2013.

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Select item 16541063.

Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition.

Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al.

New York: Garland Science; 2001.

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Select item 34012944.

Endotext [Internet].

Feingold KR, Ahmed SF, Anawalt B, et al., editors.

South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-.

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Select item 23639745.

Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis.

Arvin A, Campadelli-Fiume G, Mocarski E, et al., editors.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007.

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Select item 32314346.

Military Strategies for Sustainment of Nutrition and Immune Function in the Field.

Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Military Nutrition Research.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1999.

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Select item 16686907.

Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 6th edition.

Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, et al., editors.

Hamilton (ON): BC Decker; 2003.

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Select item 15816868.

Medical Microbiology. 4th edition.

Baron S, editor.

Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; 1996.

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Select item 44650649.

Autoimmunity: From Bench to Bedside [Internet].

Anaya JM, Shoenfeld Y, Rojas-Villarraga A, et al., editors.

Bogota (Colombia): El Rosario University Press; 2013 Jul 18.

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Select item 540176810.

Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations [Internet]. 2nd edition.

Ferretti JJ, Stevens DL, Fischetti VA, editors.

Oklahoma City (OK): University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; 2022 Oct 8.

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Select item 420372011.

Streptococcus pyogenes : Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations [Internet].

Ferretti JJ, Stevens DL, Fischetti VA, editors.

Oklahoma City (OK): University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; 2016-.

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Select item 282152412.

PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].

Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-.

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Select item 324070613.

Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment.

National Research Council (US) Committee on Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1999.

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Select item 140373814.

Polymicrobial Diseases.

Brogden KA, Guthmiller JM, editors.

Washington (DC): ASM Press; 2002.

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Select item 307786215.

Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection [Internet].

Gilmore MS, Clewell DB, Ike Y, et al., editors.

Boston: Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; 2014-.

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Select item 144161816.

Helicobacter pylori: Physiology and Genetics.

Mobley HLT, Mendz GL, Hazell SL, editors.

Washington (DC): ASM Press; 2001.

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Select item 186024217.

WormBook: The Online Review of C. elegans Biology [Internet].

Pasadena (CA): WormBook; 2005-2018.

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Select item 165969418.

Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. 2nd edition.

Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, et al., editors.

Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank; New York: Oxford University Press; 2006.

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Select item 219516219.

StemBook [Internet].

Cambridge (MA): Harvard Stem Cell Institute; 2008-.

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Select item 307166820.

Microbial Ecology in States of Health and Disease: Workshop Summary.

Forum on Microbial Health; Board on Global Health; Institute of Medicine.

Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2014 Feb 18.

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Figure A.40In vivo assay for the presence of protective immunity after vaccination in animals

Mice are injected with the test vaccine or a control such as saline solution. Different groups are then challenged with lethal or pathogenic doses of the test pathogen or with an unrelated pathogen as a specificity control (not shown). Unimmunized animals die or become severely infected. Successful vaccination is seen as specific protection of immunized mice against infection with the test pathogen. This is called active immunity and the process is called active immunization.

Appendix I. Immunologists' Toolbox.

Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001.
FIGURE a

The cycle of immunity–infection–active disease in multiple myeloma. Active myeloma and anti-myeloma therapy suppress immunity. Infections delay administration of anti-myeloma therapy, and inflammation associated with infection is thought to nurture myeloma activity and resistance to anti-myeloma therapy. These interactions are central to the TEAMM trial, which aims to prevent infections during anti-myeloma therapy and help break the cycle of immunity–infection–myeloma activity that fosters the maintenance of active myeloma. The TEAMM trial measured three core aspects relating to this cycle (shown in the light blue boxes), with identifiable routes to patient impact. The objective was to understand the mechanisms underlying these interactions, and to provide further routes and refinement of interventions through stratification and identification strategies. IL-6, interleukin 6.

Scientific summary.

Chicca IJ, Heaney JLJ, Iqbal G, et al. Stratifying risk of infection and response to therapy in patients with myeloma: a prognostic study. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2020 Dec.
FIGURE 1

The cycle of immunity–infection–active disease in multiple myeloma. Active myeloma and anti-myeloma therapy suppress immunity. Infections delay administration of anti-myeloma therapy, and inflammation associated with infection is thought to nurture myeloma activity and resistance to anti-myeloma therapy. These interactions are central to the TEAMM trial, which aims to prevent infections during anti-myeloma therapy and help break the immunity–infection–myeloma activity cycle that fosters the maintenance of active myeloma. The TEAMM trial measured three core aspects relating to this cycle (shown in the light blue boxes), with identifiable routes to patient impact. The objective was to understand the mechanisms underlying these interactions, and to provide further routes and refinement of interventions through stratification and identification strategies. IL-6, interleukin 6.

Introduction.

Chicca IJ, Heaney JLJ, Iqbal G, et al. Stratifying risk of infection and response to therapy in patients with myeloma: a prognostic study. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2020 Dec.
Figure 2.11The classical pathway of complement activation generates a C3 convertase that deposits large numbers of C3b molecules on the pathogen surface

The steps in the reaction are outlined here and detailed in the text. The cleavage of C4 by C1s exposes a reactive group on C4b that allows it to bind covalently to the pathogen surface. C4b then binds C2, making it susceptible to cleavage by C1s. The larger C2b fragment is the active protease component of the C3 convertase, which cleaves many molecules of C3 to produce C3b, which binds to the pathogen surface, and C3a, an inflammatory mediator.

The complement system and innate immunity.

Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001.