U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

Bader JD, Shugars DA, Rozier G, et al. Diagnosis and Management of Dental Caries. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2001 Jun. (Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 36.)

  • This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

Cover of Diagnosis and Management of Dental Caries

Diagnosis and Management of Dental Caries.

Show details

References

1.
Bader JD, Kaplan AL Treatment distributions in dental practice. J Dent Educ. 1983;47:142–8. [PubMed: 6572205]
2.
Brown LJ, Wall TP, Lazar V Trends in total caries experience: permanent and primary teeth. J Am Dent Assoc. 2000;131:223–31. [PubMed: 10680391]
3.
Slavkin, Harold C, Director, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research Statement on President's Budget Request for NIDCR Fiscal Year 2000. Accessed October 18, 1999. Web page. Available at: http://www​.senate.gov​/~appropriations/labor/IDCR2_23.htm.
4.
Caries diagnosis and risk assessment A review of preventive strategies and management J Am Dent Assoc 1995126(Suppl):1S–24S. [PubMed: 7790681]
5.
Bader JD, Shugars DA Variation in dentists' clinical decisions. J Public Health Dent. 1995;55:181–8. [PubMed: 7562733]
6.
Winston AE, Bhaskar SN Caries prevention in the 21st century. J Am Dent Assoc. 1998;129:1579–87. [PubMed: 9818575]
7.
Powell LV Caries risk assessment: relevance to the practitioner. J Am Dent Assoc. 1998;129:349–53. [PubMed: 9529810]
8.
Zero DT Dental caries process. Dent Clin North Am. 1999;43:635–64. [PubMed: 10553248]
9.
Kaste LM, Selwitz RH, Oldakowski RJ, et al Coronal caries in the primary and permanent dentition of children and adolescents 1-17 years of age: United States, 1988-1991. J Dent Res. 1996;75 Spec No:631–41. [PubMed: 8594087]
10.
Winn DM, Brunelle JA, Selwitz RH, et al Coronal and root caries in the dentition of adults in the United States, 1988-1991. J Dent Res. 1996;75 Spec No:642–51. [PubMed: 8594088]
11.
Oral health in America: a report of the Surgeon General. US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health. Rockville, MD; 2000.
12.
Hayden WJ Dental health services research utilizing comprehensive clinical databases and information technology. J Dent Educ. 1997;61:47–55. [PubMed: 9024342]
13.
Adams PF, Marano MA Current estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 1994. Vital Health Stat. 1994:–. [PubMed: 15791757]
14.
Gift HC, Reisine ST, Larach DC The social impact of dental problems and visits [published erratum appears in Am J Public Health 1993 Jun;83(6):816] Am J Public Health. 1992;82:1663–8. [PMC free article: PMC1694558] [PubMed: 1456343]
15.
Reisine ST Dental health and public policy: The social impact of dental disease. Am J Public Health. 1985;75:27–30. [PMC free article: PMC1646134] [PubMed: 3966594]
16.
Hollister MC, Weintraub JA The association of oral status with systemic health, quality of life, and economic productivity. J Dent Educ. 1993;57:901–12. [PubMed: 8263237]
17.
Bader JD, Shugars DA Need for change in standards of caries diagnosis -- epidemiology and health services research perspective. J Dent Educ. 1993;57:415–21. [PubMed: 8315097]
18.
Bader JD, Brown JP Dilemmas in caries diagnosis. J Am Dent Assoc. 1993;124:48–50. [PubMed: 8505450]
19.
Bader JD, Shugars DA What do we know about how dentists make caries-related treatment decisions? Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1997;25:97–103. [PubMed: 9088698]
20.
Bader JD, Shugars DA Agreement among dentists' recommendations for restorative treatment. J Dent Res. 1993;72:891–6. [PubMed: 8501287]
21.
Bader JD, Shugars DA Understanding dentists' restorative treatment decisions. J Public Health Dent. 1992;52:102–10. [PubMed: 1564688]
22.
Shugars DA, Bader JD Cost implications of differences in dentists' restorative treatment decisions. J Public Health Dent. 1996;56:219–22. [PubMed: 8906706]
