| Study | Population | Period of study/follow-up | Lung function outcome | Type of study/comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tager et al. 1985 | 669 children 5–19 years of age at baseline East Boston, Massachusetts | Baseline: 1974–1975 Follow-up: 8 annual examinations | Smoking led to decrease in rate of growth of FEV1 (p <0.001) and FEF25–75 | Longitudinal; 72.5% of original 411 families still under observation at conclusion of 8th annual examination |
| Tager et al. 1988 | 913 males and 974 females with at least one measurement of FEV1 34% random sample of children 5–9 years of age and their families East Boston, Massachusetts | Baseline: 1974–1975 Follow-up: 10 annual examinations | Males: Maximal FEV1 level same for smokers and nonsmokers but reached earlier for smokers Asymptomatic nonsmoking males demonstrated either a prolonged plateau phase or period of slow, continued FEV1 growth from 23 to 35 years of age, followed by slow decline of −20–30 mL/year No plateau phase for smoking males; decline for smokers began earlier, in 1st part of 3rd decade at rate of 25–30 mL/year Females: Maximal FEV1 level lower (2.9 vs. 3.1 L) and reached 1 year earlier for smokers compared with nonsmokers Female current smokers had more rapid rate of early decline than female nonsmokers | Longitudinal; approximately 70% of subjects still under observation at the 10th survey |
| Robbins et al. 1995 | All male: 111 nonsmokers; 110 smokers Metal processing plant employees United States | Baseline: 1975 Follow-up: quarterly for up to 10 years Subjects selected if 5 or more observations at age 18–33 years with at least 1.5 years of follow-up Only tests up to 33 years of age included | As many as 40% of adult males 33 years of age or younger had significant slopes: either growth or decline in lung function, rather than a plateau A larger proportion of smokers had negative slopes (63%) than did nonsmokers (49%) (p = 0.2) | Longitudinal; working population of White men |
| Gold et al. 1996 | 5,158 boys 4,902 girls Baseline: White children enrolled in the 1st–4th grades from 6 U.S. cities Study used data from children 10–18 years of age | Baseline: 1974–1979 Follow-up: annually through grade 12 | Inverse association between amount smoked and level of FEV1/FVC and FEF25–75 for boys and girls Boys: Rate of lung growth lower for smokers by 9 mL/year (95% CI, −6–24 mL/year) Girls: Rate of lung growth slower for smokers by 31 mL/year (95% CI, 16–46 mL/year) Maximal attained FEF25–75 lower for smokers than for nonsmokers (3.65 L/second vs. 3.80 L/second) At age 18, nonsmokers plateaued; smokers began early decline of FEV1 | Longitudinal; girls reached the maximal level of lung function between the ages of 16 and 18 years, a period when level of lung function was still increasing in boys |
| Twisk et al. 1998 | 78 males 89 females Mean age 13 years at baseline | Baseline: 1977 Follow-up: 6 follow-up measurements over 14 years, final measurement at age 27 years in 1991 | Rate of growth of FVC and FEV1 slower for smokers | Longitudinal; complete data for 14 years of follow-up available on 181 of 307 persons enrolled in 1977; 14 with asthma excluded from analyses |
| Doyle et al. 2003 | 60 consecutive extremely-low-birth-weight survivors | Baseline: 1977–1980 Follow-up at 20 years of age | Proportion with FEV1/FVC <75% significantly higher in smokers than in nonsmokers (64% vs. 20%) Larger decrease in FEV1/FVC ratio between the ages of 8 and 20 years in smokers (mean change −8.2%; 95% CI, −14.1 to 2.4) | Longitudinal; follow-up at age 20 years in 44 of the survivors (73%) |
| Wang et al. 2004 | 1,818 males 1,732 females 15–35 years of age The Netherlands | Baseline: Vlagtwedde, 1965–1967 Vlaardingen, 1969 Follow-up: every 3 years for 24 years | Inverse association between amount smoked and level of FEV1/FVC and FEF25–75 for males and females For males, current and cumulative smoking predicted reduced maximal level of FEV1 for males | Longitudinal |
Note: CI = confidence interval; FEF25–75 = forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity; FVC = forced vital capacity; L = liter; mL = milliliter.
From: 2, The Health Consequences of Tobacco Use Among Young People
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