Prints and Photographs

Karen Patrias; Dan Wendling

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor. Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007-.

Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition.

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Chapter 17Prints and Photographs

Created: October 10, 2007; Last Update: August 11, 2015.

A. Individual Prints and Photographs

Sample Citation and Introduction
Citation Rules with Examples
Examples

B. Collections of Prints and Photographs

Sample Citation and Introduction
Citation Rules with Examples
Examples

A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Individual Prints and Photographs

The general format for a reference to a print or photograph, including punctuation:

- author and title provided:

- no author named and title constructed:

Examples of Citations to Individual Prints and Photographs

Prints and photographs usually include portraits, photographs or scenes (of people, institutions, and places), caricatures, posters, and graphic art (illustrations and diagrams). A print is a copy of a picture made by any printing process. The print may be an original drawing, woodcut, etching, engraving, lithograph, or photograph transferred to the print medium from a plate cut by an artist or engraver.

Prints and photographs often contain little information to use in constructing a citation. A formal title may be absent and publishing facts unclear. Therefore, include in a citation, whenever, possible the name of a library or other public archive where the item may be found, along with any order or catalog number available. See Notes below.

Edition has a different meaning for prints than that used for books and all other formats. For prints, edition refers to the total number of impressions or copies made from the original. Thus a print with 50 copies is said to have an edition of 50. Edition is often found at the bottom left or bottom right side of a print, expressed as a fraction. For example, 10/200 means that this print is the tenth impression of a total of 200 impressions made. See Edition below.

This chapter covers citing prints and photographs that are published as separate entities, not as illustrations in journal articles or books. See Chapter 1B Parts of Journal Articles and Chapter 2C Parts of Books for information on citing the latter. Paintings, sculptures, and other works of art are included only when a print or photograph of them has been made. See NISO standard Z39.29 for information on citing the actual works of art.

Prints and photographs may be cited as individual items and as collections. See Chapter 17B Collections of Prints and Photographs for information on citing collections.

Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Prints and Photographs.

Continue to Examples of Citations to Individual Prints and Photographs.

Citation Rules with Examples for Individual Prints and Photographs

Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is optional.

Author (artist or photographer) for Individual Prints and Photographs (required)

General Rules for Author (artist or photographer)

Enter the author's surname (family or last name) first
Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear on the document cited on the assumption that the author approved the form used. For example: Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.
Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials for a maximum of two initials following each surname
Separate multiple author names from each other by a comma and a space
End author information with a period unless the author role is included (see the Author role included below)

Box 8

Author role included.

Specific Rules for Author (artist or photographer)

Box 1

Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them.

Box 2

Other surname rules.

Box 3

Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle.

Box 4

Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name.

Box 5

Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III.

Box 6

Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese).

Box 7

Organization as author.

Box 9

No author can be found.

Box 10

Options for author names.

Examples for Author (artist or photographer)

1. Standard citation for a print or photograph
2. Print or photograph author with optional full first name
3. Print or photograph author with optional role provided
4. Print or photograph author with only last name provided
5. Print or photograph with multiple authors
6. Print or photograph authors with different roles
7. Print or photograph with organization as author
8. Print or photograph with no author found
9. Print or photograph with author affiliation

Author Affiliation for Individual Prints and Photographs (optional)

General Rules for Author Affiliation

Enter the affiliation of all authors or only the first author
Begin with the department and name of the institution, followed by city and state/Canadian province/country
Use commas to separate parts of the address
Place the address in parentheses, such as (Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA)
Separate the affiliation from its author by a space
Follow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the parentheses, unless the affiliation is for the last author, then use a period

Specific Rules for Author Affiliation

Box 11

Abbreviations in affiliations.

Box 12

E-mail address included.

Box 13

Organizational names for affiliations not in English.

Box 14

Names for cities and countries not in English.

Examples for Author Affiliation

9. Print or photograph with author affiliation

Title for Individual Prints and Photographs (required)

General Rules for Title

Enter the title of the print or photograph as it appears on the original document, in the original language
Capitalize only the first word of a title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms
Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless some other form of punctuation such as a question mark, period, or an exclamation point is already present
Follow non-English titles with a translation whenever possible; place the translation in square brackets
End a title with a space unless a question mark or exclamation point already ends it

Specific Rules for Title

Box 15

Titles not in English.

Box 16

Titles in more than one language.

Box 17

Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character.

Box 18

Titles ending in punctuation other than a period.

Box 19

No title can be found.

Examples for Title

10. Print or photograph title with subtitle
11. Print or photograph title ending in punctuation other than a period
12. Print or photograph with constructed title
13. Print or photograph title in a language other than English
14. Print or photograph title with parallel text in two or more languages
15. Print or photograph title for a conference

Type of Medium for Individual Prints and Photographs (required)

General Rules for Type of Medium

Indicate the specific type of medium (print, photograph, poster, etc.) following the title
Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period, such as "[photograph]."
Add information about the medium according to the instructions under Physical Description

Specific Rules for Type of Medium

Box 20

Titles ending in punctuation other than a period.

Box 21

Titles not in English.

