It has become accepted in the neuroscience community that perception and performance are quintessentially multisensory by nature. Using the full palette of modern brain imaging and neuroscience methods, The Neural Bases of Multisensory Processes details current understanding in the neural bases for these phenomena as studied across species, stages of development, and clinical statuses.

Organized thematically into nine subsections, the book is a collection of contributions by leading scientists in the field. Chapters build generally from basic to applied, allowing readers to ascertain how fundamental science informs the clinical and applied sciences.

Topics discussed include

• Anatomy, essential for understanding the neural substrates of multisensory processing
• Neurophysiological bases and how multisensory stimuli can dramatically change the encoding processes for sensory information
• Combinatorial principles and modeling, focusing on efforts to gain a better mechanistic handle on multisensory operations and their network dynamics
• Development and plasticity
• Clinical manifestations and how perception and action are affected by altered sensory experience
• Attention and spatial representations

The last sections of the book focus on naturalistic multisensory processes in three separate contexts: motion signals, multisensory contributions to the perception and generation of communication signals, and how the perception of flavor is generated. The text provides a solid introduction for newcomers and a strong overview of the current state of the field for experts.

Contents

• Series Preface
• Introduction
• Editors
• Contributors
• I. Anatomy
  • 1. Structural Basis of Multisensory Processing: Convergence
    H. Ruth Clemo, Leslie P. Keniston, and M. Alex Meredith.
    • 1.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 1.2 MULTIPLE SENSORY PROJECTIONS: SOURCES
    • 1.3 DO ALL CROSS-MODAL PROJECTIONS GENERATE MULTISENSORY INTEGRATION?
    • 1.4 SYNAPTIC ARCHITECTURE OF MULTISENSORY CONVERGENCE
    • 1.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 2. Cortical and Thalamic Pathways for Multisensory and Sensorimotor Interplay
    Céline Cappe, Eric M. Rouiller, and Pascal Barone.
    • 2.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 2.2 CORTICAL AREAS IN MULTISENSORY PROCESSES
    • 2.3 THALAMUS IN MULTISENSORY PROCESSES
    • 2.4 HIGHER-ORDER, LOWER-ORDER CORTICAL AREAS AND/OR THALAMUS?
    • 2.5 CONCLUSIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 3. What Can Multisensory Processing Tell Us about the Functional Organization of Auditory Cortex?
    Jennifer K. Bizley and Andrew J. King.
    • 3.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 3.2 FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATION WITHIN AUDITORY CORTEX?
    • 3.3 FERRET AUDITORY CORTEX: A MODEL FOR MULTISENSORY PROCESSING
    • 3.4 WHERE DO VISUAL INPUTS TO AUDITORY CORTEX COME FROM?
    • 3.5 WHAT ARE THE PERCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES OF MULTISENSORY INTEGRATION IN THE AUDITORY CORTEX?
    • 3.6 CONDUDING REMARKS
    • REFERENCES
• II. Neurophysiological Bases
  • 4. Are Bimodal Neurons the Same throughout the Brain?
    M. Alex Meredith, Brian L. Allman, Leslie P. Keniston, and H. Ruth Clemo.
    • 4.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 4.2 METHODS
    • 4.3 RESULTS
    • 4.4 DISCUSSION
    • 4.5 conclusions
    • REFERENCES
  • 5. Audiovisual Integration in Nonhuman Primates: A Window into the Anatomy and Physiology of Cognition
    Yoshinao Kajikawa, Arnaud Falchier, Gabriella Musacchia, Peter Lakatos, and Charles E. Schroeder.
    • 5.1 BEHAVIORAL CAPACITIES
    • 5.2 NEUROANATOMICAL AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL SUBSTRATES
    • 5.3 FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MULTISENSORY INTERACTIONS
    • 5.4 PRINCIPLES OF MULTISENSORY INTERACTION
    • 5.5 MECHANISMS AND DYNAMICS OF MULTISENSORY INTERACTION
    • 5.6 IMPORTANCE OF SALIENCE IN LOW-LEVEL MULTISENSORY INTERACTIONS
    • 5.7 CONCLUSIONS, UNRESOLVED ISSUES, AND QUESTIONS FOR FUTURE STUDIES
    • REFERENCES
  • 6. Multisensory Influences on Auditory Processing: Perspectives from fMRI and Electrophysiology
    Christoph Kayser, Christopher I. Petkov, Ryan Remedios, and Nikos K. Logothetis.