23.
Kay EJ, Nuttall NM, Knill-Jones R Restorative treatment thresholds and agreement in treatment decision-making. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1992;20:265–8. [PubMed: 1424545]
24.
Mileman PA, Mulder E, van der Weele L Factors influencing the likelihood of successful decisions to treat dentin caries from bitewing radiographs. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1992;20:175–80. [PubMed: 1526099]
25.
Nuttall NM, Pitts NB, Fyffe HE Assessment of reports by dentists of their restorative treatment thresholds. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1993;21:273–8. [PubMed: 8222600]
26.
Kay EJ, Nuttall NM Relationship between dentists' treatment attitudes and restorative decisions made on the basis of simulated bitewing radiographs. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1994;22:71–4. [PubMed: 8205782]
27.
Deery C, Fyffe HE, Nugent Z, et al Integrity, maintenance and caries susceptibility of sealed surfaces in adolescents receiving regular care from general dental practitioners in Scotland. Int J Paediatr Dent. 1997;7:75–80. [PubMed: 9524457]
28.
Anderson MH, Omnell KA Modern management of dental caries: the cutting edge is not the dental bur. N M Dent J. 1995;46:10–4. [PubMed: 9543825]
29.
Anusavice KJ Treatment regimens in preventive and restorative dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc. 1995;126:727–43. [PubMed: 7797729]
30.
Eklund SA, Pittman JL, Heller KE Professionally applied topical fluoride and restorative care in insured children. J Public Health Dent. 2000;60:33–8. [PubMed: 10734614]
31.
Frame PS, Sawai R, Bowen WH, et al Preventive dentistry: practitioners' recommendations for low-risk patients compared with scientific evidence and practice guidelines. Am J Prev Med. 2000;18:159–62. [PubMed: 10698247]
32.
Lohr KN, Carey TS Assessing "best evidence": issues in grading the quality of studies for systematic reviews. Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 1999;25:470–9. [PubMed: 10481816]
33.
Begg C, Cho M, Eastwood S, et al Improving the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials. The CONSORT statement. JAMA. 1996;276:637–9. [PubMed: 8773637]
34.
Lijmer JG, Mol BW, Heisterkamp S, et al Empirical evidence of design-related bias in studies of diagnostic tests. JAMA. 1999;282:1061–6. [PubMed: 10493205]
35.
Downer MC, O'Mullane DM A comparison of the concurrent validity of two epidemiologic diagnostic systems for caries evaluation. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1975b;3:20–4. [PubMed: 1053969]
36.
Hintze H, Wenzel A, Danielsen B, et al Reliability of visual examination, fibre-optic transillumination, and bite-wing radiography, and reproducibility of direct visual examination following tooth separation for the identification of cavitated carious lesions in contacting approximal surfaces. Caries Res. 1998;32:204–9. [PubMed: 9577986]
37.
Rugg-Gunn AJ Approximal carious lesions. A comparison of the radiological and clinical appearances. Br Dent J. 1972;133:481–4. [PubMed: 4511888]
38.
Mejare I, Grondahl HG, Carlstedt K, et al Accuracy at radiography and probing for the diagnosis of proximal caries. Scand J Dent Res. 1985;93:178–4. [PubMed: 3858967]
39.
Mileman PA, van der Weele LT Accuracy in radiographic diagnosis: Dutch practitioners and dental caries. J Dent. 1990;18:130–6. [PubMed: 2205637]
40.
Ricketts DN, Whaites EJ, Kidd EA, et al An evaluation of the diagnostic yield from bitewing radiographs of small approximal and occlusal carious lesions in a low prevalence sample in vitro using different film types and speeds. Br Dent J. 1997d;182:51–8. [PubMed: 9033139]
41.
Verdonschot EH, van de Rijke JW, Brouwer W, et al Optical quantitation and radiographic diagnosis of incipient approximal caries lesions. Caries Res. 1991;25:359–64. [PubMed: 1747886]
42.
