Guidelines and reports consulted and studies appraised
Guidelines and reports consulted
Breaking the circles of fear - a review of the relationship between mental health services and African and Caribbean communities, A report from the Sainsbury Mental Health Centre. London: 2002.
Commission for Racial Equality - Annual Report 2002. Commission for Racial Equality; London: 2002.
Bhugra D, Bhui K. Cross-cultural psychiatry: a practical guide. London: Arnold; 2001. p. 24.
Commander MJ, Cochrane R, Sashidharan SP, Akilu F, Wildsmith E. Ethnicity and Mental Health Service Provision. Academic Unit, Northern Birmingham Mental Health Trust; 1997.
Sashhidharan SP. Inside outside - improving mental health services for black and minority ethnic communities in England. Department of Health; 2003.
Dutt R, Ferns P. ‘Letting through the light’ (Odiri)- A training pack on black people and mental health. Race Equality Unit; 1998.
Bhui Kamaldeep., editor. Racism and mental health - prejudice and suffering. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2002. p. 127.
Wilson M, Francis J. Raised voices - African-Caribbean and African users' views and experiences of mental health services in England and Wales. MIND Publication;
Ndegwa D. Social division and difference: black and ethnic minorities. NHS National Programme on Forensic Mental Health Research and Development; 2002.
The recognition, prevention and therapeutic management of violence in mental health care. UKCC; 2002.
Warner L, Nicholas S, Patel K, Harris J, Ford R. National visit 2: improving care for detained patients from black and minority ethnic communities. Preliminary report. The Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health; 2000.
Studies appraised
Included
Chen EY, Harrison G, Standen PJ. Management of first episode psychotic illness in Afro-Caribbean patients.
British Journal of Psychiatry. 1991;158:517–22. [
PubMed: 1675902]
Choca JP, Shanley LA, Peterson CA, Van Denburg E. Racial bias and the MCMI.
Journal of Personality Assessment. 1990;54:479–90. [
PubMed: 2348337]
Chu CC, Sallach HS, Zakeria S, Klein HE. Differences in psychopathology between black and white schizophrenics.
Int.J.Soc.Psychiatry. 1986;31:252–7. [
PubMed: 4077424]
Coid J, Kahtan N, Gault S, Jarman B. Ethnic differences in admissions to secure forensic psychiatry services.
Br J Psychiatry. 2000;177:241–7. [
PubMed: 11040885]
Commander MJ, Cochrane R, Sashidharan SP, Akilu F, Wildsmith E. Ethnicity and mental health service provision. Academic Unit, Northern Birmingham Mental Health Trust; 1997.
Davies S, Thornicroft G, Leese M, Higgingbotham A, Phelan M. Ethnic differences in risk of compulsory psychiatric admission among representative cases of psychosis in London.
BMJ. 1996;312:533–537. [
PMC free article: PMC2350333] [
PubMed: 8595280]
Dixon M, Oyebode F, Brannigan C. Formal justifications for compulsory psychiatric detention.
Med Sci Law. 2000;40:319–26. [
PubMed: 11281354]
Feinstein A, Holloway F. Evaluating the use of a psychiatric intensive care unit: Is ethnicity a risk factor for admission?
International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2002;48:38–46. [
PubMed: 12008906]
Hoptman MJ, Yates KF, Patalinjug MB, Wack RC, Convit A. Clinical prediction of assaultive behavior among male psychiatric patients at a maximum-security forensic facility.
Psychiatr Serv. 1999;50:1461–6. [
PubMed: 10543856]
Hutton HE, Miner MH, Blades JR, Langfeldt VC. Ethnic differences on the MMPI overcontrolled-hostility scale.
J Pers.Assess. 1992;58:260–8. [
PubMed: 1578328]
Kho K, Sensky T, Mortimer A, Corcos C. Prospective study into factors associated with aggressive incidents in psychiatric acute admission wards.