    • 6.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 6.2 THE WHERE AND HOW OF SENSORY INTEGRATION
    • 6.3 USING FUNCTIONAL IMAGING TO LOCALIZE MULTISENSORY INFLUENCES IN AUDITORY CORTEX
    • 6.4 MULTISENSORY INFLUENCES ALONG THE AUDITORY PROCESSING STREAM
    • 6.5 MULTISENSORY INFLUENCES AND INDIVIDUAL NEURONS
    • 6.6 MULTISENSORY INFLUENCES AND PROCESSING OF COMMUNICATION SIGNALS
    • 6.7 CONCLUSIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 7. Multisensory Integration through Neural Coherence
    Andreas K. Engel, Daniel Senkowski, and Till R. Schneider.
    • 7.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 7.2 VIEWS ON CROSS-MODAL INTEGRATION
    • 7.3 OSCILLATORY ACTIVITY IN CROSS-MODAL PROCESSING
    • 7.4 FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF NEURAL SYNCHRONY FOR CROSS-MODAL INTERACTIONS
    • 7.5 OUTLOOK
    • REFERENCES
  • 8. The Use of fMRI to Assess Multisensory Integration
    Thomas W. James and Ryan A. Stevenson.
    • 8.1 PRINCIPLES OF MULTISENSORY ENHANCEMENT
    • 8.2 SUPERADDITIVITY AND BOLD fMRI
    • 8.3 PROBLEMS WITH ADDITIVE CRITERION
    • 8.4 INVERSE EFFECTIVENESS
    • 8.5 BOLD BASELINE: WHEN ZERO IS NOT ZERO
    • 8.6 A DIFFERENCE-OF-BOLD MEASURE
    • 8.7 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
    • 8.8 CONCLUSIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 9. Perception of Synchrony between the Senses
    Mirjam Keetels and Jean Vroomen.
    • 9.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 9.2 MEASURING INTERSENSORY SYNCHRONY: TEMPORAL ORDER JUDGMENT TASK AND SIMULTANEITY JUDGMENT TASK
    • 9.3 POINT OF SUBJECTIVE SIMULTANEITY
    • 9.4 SENSITIVITY FOR INTERSENSORY ASYNCHRONY
    • 9.5 HOW THE BRAIN DEALS WITH LAGS BETWEEN THE SENSES
    • 9.6 TEMPORAL SYNCHRONY: AUTOMATIC OR NOT?
    • 9.7 NEURAL SUBSTRATES OF TEMPORAL SYNCHRONY
    • 9.8 CONCLUSIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 10. Representation of Object Form in Vision and Touch
    Simon Lacey and Krish Sathian.
    • 10.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 10.2 CORTICAL REGIONS INVOLVED IN VISUO-HAPTIC SHAPE PROCESSING
    • 10.3 DO VISION AND TOUCH SHARE A COMMON SHAPE REPRESENTATION?
    • 10.4 PROPERTIES OF SHARED REPRESENTATION
    • 10.5 AN INTEGRATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR VISUO-HAPTIC SHAPE REPRESENTATION
    • REFERENCES
• III. Combinatorial Principles and Modeling
  • 11. Spatial and Temporal Features of Multisensory Processes: Bridging Animal and Human Studies
    Diana K. Sarko, Aaron R. Nidiffer, Albert R. Powers III, Dipanwita Ghose, Andrea Hillock-Dunn, Matthew C. Fister, Juliane Krueger, and Mark T. Wallace.
    • 11.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 11.2 NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN ANIMAL MODELS: INTEGRATIVE PRINCIPLES AS A FOUNDATION FOR UNDERSTANDING MULTISENSORY INTERACTIONS
    • 11.3 NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN ANIMAL MODELS: NEW INSIGHTS INTO INTERDEPENDENCE OF INTEGRATIVE PRINCIPLES
    • 11.4 STUDYING MULTISENSORY INTEGRATION IN AN AWAKE AND BEHAVING SETTING: NEW INSIGHTS INTO UTILITY OF MULTISENSORY PROCESSES
    • 11.5 HUMAN BEHAVIORAL AND PERCEPTUAL STUDIES OF MULTISENSORY PROCESSING: BUILDING BRIDGES BETWEEN NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL AND PERCEPTUAL LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
    • 11.6 ADULT PLASTICITY IN MULTISENSORY TEMPORAL PROCESSES: PSYCHOPHYSICAL AND NEUROIMAGING EVIDENCE
    • 11.7 DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY IN MULTISENSORY REPRESENTATIONS: INSIGHTS FROM ANIMAL AND HUMAN STUDIES
    • 11.8 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 12. Early Integration and Bayesian Causal Inference in Multisensory Perception
    Ladan Shams.
