| Study | Design/population | Average age (years) | Age groups | Mean body mass index change (kg/m2) | Mean kg difference | Measures | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Height/weight | Smoking status | |||||||
| Lissner et al. 1992 | 6-year Prospective Population Study of Women in Gothenburg (1968–1969) 1,291 women Sweden | NR | ≥38 years | NR | Measured | NR | Smoking status not defined; smokers quit ≥1 year classified as nonsmokers | |
| Smokers | +0.5 | |||||||
| Nonsmokers | +0.6 | |||||||
| Quitters | +1.4 | |||||||
| Talcott et al. 1995 | 6-week longitudinal analysis 332 recruits Lackland Air Force Base, Texas | M = 20.4 | Nonsmokers | NR | −0.89 | Measured | Self-report | Smoking status prior to basic military training not defined; age range NR |
| Quitters | −0.03 | |||||||
| Klesges et al. 1997b | 1-year longitudinal study 196 adult smokers Memphis, Tennessee | M = 44.6 | Smokers | NR | +1.1 | Measured | CO | Smoker: CO ≥10 ppm; age range NR |
| Quitters | +5.9 | |||||||
| Klesges et al. 1998b | 7-year prospective study CARDIA study 5,115 adults | NR | 18–30 years | NR | Measured | Self-report | Smoker: ≥5 cigarettes/week | |
| Smokers | +5.7 | |||||||
| Nonsmokers | +7.2 | |||||||
| Quitters | +10.9 | |||||||
| O’Hara et al. 1998 | 5-year longitudinal study Lung Health Study 5,887 adult smokers | M = 48.4 | 35–60 years | NR | Measured | CO Salivary cotinine | Smoker: ≥10 cigarettes/day; weights estimated from available data | |
| Smokers | +1.5 | |||||||
| Quitters | +8.0 | |||||||
| Nicklas et al. 1999 | 6-month longitudinal study 13 adult men Baltimore, Maryland | M = 63 | >50 years | Measured | CO | Smoker: daily use | ||
| Smokers | NR | NR | ||||||
| Quitters | +1.9 | +5.6 | ||||||
| Janzon et al. 2004 | 9-year longitudinal study 3,391 women Sweden | M = 59.3 | 46–70 years | Measured | Self-report | Smoker: daily use at baseline, regular or occasional use at follow-up | ||
| Smokers | NR | +3.2 | ||||||
| Nonsmokers | NR | +3.7 | ||||||
| Quitters | NR | +7.6 | ||||||
| Stice and Martinez 2005 | 3-year prospective study 496 females Southwestern United States | Md = 13 | 11–15 years | Measured | Self-report | Smoker: 5–7 times/week and ≥1 cigarettes/day | ||
| Smokers | +0.2 | +1.4 | ||||||
| Nonsmokers | +0.6 | +2.9 | ||||||
| Quitters | +1.0 | +3.4 | ||||||
| Hutter et al. 2006 | 1-year longitudinal study 308 adult smokers Austria | Md = 40 | 33–46 years | NR | Self-report | Smoker: daily use | ||
| Smokers | +0.3 | +0.0 | ||||||
| Quitters | +1.1 | +4.0 | ||||||
| Fidler et al. 2007 | 5-year longitudinal study 2,665 students HABITS South London, England | NR | 15–16 years | NR | Measured | Saliva cotinine | Smoker: >6 cigarettes/week; all nonsmokers at baseline | |
| Smokers | +2.3 | |||||||
| Nonsmokers | +2.9 | |||||||
| Quitters | +3.0 | |||||||
| Pisinger and Jorgensen 2007 | 7-year longitudinal population study (Inter99) 1,343 adults Denmark | NR | 30–60 years | Measured | Cotinine | Smoking status not defined | ||
| Smokers | +0.1 | +0.3 | ||||||
| Nonsmokers | NR | NR | ||||||
| Quitters | +1.4 | +4.2 | ||||||
| Sneve and Jorde 2008 | 7-year longitudinal study 1994 and 2001 Tromsø Study 5,102 adults Norway | M = 53.7 | >29 years | NR | Measured | Self-report | Smoker: ≥1 cigarettes/day | |
| Smokers | +0.7 | |||||||
| Nonsmokers | +1.0 | |||||||
| Quitters | +2.0 | |||||||
Note: CARDIA = Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; CO = carbon monoxide; HABITS = Health and Behaviour in Teenagers Study; kg = kilogram; m2 = square meters; M = mean; Md = median; NR = not reported; ppm = parts per million.
From: 2, The Health Consequences of Tobacco Use Among Young People
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