Russell M, Pitts NB Radiovisiographic diagnosis of dental caries: initial comparison of basic mode videoprints with bitewing radiography. Caries Res. 1993;27:65–70. [PubMed: 8448777]
43.
Heaven TJ, Firestone AR, Feagin FF Computer-based image analysis of natural approximal caries on radiographic films. Spec No. J Dent Res. 1992;71:846–9. [PubMed: 1592972]
44.
Firestone AR, Sema D, Heaven TJ, et al The effect of a knowledge-based, image analysis and clinical decision support system on observer performance in the diagnosis of approximal caries from radiographic images. Caries Res. 1998;32:127–34. [PubMed: 9544861]
45.
Ketley CE, Holt RD Visual and radiographic diagnosis of occlusal caries in first permanent molars and in second primary molars. Br Dent J. 1993;174:364–70. [PubMed: 8494666]
46.
Ricketts DN, Kidd EA, Wilson RF A re-evaluation of electrical resistance measurements for the diagnosis of occlusal caries. Br Dent J. 1995;178:11–7. [PubMed: 7841012]
47.
Lussi A, Firestone A, Schoenberg V, et al In vivo diagnosis of fissure caries using a new electrical resistance monitor. Caries Res. 1995;29:81–7. [PubMed: 7728833]
48.
Nytun RB, Raadal M, Espelid I Diagnosis of dentin involvement in occlusal caries based on visual and radiographic examination of the teeth. Scand J Dent Res. 1992;100:144–8. [PubMed: 1631482]
49.
Wenzel A, Fejerskov O, Kidd E, et al Depth of occlusal caries assessed clinically, by conventional film radiographs, and by digitized, processed radiographs. Caries Res. 1990;24:327–33. [PubMed: 2261604]
50.
Wenzel A, Hintze H, Mikkelsen L, et al Radiographic detection of occlusal caries in noncavitated teeth. A comparison of conventional film radiographs, digitized film radiographs, and RadioVisioGraphy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1991;72:621–6. [PubMed: 1745523]
51.
Wenzel A, Fejerskov O Validity of diagnosis of questionable caries lesions in occlusal surfaces of extracted third molars. Caries Res. 1992;26:188–94. [PubMed: 1628293]
52.
Ashley PF, Blinkhorn AS, Davies RM Occlusal caries diagnosis: an in vitro histological validation of the Electronic Caries Monitor (ECM) and other methods. J Dent. 1998;26:83–8. [PubMed: 9540303]
53.
Huysmans MC, Longbottom C, Pitts N Electrical methods in occlusal caries diagnosis: an in vitro comparison with visual inspection and bite-wing radiography. Caries Res. 1998;32:324–9. [PubMed: 9701656]
54.
Penning C, van Amerongen JP, Seef RE, et al Validity of probing for fissure caries diagnosis. Caries Res. 1992;26:445–9. [PubMed: 1294305]
55.
Lussi A Comparison of different methods for the diagnosis of fissure caries without cavitation. Caries Res. 1993;27:409–16. [PubMed: 8242679]
56.
Verdonschot EH, Wenzel A, Truin GJ, et al Performance of electrical resistance measurements adjunct to visual inspection in the early diagnosis of occlusal caries. J Dent. 1993;21:332–7. [PubMed: 8258582]
57.
Ekstrand KR, Ricketts DN, Kidd EA Reproducibility and accuracy of three methods for assessment of demineralization depth of the occlusal surface: an in vitro examination. Caries Res. 1997;31:224–31. [PubMed: 9165195]
58.
Ricketts DN, Kidd EA, Wilson RF The effect of airflow on site-specific electrical conductance measurements used in the diagnosis of pit and fissure caries in vitro. Caries Res. 1997a;31:111–8. [PubMed: 9118182]
59.
Ricketts DN, Kidd EA, Wilson RF The electronic diagnosis of caries in pits and fissures: site-specific stable conductance readings or cumulative resistance readings? Caries Res. 1997b;31:119–24. [PubMed: 9118183]
60.
Ricketts DN, Kidd EA, Wilson RF Electronic diagnosis of occlusal caries in vitro: adaptation of the technique for epidemiological purposes. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1997c;25:238–41. [PubMed: 9192154]
61.
Lussi A, Imwinkelried S, Pitts N, et al Performance and reproducibility of a laser fluorescence system for detection of occlusal caries in vitro. Caries Res. 1999;33:261–6. [PubMed: 10343088]