    • 12.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 12.2 EARLY AUDITORY–VISUAL INTERACTIONS IN HUMAN BRAIN
    • 12.3 WHY HAVE CROSS-MODAL INTERACTIONS?
    • 12.4 THE PROBLEM OF CAUSAL INFERENCE
    • 12.5 SPECTRUM OF MULTISENSORY COMBINATIONS
    • 12.6 PRINCIPLES GOVERNING CROSS-MODAL INTERACTIONS
    • 12.7 CAUSAL INFERENCE IN MULTISENSORY PERCEPTION
    • 12.8 HIERARCHICAL BAYESIAN CAUSAL INFERENCE MODEL
    • 12.9 RELATIONSHIP WITH NONHIERARCHICAL CAUSAL INFERENCE MODEL
    • 12.10 HIERARCHICAL CAUSAL INFERENCE MODEL VERSUS HUMAN DATA
    • 12.11 INDEPENDENCE OF PRIORS AND LIKELIHOODS
    • 12.12 CONCLUSIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 13. Characterization of Multisensory Integration with fMRI: Experimental Design, Statistical Analysis, and Interpretation
    Uta Noppeney.
    • 13.1 FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATION: MASS-UNIVARIATE STATISTICAL APPROACHES
    • 13.2 MULTISENSORY REPRESENTATIONS: MULTIVARIATE DECODING AND PATTERN CLASSIFIER ANALYSES
    • 13.3 FUNCTIONAL INTEGRATION: EFFECTIVE CONNECTIVITY ANALYSES
    • 13.4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECHONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 14. Modeling Multisensory Processes in Saccadic Responses: Time-Window-of-Integration Model
    Adele Diederich and Hans Colonius.
    • 14.1 SUMMARY
    • 14.2 MULTISENSORY PROCESSES MEASURED THROUGH RESPONSE TIME
    • 14.3 TWIN MODELING
    • 14.4 TWIN MODELS FOR SPECIFIC PARADIGMS: ASSUMPTIONS AND PREDICTIONS
    • 14.5 TWIN MODEL FOR FOCUSED ATTENTION: INCLUDING A WARNING MECHANISM
    • 14.6 CONCLUSIONS: OPEN QUESTIONS AND FUTURE DIREDIONS
    • APPENDIX A
    • REFERENCES
• IV. Development and Plasticity
  • 15. The Organization and Plasticity of Multisensory Integration in the Midbrain
    Thomas J. Perrault Jr., Benjamin A. Rowland, and Barry E. Stein.
    • 15.1 IMPACT OF MULTISENSORY INTEGRATION
    • 15.2 ORGANIZATION OF MULTISENSORY ORGANIZATION IN ADULT SC
    • 15.3 SC MULTISENSORY INTEGRATION DEPENDS ON INFLUENCES FROM CORTEX
    • 15.4 ONTOGENY OF SC MULTISENSORY INTEGRATION
    • REFERENCES
  • 16. Effects of Prolonged Exposure to Audiovisual Stimuli with Fixed Stimulus Onset Asynchrony on Interaction Dynamics between Primary Auditory and Primary Visual Cortex
    Antje Fillbrandt and Frank W. Ohl.
    • 16.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 16.2 METHODS
    • 16.3 RESULTS
    • 16.5 CONCLUSIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 17. Development of Multisensory Temporal Perception
    David J. Lewkowicz.
    • 17.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 17.2 PERCEPTION OF MULTISENSORY TEMPORAL INFORMATION AND ITS COHERENCE
    • 17.3 DEVELOPMENTAL EMERGENCE OF MULTISENSORY PERCEPTION: GENERAL PATTERNS AND EFFECTS OF EXPERIENCE
    • 17.4 PERCEPTION OF TEMPORAL INFORMATION IN INFANCY
    • 17.5 PERCEPTION OF A–V TEMPORAL SYNCHRONY
    • 17.6 PERCEPTION OF MULTISENSORY TEMPORAL SEQUENCES IN INFANCY
    • 17.7 SPECULATIONS ON NEURAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF MULTISENSORY PERCEPTION
    • REFERENCES
  • 18. Multisensory Integration Develops Late in Humans
    David Burr and Monica Gori.
