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Salisbury C, O’Cathain A, Thomas C, et al. An evidence-based approach to the use of telehealth in long-term health conditions: development of an intervention and evaluation through pragmatic randomised controlled trials in patients with depression or raised cardiovascular risk. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2017 Jan. (Programme Grants for Applied Research, No. 5.1.)

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An evidence-based approach to the use of telehealth in long-term health conditions: development of an intervention and evaluation through pragmatic randomised controlled trials in patients with depression or raised cardiovascular risk.

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Appendix 4Summary of included studies addressing changes in overall cardiovascular disease risk factors

StudyParticipantsInterventionFollow-upComparisonOutcome measures
Bennett 2011420145 managers from eight US organisationsInternet-based training programme6 monthsNormal daily activitiesDietary attitudes and beliefs, exercise participation and beliefs, mental health symptom frequency and beliefs, weight, waist circumference, BMI, percentage body fat
Bove 2011181465 participants from medically underserved and rural areas (USA)Nurse management of CVD risk factors with telemedicine communication12 monthsNurse management of CVD risk factorsFramingham 10-year CVD event risk, waist circumference, BMI, SBP, DBP, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, blood glucose, HbA1c, smoking
Broekhuizen 2012184340 Dutch adults with familial hypercholesterolaemiaPersonalised health counselling using computer-generated tailored advice and face-to-face counselling complemented by telephone booster sessions12 monthsUsual careTotal cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, SBP, serum glucose, BMI, waist circumference
Claes 2013180314 self-employed lawyers in BelgiumPersonalised online and one-to-one coaching by mail, e-mail and telephone and face-to-face. Printed profile with individual risk factors and total CVD risk. Annual multidisciplinary screening3 yearsPrinted profile with individual risk factors and total CVD risk. Annual multidisciplinary screening10-year risk of a fatal CVD event, SBP, DBP, total cholesterol, BMI, physical fitness (heart rate in recovery post exercise)
Cook 2007421419 US human resource company employeesComprehensive multimedia health promotion programme3 monthsCommercially available bookletsEating practices and attitudes, stress management, physical activity
Dekkers 2011179276 healthy overweight employees of Dutch companiesDistance counselling lifestyle intervention programme by via phone or internet called Leef je Fit (Live yourself Fit). Also received self-help materials2 yearsSelf-help materialsBody weight, waist circumference, sum of skinfolds, SBP, DBP, total cholesterol
Nolan 2011182680 participants at high risk of CVD or history of CAD (Canada)Small group lifestyle counselling via teleconference. Written summary of CVD risk factor profile with brief advice and educational handouts6 monthsWritten summary of CVD risk factor profiles with brief advice and educational handoutsFramingham 10-year CVD risk, SBP, DBP, ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol
Nolan 2012183387 hypertensive patients (Canada)E-counselling with motivational messaging4 monthsUsual care and e-newsletterSBP, DBP, pulse pressure, total cholesterol
Ruffin 20114223382 participants in Family Healthware Impact Trial (USA)Interactive online tool for family history of six common diseases (including CHD and stroke). Provides risk assessment and tailored preventative health messages6 monthsStandard prevention messages for common diseases of interestSmoking, fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity, blood pressure, cholesterol, blood glucose
Sone 20101782033 Japanese type 2 diabetes patientsIndividual telephone counselling sessions every 2 weeks8 yearsUsual careIncidence of macrovascular and microvascular complications, BMI, SBP, DBP, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, HDL cholesterol, lipoprotein, food energy intake, exercise, smoking
Verheijden 2004423146 general practice patients with chronic diseases (Canada)Self-assessment tool for stage of behaviour change, providing targeted information packages8 monthsUsual careBMI, SBP, DBP, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides
Wakefield 2011424302 US war veterans with hypertension and diabetesHome telehealth device for blood pressure and blood glucose data input. High-intensity group received prompts from pre-programmed branching disease management algorithm. Low-intensity group received automated responses from device12 monthsUsual careHbA1c, SBP
Wister 200748611 patients at high risk of CVD or history of CHD (Canada)Health report card with telehealth counselling follow-up sessions12 monthsUsual careFramingham 10-year CVD risk, Framingham global risk score, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, glucose, SBP, smoking, physical activity, BMI

CAD, coronary artery disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure.

This table is reprinted from Preventive Medicine, vol. 64, Merriel SW, Andrews V, Salisbury C, Telehealth interventions for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis, pp. 88–95, copyright 2015, with permission from Elsevier.61

Copyright © Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO 2017. This work was produced by Salisbury et al. under the terms of a commissioning contract issued by the Secretary of State for Health. This issue may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and extracts (or indeed, the full report) may be included in professional journals provided that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising. Applications for commercial reproduction should be addressed to: NIHR Journals Library, National Institute for Health Research, Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre, Alpha House, University of Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, UK.

Included under terms of UK Non-commercial Government License.

Bookshelf ID: NBK409360
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