| Sufficient | Suggestive | Undetermined or inadequately studied | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic respiratory diseases (USDHHS 2004) | |||
| Maternal smoking in pregnancy | |||
| Reduced lung function in infants | X | ||
| Lower respiratory tract illnesses in infants | X | ||
| Impaired lung function in childhood | X | ||
| Active smoking | |||
| Lung growth in childhood and adolescence | X | ||
| Onset of decline in lung function | X | ||
| Respiratory symptoms | X | ||
| Asthma-type symptoms | X | ||
| Physician-diagnosed asthma | X | ||
| Poor prognosis among asthmatics | X | ||
| Fertility, pregnancy, and pregnancy outcomes and other effects on offspring (USDHHS 2004) | |||
| Active smoking | |||
| Relation to sperm quality | X | ||
| Reduced fertility among women | X | ||
| Pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes | |||
| Ectopic pregnancy | X | ||
| Spontaneous abortion | X | ||
| Premature rupture of the membranes, placenta previa, and placental abruption | X | ||
| Reduced risk for preeclampsia | X | ||
| Preterm delivery and shortened gestation | X | ||
| Fetal growth restriction and low birth weight | X | ||
| Congenital malformations, infant mortality, and child physical and cognitive development | |||
| Congenital malformations in general | X | ||
| Oral clefts | X | ||
| Sudden infant death syndrome and maternal smoking during and after pregnancy | X | ||
| Physical growth and neurocognitive development of children | X | ||
| Maternal and paternal secondhand exposure (USDHHS 2006) | |||
| Fertility and fecundability | |||
| Maternal | X | ||
| Paternal | X | ||
| Spontaneous abortion | X | ||
| Neonatal mortality | X | ||
| Sudden infant death syndrome | X | ||
| Preterm delivery | X | ||
| Small reduction in birth weight | X | ||
| Congenital malformations | X | ||
| Cognitive functioning among children | X | ||
| Behavioral problems among children | X | ||
| Children’s height/growth | X | ||
| Cancer | |||
| Prenatal and postnatal exposure to secondhand smoke and childhood cancer | X | ||
| Maternal exposure to secondhand smoke during pregnancy and childhood cancer | X | ||
| Exposure to secondhand smoke during infancy and childhood cancer | X | ||
| Prenatal and postnatal exposure to secondhand smoke and childhood leukemias | X | ||
| Prenatal and postnatal exposure to secondhand smoke and childhood lymphomas | X | ||
| Prenatal and postnatal exposure to secondhand smoke and childhood brain tumors | X | ||
| Prenatal and postnatal exposure to secondhand smoke and other childhood cancer types | X | ||
| Respiratory effects | |||
| Lower respiratory illnesses in infants and children | X | ||
| Cough, phlegm, wheeze, and breathlessness among children of school age | X | ||
| Ever having asthma among children of school age | X | ||
| Onset of wheeze illnesses in early childhood | X | ||
| Onset of childhood asthma | X | ||
| Persistent adverse effects on lung function across childhood | X | ||
| Lower level of lung function during childhood | X | ||
From: 2, The Health Consequences of Tobacco Use Among Young People
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