    • 18.1 DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIMODAL PERCEPTION IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
    • 18.2 NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIMODAL INTEGRATION
    • 18.3 DEVELOPMENT OF CUE INTEGRATION IN SPATIAL NAVIGATION
    • 18.4 DEVELOPMENT OF AUDIOVISUAL CUE INTEGRATION
    • 18.5 SENSORY EXPERIENCE AND DEPRIVATION INFLUENCE DEVELOPMENT OF MULTISENSORY INTEGRATION
    • 18.6 DEVELOPMENT OF VISUO-HAPTIC INTEGRATION
    • 18.7 CALIBRATION BY CROSS-MODAL COMPARISON?
    • 18.8 HAPTIC DISCRIMINATION IN BLIND AND LOW-VISION CHILDREN: DISRUPTION OF CROSS-SENSORY CALIBRATION?
    • 18.9 CONCLUDING REMARKS: EVIDENCE OF LATE MULTISENSORY DEVELOPMENT
    • REFERENCES
  • 19. Phonetic Recalibration in Audiovisual Speech
    Jean Vroomen and Martijn Baart.
    • 19.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 19.2 A SHORT HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ON AUDIOVISUAL SPEECH AFTEREFFECTS
    • 19.3 SEMINAL STUDY ON LIP-READ-INDUCED RECALIBRATION
    • 19.4 OTHER DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RECALIBRATION AND SELECTIVE SPEECH ADAPTATION
    • 19.5 STABILITY OF RECALIBRATION OVER TIME
    • 19.6 DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS
    • 19.7 COMPUTATIONAL MECHANISMS
    • 19.8 NEURAL MECHANISMS
    • 19.9 CONCLUSION
    • REFERENCES
  • 20. Multisensory Integration and Aging
    Jennifer L. Mozolic, Christina E. Hugenschmidt, Ann M. Peiffer, and Paul J. Laurienti.
    • 20.1 GENERAL COGNITIVE SLOWING
    • 20.2 INVERSE EFFECTIVENESS
    • 20.3 LARGER TIME WINDOW OF INTEGRATION
    • 20.4 DEFICITS IN ATTENTIONAL CONTROL
    • 20.5 AN ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION: INCREASED NOISE AT BASELINE
    • 20.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
    • REFERENCES
• V. Clinical Manifestations
  • 21. Neurophysiological Mechanisms Underlying Plastic Changes and Rehabilitation following Sensory Loss in Blindness and Deafness
    Ella Striem-Amit, Andreja Bubic, and Amir Amedi.
    • 21.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 21.2 REHABILITATION FOLLOWING SENSORY LOSS
    • 21.3 NEURAL AND COGNITIVE CONSEQUENCES OF SENSORY LOSS
    • 21.4 REHABILITATION-INDUCED PLASTICITY
    • 21.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 22. Visual Abilities in Individuals with Profound Deafness A Critical Review
    Francesco Pavani and Davide Bottari.
    • 22.1 VISUAL ABILITIES IN PROFOUND DEAFNESS: AN OPEN CHALLENGE FOR CROSS-MODAL PLASTICITY RESEARCH
    • 22.2 A TASK-ORIENTED REVIEW OF EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
    • 22.3 A TRANSVERSAL VIEW ON LITERATURE
    • 22.4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 23. Peripersonal Space: A Multisensory Interface for Body–Object Interactions
    Claudio Brozzoli, Tamar R. Makin, Lucilla Cardinali, Nicholas P. Holmes, and Alessandro Farnè.
    • 23.1 MULTISENSORY AND MOTOR REPRESENTATIONS OF PERIPERSONAL SPACE
    • 23.2 MULTISENSORY-BASED PPS REPRESENTATION IN HUMANS
    • REFERENCES
  • 24. Multisensory Perception and Bodily Self-Consciousness: From Out-of-Body to Inside-Body Experience
    Jane E. Aspell, Bigna Lenggenhager, and Olaf Blanke.
