Orientation of male moths to pheromone stimulation. (A) Cadra cautella male orienting in a wind tunnel in response to a pheromone plume pulsed at low frequency. (B) as (A) but with higher pheromone stimulus pulse frequency. (C) Flight track of a Heliothis virescens male (bottom) and electroantennogram (EAG) recording (showing the response of olfactory sensory neurons) from an isolated male antenna attached to the flying moth to monitor pheromone flament interception. EAG response onsets are labeled by numbers corresponding to positions in the flight track. The moth takes fight (F) upon the onset of the second EAG response, performs a surge oriented almost in the upwind direction, and upon prolonged loss of the pheromone flament, starts a counterturn. (D) Head turn angle and body orientation in male Bombyx mori walking in response to pheromone stimulation (arrowheads). It can be seen that the animal performs counterturns that are correlated with head turns. ([A] and [B] Redrawn from Mafra-Neto, A. and Cardé, R. T., Nature, 369, 142–44, 1994. With permission. [C] Redrawn from Vickers, N. J. and Baker, T. C., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 5756–60, 1994. With permission. © 1994, National Academy of Sciences, USA. [D] Redrawn after Mishima, T. and Kanzaki, R., J. Comp. Physiol. A, 183, 273–82, 1998. With permission.)