Br J Psychiatry. 1998;172:38–43. [
PubMed: 9534830]
Lawson WB, Hepler N, Holladay J, Cuffel B. The effects of race on diagnosis and disposition from a psychiatric emergency service.
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1995;56:101–7. [
PubMed: 7883727]
Lloyd K, Moodley P. Psychotropic medication and ethnicity: an in-patient survey.
Soc.Psychiatry.Epidemiol. 1992;27:95–101. [
PubMed: 1594979]
McNiel DE, Binder RL. Correlates of accuracy in the assessment of psychiatric inpatients' risk of violence.
Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:901–6. [
PubMed: 7755121]
Morley R, Wykes T, MacCarthy B. Attitudes of relatives of Afro-Caribbean patients: do they affect admission?
Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1991;26:187–93. [
PubMed: 1948301]
Spitz Reubin T, Hillbrand M, Foster HG, Svetina CJ. Ethnicity, aggression, and serum creatine kinase in hospitalised male forensic patients.
Ethnicity and Disease. 1997;7:259–270. [
PubMed: 9467709]
Secker J, Harding C. African and African Caribbean users' perceptions of in-patient services.
Journal of Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing. 2002;9(2):161–167. [
PubMed: 11966985]
Sheehan JD, Hardie T, Watson JP. Social deprivation, ethnicity and violent incidents on acute psychiatric wards. Psychiatric Bulletin. 1995;19:597–599.
Silver E. Race, neighborhood disadvantage, and violence among persons with mental disorders: the importance of contextual measurement.
Law Hum Behav. 2000;24:449–56. [
PubMed: 10974802]
Strakowski SM, Shelton RC, Kolbrener ML. The effects of race and comorbidity on clinical diagnosis in patients with psychosis.
J Clin Psychiatry. 1993;54:96–102. [
PubMed: 8096843]
Strakowski SM, Lonczak HS, Sax KW, West SA, Crist A, Mehta R, et al. The effects of race on diagnosis and disposition from a psychiatric emergency service.
J Clin Psychiatry. 1995;56:101–7. [
PubMed: 7883727]
Wilson M, Francis J. Raised voices - African-Caribbean and African users' views and experiences of mental health services in England and Wales. MIND Publication. 1999
Excluded
Carpenter MD, Hannon VR, McCleery G, Wanderling JA. Ethnic differences in seclusion and restraint.
J Nerv.Ment Dis. 1988;176:726–31. [
PubMed: 3199108]
Fabrega HJ, Mezzich J, Ulrich RF. Black-white differences in psychopathology in an urban psychiatric population.
Compr.Psychiatry. 1988;29:285–97. [
PubMed: 3378415]
Greenblatt RL, Davis WE. Accuracy of MCMI classification of angry and psychotic black and white patients.
J Clin Psychol. 1992;48:59–63. [
PubMed: 1556217]
Gudjonsson G, Rabe-Hesketh S, Wilson C. Life events, ethnicity and perceptions of discrimination in patients with severe mental illness.
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 1999;34:600–8. [
PubMed: 10651179]
Marx JI, Levinson RM. Statutory change and ‘street-level’ implementation of psychiatric commitment.
Soc Sci Med. 1988;27:1247–56. [
PubMed: 3206255]
Singh SP, Croudace T, Beck A, Harrison G. Perceived ethnicity and the risk of compulsory admission.
Soc.Psychiatry.Epidemiol. 1998;33:39–44. [
PubMed: 9448444]
Toch H, Adams K, Greene R. Ethnicity, disruptiveness, and emotional disorder among prison inmates. Criminal Justice and Behavior. 1987;14:93–109.
Volavka J, Mohammad Y, Vitrai J, Connolly M, Stefanovic M, Ford M. Characteristics of state hospital patients arrested for offences committed during hospitalization.
Psychiatric Serv. 1995;46:796–800. [
PubMed: 7583480]
Wang EW, Diamond PM. Empirically identifying factors related to violence risk in corrections.
Behav Sci Law. 1999;17:377–89. [
PubMed: 10481135]