    • 24.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 24.2 MULTISENSORY DISINTEGRATION IN OUT-OF-BODY AND RELATED EXPERIENCES OF NEUROLOGICAL ORIGIN
    • 24.3 USING MULTISENSORY CONFLICTS TO INVESTIGATE BODILY SELF IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS
    • 24.4 CONCLUSION
    • REFERENCES
• VI. Attention and Spatial Representations
  • 25. Spatial Constraints in Multisensory Attention
    Emiliano Macaluso.
    • 25.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 25.2 UNISENSORY AND MULTISENSORY AREAS IN HUMAN BRAIN
    • 25.3 MULTISENSORY ENDOGENOUS SPATIAL ATTENTION
    • 25.4 STIMULUS-DRIVEN SPATIAL ATTENTION
    • 25.5 POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPATIAL ATTENTION AND MULTISENSORY INTEGRATION
    • 25.6 CONCLUSIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 26. Cross-Modal Spatial Cueing of Attention Influences Visual Perception
    John J. McDonald, Jessica J. Green, Viola S. Störmer, and Steven A. Hillyard.
    • 26.1 SPATIAL ATTENTION: MODALITY-SPECIFIC OR SUPRAMODAL?
    • 26.2 INVOLUNTARY CROSS-MODAL SPATIAL ATTENTION ENHANCES PERCEPTUAL SENSITIVITY
    • 26.3 INVOLUNTARY CROSS-MODAL SPATIAL ATTENTION MODULATES TIME-ORDER PERCEPTION
    • 26.4 BEYOND TEMPORAL ORDER: THE SIMULTANEITY JUDGMENT TASK
    • 26.5 INVOLUNTARY CROSS-MODAL SPATIAL ATTENTION ALTERS APPEARANCE
    • 26.6 POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF CROSS-MODAL CUE EFFECTS
    • 26.7 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 27. The Colavita Visual Dominance Effect
    Charles Spence, Cesare Parise, and Yi-Chuan Chen.
    • 27.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 27.2 BASIC FINDINGS ON COLAVITA VISUAL DOMINANCE EFFECT
    • 27.3 INTERIM SUMMARY
    • 27.4 PRIOR ENTRY AND COLAVITA VISUAL DOMINANCE EFFECT
    • 27.5 EXPLAINING THE COLAVITA VISUAL DOMINANCE EFFECT
    • 27.6 BIASED (OR INTEGRATED) COMPETITION AND COLAVITA VISUAL DOMINANCE EFFECT
    • 27.7 CONCLUSIONS AND QUESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
    • REFERENCES
  • 28. The Body in a Multisensory World
    Tobias Heed and Brigitte Röder.
    • 28.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 28.2 CONSTRUCTION OF BODY SCHEMA FROM MULTISENSORY INFORMATION
    • 28.3 THE BODY AS A MODULATOR FOR MULTISENSORY PROCESSING
    • 28.4 CONCLUSION
    • REFERENCES
• VII. Naturalistic Multisensory Processes Motion Signals
  • 29. Multisensory Interactions during Motion Perception: From Basic Principles to Media Applications
    Salvador Soto-Faraco and Aleksander Väljamäe.
    • 29.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 29.2 BASIC PHENOMENOLOGY OF MULTISENSORY INTERACTIONS IN MOTION PERCEPTION
    • 29.3 SOME BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES
    • 29.4 NEURAL CORRELATES OF MULTISENSORY INTEGRATION OF MOTION
    • 29.5 MOTION INTEGRATION IN MULTISENSORY CONTEXTS BEYOND THE LABORATORY
    • 29.6 CONCLUSIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 30. Multimodal Integration during Self-Motion in Virtual Reality
    Jennifer L. Campos and Heinrich H. Bülthoff.
    • 30.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 30.2 SIMULATION TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
    • 30.3 INFLUENCE OF VISUAL, PROPRIOCEPTIVE, AND VESTIBULAR INFORMATION ON SELF-MOTION PERCEPTION
    • 30.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY TO STUDY MULTISENSORY SELF-MOTION PERCEPTION
    • 30.5 MULTISENSORY SELF-MOTION PERCEPTION: AN APPLIED PERSPECTIVE
    • 30.6 SUMMARY
    • REFERENCES
  • 31. Visual–Vestibular Integration for Self-Motion Perception
    Gregory C. DeAngelis and Dora E. Angelaki.
