| Outcome | Study design | Number of articles: 2004 (Number controlling for confounding) | Number of articles: 2010 (Number controlling for confounding) | Low Health Literacy Related Results: 2004 | Low Health Literacy Related Results: 2010 | Strength of Evidence: 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hospitalization | Cohort | 2 (2) | 4 (3) | Increase | Increase | Moderate |
| Cross-sectional | 0 | 2 (2) | ||||
| Emergency care visits | Cohort | 0 | 4 (3) | NA: no studies | Increase | Moderate |
| Cross-sectional | 0 | 3 (3) | ||||
| Colon screening | Cross-sectional | 0 | 5(5) | NA: no studies | Decrease | Insufficient |
| Pap tests | Cross-sectional | 1(1) | 3(3) | Decrease | Decrease | Low |
| Mammogram | Cross-sectional | 1(1) | 4(4) | Decrease | Decrease | Moderate |
| STI (testing) | Cross-sectional | 1(1) | 1(1) | Increase | Increase | Low |
| Immunization: Influenza | Cohort | 0 | 1(1) | Decrease | Decrease | Moderate |
| Cross-sectional | 1(1) | 3(3) | ||||
| Immunization: Pneumococcal | Cohort | 0 | 1(1) | Decrease | Mixed | Insufficient |
| Cross-sectional | 1(1) | 1(1) | ||||
| Access to care | Cohort | 0 | 4(4) | No difference | Mixed | Insufficient |
| Cross-sectional | 1(1) | 5(5) | ||||
| Access to insurance | Cross-sectional | 0 | 1(1) | NA: no studies | Decrease | Low |
| Knowledge | Cohort | 1 (0) | NA | Decrease | NA: analysis not repeated | Not re-evaluated |
| Cross-sectional | 9 (7) | |||||
| Adherence | Cohort | 2 (0) | 6 (6) | Mixed | Mixed | Insufficient |
| Cross-sectional | 2 (1) | 9 (9) | ||||
| Self-efficacy | Cross-sectional | 0 | 5 (4) | NA: no studies | Mixed | Insufficient |
| Smoking | Cross-sectional | 3 (1) | 2 (2) | Mixed | Mixed | Insufficient |
| Alcohol and drug use | Cross-sectional | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | No difference | Mixed | Insufficient |
| Healthy lifestyle (physical activity, eating habits, and seat belt use) | Cross-sectional | 0 | 3 (3-for some outcomes) | NA: no studies | Mixed | Insufficient |
| Obesity and weight | Cohort | 0 | 1 (0) | NA: no studies | Mixed | Insufficient |
| Cross-sectional | 0 | 4 (1) | ||||
| Review of prescription information | Cross-sectional | 0 | 1 (1) | NA: no studies | Decrease | Low |
| HIV risk and sexual behavior | Cohort | 0 | 1 (1) | NA: no studies | Mixed | Insufficient |
| Cross-sectional | 0 | 1 (1) | ||||
| Taking medications appropriately | Cohort | 0 | 1 (1) | NA: no studies | Decrease | Moderate |
| Cross-sectional | 0 | 4 (4) | ||||
| Interpreting labels and health messages | Cross-sectional | 0 | 5 (4) | NA: no studies | Decrease | Moderate |
| Asthma self care | Cross-sectional | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | Decrease | Decrease | Low |
| Mental health symptomatology | Cohort | 1 (0) | 2 (1) | Decrease | Greater in 8 studies | Low |
| Cross-sectional | 4 (2) | 8 (4) | ||||
| Chronic disease | Cohort | 1 (1) | 2 (0) | No difference | Mixed | Insufficient |
| Cross-sectional | 5 (3) | |||||
| HIV severity and symptoms | Cohort | 1 (1) | Mixed | No difference in 4 studies | Low | |
| Cross-sectional | 3 (0) | 4 (3) | ||||
| Asthma severity and control | Cross-sectional | 0 | 2 (1) | NA: no studies | Mixed | Insufficient |
| Diabetes control and related symptoms | Cross-sectional | 3 (2) | 6 (5) | Mixed | Mixed | Insufficient |
| Hypertension control | Cross-sectional | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | No difference | Mixed | Insufficient |
| Prostate cancer control | Cross-sectional | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | No difference | Decrease | Low |
| Health status: all adults | Cross-sectional | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | Decrease | No difference | Low |
| Health status and QoL seniors: Mental & physical functioning: seniors | Cohort | 0 | 1 (1) | Decrease | Decrease | Moderate |
| Cross-sectional | 1 (0) | 5 (4) | ||||
| Cohort | 3 (2) | NA: no studies | Mixed | Insufficient | ||
| Cross-sectional | 0 | 2 (2) | ||||
| Health status and QoL: specific diseases | Cross-sectional | 2 (0) | 5 (5) | No difference | Mixed | Insufficient |
| Mortality: seniors | Cohort | 0 | 3 (3) | NA: no studies | Greater | High |
| Costs | Cohort | 1 (1) | 2(2) | No difference | Mixed | Insufficient |
| Disparities | Cohort | 0 | 1 (1) | HL mediates racial disparity in 1 study | HL partially mediates: racial disparities in some outcomes, no differences in Hispanic ethnicity, sex differences for 1 outcome | Race: Low Hispanic ethnicity: Low Sex: Low |
| Cross-sectional | 1 (1) | 5 (5) | ||||
HL=health literacy; NA=not applicable; QoL=quality of life; STI=sexually transmitted infection
From: Conclusions
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