62.
Deery C, Fyffe HE, Nugent Z, et al The effect of placing a clear pit and fissure sealant on the validity and reproducibility of occlusal caries diagnosis. Caries Res. 1995;29:377–81. [PubMed: 8521440]
63.
Pitts NB, Rimmer PA An in vivo comparison of radiographic and directly assessed clinical caries status of posterior approximal surfaces in primary and permanent teeth. Caries Res. 1992;26:146–52. [PubMed: 1521308]
64.
White SC, Yoon DC Comparative performance of digital and conventional images for detecting proximal surface caries. Dento Maxillo Facial Radiol. 1997;26:32–8. [PubMed: 9446988]
65.
Cayley AS, Holt RD The influence of audit on the diagnosis of occlusal caries. Caries Res. 1997;31:97–102. [PubMed: 9118191]
66.
Wenzel A, Verdonschot EH, Truin GJ, et al Impact of the validator and the validation method on the outcome of occlusal caries diagnosis. Caries Res. 1994;28:373–7. [PubMed: 8001061]
67.
Hintze H, Wenzel A, Larsen MJ Stereomicroscopy, film radiography, microradiography and naked-eye inspection of tooth sections as validation for occlusal caries diagnosis. Caries Res. 1995;29:359–63. [PubMed: 8521437]
68.
Heller KE, Reed SG, Bruner FW, et al Longitudinal evaluation of sealing molars with and without incipient dental caries in a public health program. J Public Health Dent. 1995;55:148–53. [PubMed: 7562727]
69.
Hyde EJ Caries-inhibiting action of three different topically-applied agents on incipient lesions in newly erupted teeth: results after 24 months. J Can Dent Assoc. 1973;39:189–93. [PubMed: 4569193]
70.
Modeer T, Twetman S, Bergstrand F Three-year study of the effect of fluoride varnish (Duraphat) on proximal caries progression in teenagers. Scand J Dent Res. 1984;92:400–7. [PubMed: 6593805]
71.
de Liefde B A study of the chemical treatment of early caries of occlusal pits and fissures. N Z Dent J. 1987;83:10–2. [PubMed: 3103032]
72.
Hollender L, Koch G Effect of local application of fluoride on initial demineralization of buccal surface of maxillary incisors. Clinical assessment from colour slides. Sven Tandlak Tidskr. 1976;69:1–5. [PubMed: 769226]
73.
Luoma H, Murtomaa H, Nuuja T, et al A simultaneous reduction of caries and gingivitis in a group of schoolchildren receiving chlorhexidine-fluoride applications. Results after 2 years. Caries Res. 1978;12:290–8. [PubMed: 279410]
74.
Seppä L, Tuutti H, Luoma H Three-year report on caries prevention of using fluoride varnishes for caries risk children in a community with fluoridated water. Scand J Dent Res. 1982;90:89–94. [PubMed: 6951261]
75.
Lindquist B, Edward S, Torell P, et al Effect of different caries preventive measures in children highly infected with mutans streptococci. Scand J Dent Res. 1989;97:330–7. [PubMed: 2799271]
76.
Olivier M, Brodeur JM, Simard PL Efficacy of APF treatments without prior toothcleaning targeted to high-risk children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1992;20:38–42. [PubMed: 1547611]
77.
Seppä L, P?llanen L, Hausen H Caries-preventive effect of fluoride varnish with different fluoride concentrations. Caries Res. 1994;28:64–7. [PubMed: 8124700]
78.
Petersson LG, Twetman S, Pakhomov GN The efficiency of semiannual silane fluoride varnish applications: a two-year clinical study in preschool children. J Public Health Dent. 1998;58:57–60. [PubMed: 9608447]
79.
Brambilla E, Gagliani M, Felloni A, et al Caries-preventive effect of topical amine fluoride in children with high and low salivary levels of mutans streptococci. Caries Res. 1999;33:423–7. [PubMed: 10529526]
80.
Lundstrom F, Krasse B Caries incidence in orthodontic patients with high levels of Streptococcus mutans. Eur J Orthod. 1987;9:117–21. [PubMed: 3472889]
81.
Gisselsson H, Birkhed D, Bj?rn AL Effect of professional flossing with chlorhexidine gel on approximal caries in 12- to 15-year-old schoolchildren. Caries Res. 1988;22:187–92. [PubMed: 3163527]