    • 31.1 THE PROBLEM OF SELF-MOTION PERCEPTION AND THE UTILITY OF VISUAL–VESTIBULAR INTEGRATION
    • 31.2 POTENTIAL NEURAL SUBSTRATES FOR VISUAL–VESTIBULAR INTEGRATION
    • 31.3 HEADING TUNING AND SPATIAL REFERENCE FRAMES IN AREA MSTD
    • 31.4 THE NEURONAL COMBINATION RULE AND ITS DEPENDENCE ON CUE RELIABILITY
    • 31.5 LINKING NEURONAL AND PERCEPTUAL CORRELATES OF MULTISENSORY INTEGRATION
    • 31.6 CONCLUSION
    • REFERENCES
• VIII. Naturalistic Multisensory Processes: Communication Signals
  • 32. Unity of the Senses for Primate Vocal Communication
    Asif A. Ghazanfar.
    • 32.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 32.2 MULTISENSORY COMMUNICATION IS THE DEFAULT MODE OF COMMUNICATION
    • 32.3 MONKEYS LINK FACIAL EXPRESSIONS TO VOCAL EXPRESSIONS
    • 32.4 DYNAMIC FACES MODULATE VOICE PROCESSING IN AUDITORY CORTEX
    • 32.5 AUDITORY CORTICAL INTERACTIONS WITH SUPERIOR TEMPORAL SULCUS MEDIATES FACE/VOICE INTEGRATION
    • 32.6 VIEWING VOCALIZING CONSPECIFICS
    • 32.7 SOMATOSENSORY FEEDBACK DURING VOCAL COMMUNICATION
    • 32.8 EMERGENCE OF MULTISENSORY SYSTEMS FOR COMMUNICATION
    • 32.9 CONCLUSIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 33. Convergence of Auditory, Visual, and Somatosensory Information in Ventral Prefrontal Cortex
    Lizabeth M. Romanski.
    • 33.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 33.2 ANATOMICAL INNERVATION OF VENTRAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX
    • 33.3 PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN VLPFC NEURONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 34. A Multisensory Perspective on Human Auditory Communication
    Katharina von Kriegstein.
    • 34.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 34.2 THE AUDITORY PERSPECTIVE ON AUDITORY COMMUNICATION
    • 34.3 THE VISUAL PERSPECTIVE ON VISUAL COMMUNICATION
    • 34.4 THE MULTISENSORY PERSPECTIVE ON AUDITORY COMMUNICATION
    • 34.5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
    • REFERENCES
• IX. Naturalistic Multisensory Processes Flavor
  • 35. MULTIMODAL CHEMOSENSORY INTERACTIONS AND PERCEPTION OF FLAVOR
    John Prescott.
    • 35.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 35.2 CHEMOSENSORY INTERACTIONS AND INTEGRATION
    • 35.3 ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING AND INTEGRATION
    • 35.4 CROSS-MODAL CHEMOSENSORY BINDING
    • 35.5 ATTENTIONAL PROCESSES IN BINDING
    • 35.6 ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS IN PERCEPTION OF FLAVOR
    • 35.7 INVESTIGATING COGNITIVE PROCESSES IN FLAVOR PERCEPTION
    • 35.8 HEDONIC IMPLICATIONS OF CHEMOSENSORY INTEGRATION
    • REFERENCES
  • 36. A Proposed Model of a Flavor Modality
    Dana M. Small and Barry G. Green.
    • 36.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 36.2 FLAVOR IS TASTE, TOUCH, AND SMELL
    • 36.3 ORAL REFERRAL
    • 36.4 THE PROPOSED MODEL
    • 36.5 NEURAL MECHANISMS
    • 36.6 ALTERNATIVE MODELS
    • 36.7 SUMMARY
    • REFERENCES
  • 37. Assessing the Role of Visual and Auditory Cues in Multisensory Perception of Flavor
    Massimiliano Zampini and Charles Spence.
    • 37.1 INTRODUCTION
    • 37.2 MULTISENSORY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN VISUAL AND FLAVOR PERCEPTION
    • 37.3 ROLE OF AUDITORY CUES IN THE MULTISENSORY EXPERIENCE OF FOODSTUFFS
    • 37.4 CONCLUSIONS
    • REFERENCES