An official website of the United States government
The .gov means it's official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site.
The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.
Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.
Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1999. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 72.)
Top results in this bookTable of Contents
Combined Estrogen–Progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen–Progestogen Menopausal Therapy.
Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2007. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 91.)
StatPearls [Internet].
Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan-.
Endotext [Internet].
Feingold KR, Adler RA, Ahmed SF, et al., editors.
South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-.
Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE): Quality-assessed Reviews [Internet].
York (UK): Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (UK); 1995-.
Hormonal Contraceptive Methods for Women at High Risk of HIV and Living with HIV: 2014 Guidance Statement.
Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.
Contraceptive Research and Development: Looking to the Future.
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Contraceptive Research and Development; Harrison PF, Rosenfield A, editors.
Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1996.
Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use [Internet]. 6th edition.
Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025.
World Cancer Report: Cancer research for cancer prevention.
Wild CP, Weiderpass E, Stewart BW, editors.
Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2020.
Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 6th edition.
Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, et al., editors.
Hamilton (ON): BC Decker; 2003.
Oral Contraceptives & Breast Cancer.
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Relationship Between Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer.
Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1991.
Advancing Research on Chronic Conditions in Women.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on a Framework for the Consideration of Chronic Debilitating Conditions in Women; Batulan Z, Bhimla A, Higginbotham EJ, editors.
Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2024 Sep 25.
Contraception: Comparison of hormonal IUD and copper IUD: IQWiG Reports – Commission No. HT21-05 [Internet].
Cologne (Germany): Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2023 Oct 15.
New Frontiers in Contraceptive Research: A Blueprint for Action.
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on New Frontiers in Contraceptive Research; Nass SJ, Strauss JF III, editors.
Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2004.
PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].
Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-.
Nursing Health Promotion [Internet].
Open Resources for Nursing (Open RN); Ernstmeyer K, Christman E Dr, editors.
Eau Claire (WI): Chippewa Valley Technical College; 2025.
LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet].
Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-.
Contraceptive eligibility for women at high risk of HIV: Guidance statement: Recommendations on contraceptive methods used by women at high risk of HIV.
Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019.
GeneReviews® [Internet].
Adam MP, Bick S, Mirzaa GM, et al., editors.
Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2026.
Alcohol Consumption and Ethyl Carbamate.
Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2010. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 96.)
Your browsing activity is empty.
Activity recording is turned off.
Turn recording back on