82.
Spets-Happonen S, Luoma H, Forss H, et al Effects of a chlorhexidine-fluoride-strontium rinsing program on caries, gingivitis and some salivary bacteria among Finnish schoolchildren. Scand J Dent Res. 1991;99:130–8. [PubMed: 2052894]
83.
Bratthall D, Serinirach R, Rapisuwon S, et al A study into the prevention of fissure caries using an antimicrobial varnish. Int Dent J. 1995;45:245–54. [PubMed: 7558363]
84.
Fennis-le YL, Verdonschot EH, Burgersdijk RC, et al Effect of 6-monthly applications of chlorhexidine varnish on incidence of occlusal caries in permanent molars: a 3-year study. J Dent. 1998;26:233–8. [PubMed: 9594475]
85.
Luoma AR, Ronnberg K Twelve-year follow-up of caries prevalence and incidence in children and young adults in Espoo, Finland. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1987;15:29–32. [PubMed: 3467891]
86.
Rask PI, Emilson CG, Krasse B, et al Effect of preventive measures in 50-60-year-olds with a high risk of dental caries. Scand J Dent Res. 1988;96:500–4. [PubMed: 3206197]
87.
Tenovuo J, Hakkinen P, Paunio P, et al Effects of chlorhexidine-fluoride gel treatments in mothers on the establishment of mutans streptococci in primary teeth and the development of dental caries in children. Caries Res. 1992;26:275–80. [PubMed: 1423442]
88.
Petersson LG, Magnusson K, Andersson H, et al Effect of semi-annual applications of a chlorhexidine/fluoride varnish mixture on approximal caries incidence in schoolchildren. A three-year radiographic study. Eur J Oral Sci. 1998;106:623–7. [PubMed: 9584908]
89.
Zickert I, Emilson CG, Krasse B Effect of caries preventive measures in children highly infected with the bacterium Streptococcus mutans. Arch Oral Biol. 1982;27:861–8. [PubMed: 6961900]
90.
Kleber CJ, Putt MS, Smith CE, et al Effect of supervised use of an alum mouthrinse on dental caries incidence in caries-susceptible children: a pilot study. ASDC J Dent Child. 1996;63:393–402. [PubMed: 9017171]
91.
Isokangas P Xylitol chewing gum in caries prevention. A longitudinal study on Finnish school children Proc Finn Dent Soc 198783(Suppl)1:1–117. [PubMed: 3685009]
92.
Beiswanger BB, Boneta AE, Mau MS, et al The effect of chewing sugar-free gum after meals on clinical caries incidence. J Am Dent Assoc. 1998;129:1623–26. [PubMed: 9818584]
93.
Loesche WJ, Bradbury DR, Woolfolk MP Reduction of dental decay in rampant caries individuals following short-term kanamycin treatment. J Dent Res. 1977;56:254–65. [PubMed: 323316]
94.
Sheykholeslam Z, Houpt M Clinical effectiveness of an autopolymerized fissure sealant after 2 years. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1978;6:181–4. [PubMed: 278700]
95.
Seppä L, Hausen H, P?llanen L, et al Effect of intensified caries prevention on approximal caries in adolescents with high caries risk. Caries Res. 1991;25:392–5. [PubMed: 1747891]
96.
Hirschfield RE Control of decalcification by use of fluoride mouthrinse. ASDC J Dent. 1978;45:458–60. [PubMed: 280551]
97.
Boyd RL Comparison of three self-applied topical fluoride preparations for control of decalcification. Angle Orthod. 1993;63:25–30. [PubMed: 8507027]
98.
Lundstrom F, Hamp SE, Nyman S Systematic plaque control in children undergoing long-term orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 1980;2:27–39. [PubMed: 6935056]
99.
Buyukyilmaz T, Tangugsorn V, Ogaard B, et al The effect of titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) application around orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1994;105:293–6. [PubMed: 8135216]
100.
Ogaard B, Duschner H, Ruben J, et al Microradiography and confocal laser scanning microscopy applied to enamel lesions formed in vivo with and without fluoride varnish treatment. Eur J Oral Sci. 1996;104:378–83. [PubMed: 8930586]
101.
Ullsfoss BN, Ogaard B, Arends J, et al Effect of a combined chlorhexidine and NaF mouthrinse: an in vivo human caries model study. Scand J Dent Res. 1994;102:109–12. [PubMed: 8016555]
102.
Holmen L, Mejare I, Malmgren B, et al The effect of regular professional plaque removal on dental caries in vivo. A polarized light and scanning electron microscope study. Caries Res. 1988;22:250–6. [PubMed: 3165719]
103.
Dreizen S, Brown LR, Daly TE, et al Prevention of xerostomia-related dental caries in irradiated cancer patients. J Dent Res. 1977;56:99–104. [PubMed: 264889]
104.
Makkonen TA, Edelman L, Forsten L Salivary flow and caries prevention in patients receiving radiotherapy. Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1986;82:93–100. [PubMed: 3737609]
105.
Spak CJ, Johnson G, Ekstrand J Caries incidence, salivary flow rate and efficacy of fluoride gel treatment in irradiated patients. Caries Res. 1994;28:388–93. [PubMed: 8001064]
106.
Al-Joburi W, Clark C, Fisher R A comparison of the effectiveness of two systems for the prevention of radiation caries. Clin Prev Dent. 1991;13:15–9. [PubMed: 1809524]
107.
Meyerowitz C, Watson GE The efficacy of an intraoral fluoride-releasing system in irradiated head and neck cancer patients: a preliminary study. J Am Dent Assoc. 1998;129:1252–9. [PubMed: 9766106]
108.
Katz S The use of fluoride and chlorhexidine for the prevention of radiation caries. J Am Dent Assoc. 1982;104:164–70. [PubMed: 6948892]
109.
Downer MC Concurrent validity of an epidemiological diagnostic system for caries with the histological appearance of extracted teeth as validating criterion. Caries Res. 1975a;9:231–46. [PubMed: 1090371]
110.
Espelid I, Tveit AB Clinical and radiographic assessment of approximal carious lesions. Acta Odontol Scand. 1986;44:31–7. [PubMed: 3456691]
111.
Ricketts D, Kidd E, Smith B, et al Radiographic detection of occlusal caries: effect of X-ray beam factors on diagnosis. Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 1994;2:149–54. [PubMed: 8603138]
112.
Huysmans MC, Hintze H, Wenzel A Effect of exposure time on in vitro caries diagnosis using the Digora system. Eur J Oral Sci. 1997;105:15–20. [PubMed: 9085024]
113.
Lazarchik DA, Firestone AR, Heaven TJ, et al Radiographic evaluation of occlusal caries: effect of training and experience. Caries Res. 1995;29:355–8. [PubMed: 8521436]
114.
Lussi A Validity of diagnostic and treatment decisions of fissure caries. Caries Res. 1991;25:296–303. [PubMed: 1913769]
115.
Rock WP, Kidd EA The electronic detection of demineralisation in occlusal fissures. Br Dent J. 1988;164:243–7. [PubMed: 3164192]
116.
Ricketts DN, Kidd EA, Liepins PJ, et al Histological validation of electrical resistance measurements in the diagnosis of occlusal caries. Caries Res. 1996;30:148–55. [PubMed: 8833140]
117.
Moller IJ, Poulsen S A standardized system for diagnosing, recording and analyzing dental caries data. Scand J Dent Res. 1973;81:1–11. [PubMed: 4143940]
118.
Gustafsson RE, Quensel CE, Lanke LS, et al The Vipeholm Dental Caries Study. Acta Odont Scand. 1953;11:232–64. [PubMed: 13196991]
119.
Grondahl HG, Hollender L, Malmcrona E, et al Dental caries and restorations in teenagers. II. A longitudinal radiographic study of the caries increment of proximal surfaces among urban teenagers in Sweden. Swed Dent J. 1977;1:51–7. [PubMed: 268692]
120.
A guide to oral health epidemiological investigations. ORH/EPID Guide 79.1. Geneva: World Health Organization Oral Health Unit; 1979.
121.
Oral health surveys: basic methods. 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1987.
122.
Radike AW Criteria for diagnosis of dental caries. In: Proceedings of the conference on the clinical testing of cariostatic agents. Chicago: American Dental Association; 1968.

Views

  • PubReader
  • Print View
  • Cite this Page

Recent Activity

Your browsing activity is empty.

Activity recording is turned off.

Turn recording back on

See more...