Examples for Type of Medium

1. Standard citation for a print or photograph
2. Print or photograph author with optional full first name
3. Print or photograph author with optional role provided
4. Print or photograph author with only last name provided
5. Print or photograph with multiple authors
6. Print or photograph authors with different roles
7. Print or photograph with organization as author
8. Print or photograph with no author found
9. Print or photograph with author affiliation
10. Print or photograph title with subtitle
11. Print or photograph title ending in punctuation other than a period
12. Print or photograph with constructed title
13. Print or photograph title in a language other than English
14. Print or photograph title with parallel text in two or more languages
15. Print or photograph title for a conference
16. Print or photograph with edition
17. Print or photograph with well known place of publication
18. Print or photograph with lesser known place of publication
19. Print or photograph with place of publication inferred
20. Print or photograph with no place of publication found
21. Print or photograph publisher with subsidiary department/division named
22. Print or photograph with government agency as publisher
23. Print or photograph with no publisher found
24. Print or photograph with no place of publication or publisher found
25. Print or photograph date with month and day included
26. Print or photograph with date of copyright instead of date of publication
27. Print or photograph with date estimated
28. Print or photograph with no date of publication found
29. Print or photograph with no place, publisher, or date of publication found
30. Print or photograph with physical description
31. Print or photograph with a series
32. Print or photograph with the name of library or other archive included
33. Print or photograph with supplemental note included

Edition for Individual Prints and Photographs (optional)

General Rules for Edition

Prints are made in a varying number of impressions or copies, called an edition, such as an edition of 20 or an edition of 100.

Begin with the word Edition followed by a colon, a space, and the total number of impressions. For example: Edition: 50.
Express numbers representing editions in arabic numbers. For example: XXX; becomes 30.
End the edition statement with a period

Specific Rules for Edition

Non-English words for editions

Box 22

Non-English words for editions.

Examples for Edition

16. Print or photograph with edition

Place of Publication for Individual Prints and Photographs (required)

General Rules for Place of Publication

Place is defined as the city where the print or photograph was published
Follow US and Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the state or province (see Appendix E) to avoid confusion when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations have the same name, such as Palm Springs (CA) and Palm Springs (FL)
Follow cities in other countries with the name of the country, either written out or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D), when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations have the same name, such as London (ON) and London (England)
Use the anglicized form for a non-US city, such as Vienna for Wein
End place information with a colon

Specific Rules for Place of Publication

Box 23

Non-US cities.

Box 24

No place of publication can be found.

Examples for Place of Publication

17. Print or photograph with well known place of publication
18. Print or photograph with lesser known place of publication
19. Print or photograph with place of publication inferred
20. Print or photograph with no place of publication found
24. Print or photograph with no place of publication or publisher found
29. Print or photograph with no place, publisher, or date of publication found

Publisher for Individual Prints and Photographs (required)

General Rules for Publisher

Record the name of the publisher as it appears in the publication, using whatever capitalization and punctuation is found there
Abbreviate well-known publisher names with caution to avoid confusion. For example, "John Wiley & Sons, Ltd." may become simply "Wiley".
When a division or other subsidiary part of a publisher appears in the publication, enter the publisher name first. For example: McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division.
End publisher information with a semicolon

Specific Rules for Publisher

Box 25

Abbreviated words in publisher names.

Box 26

Non-English names for publishers.

Box 27

Government agencies and other national and international bodies as publisher.

Box 28

No publisher can be found.

Examples for Publisher

21. Print or photograph publisher with subsidiary department/division named
22. Print or photograph with government agency as publisher
23. Print or photograph with no publisher found
24. Print or photograph with no place of publication or publisher found
29. Print or photograph with no place, publisher, or date of publication found

Date of Publication for Individual Prints and Photographs (required)

General Rules for Date of Publication

Always give the year of publication
Convert roman numerals to arabic numbers. For example: MM to 2000.
Include the month of publication, if desired, after the year, such as 2004 May
Use English names for months and abbreviate them to the first three letters, such as Jan
End date information with a period

Specific Rules for Date of Publication

Box 29

Non-English names for months.

Box 30

Seasons instead of months.

Box 31

Date of publication and date of copyright.

Box 32

No date of publication, but a date of copyright.

Box 33

No date of publication or copyright can be found.

Box 33a

Options for date of publication.

Examples for Date of Publication

25. Print or photograph date with month and day included
26. Print or photograph with date of copyright instead of date of publication
27. Print or photograph with date estimated
28. Print or photograph with no date of publication found
29. Print or photograph with no place, publisher, or date of publication found

Physical Description for Individual Prints and Photographs (optional)

General Rules for Physical Description

Give the physical characteristics of the print, photograph, etc., such as 1 photograph: black & white, 8 x 10 in.

Specific Rules for Physical Description

Language for describing physical characteristics

Box 34

Language for describing physical characteristics.

Examples for Physical Description

30. Print or photograph with physical description

Series for Individual Prints and Photographs (optional)

General Rules for Series

Begin with the name of the series
Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns
Follow the name with any numbers provided. For example, vol. 3 for a volume or no. 12 for an issue number.
Separate the title and the number by a semicolon and a space
Place series information in parentheses
End series information with a period, placed outside the closing parenthesis

Examples for Series

31. Print or photograph with a series

Language for Individual Prints and Photographs (required)

General Rules for Language

Give the language of the print, photograph, etc., if not English
Capitalize the language name
Follow the language name with a period

Specific Rules for Language

Titles appearing in more than one language

Box 35

Titles appearing in more than one language.

Examples for Language

13. Print or photograph title in a language other than English
14. Print or photograph title with parallel text in two or more languages

Notes for Individual Prints and Photographs (optional)

General Rules for Notes

Notes is a collective term for any useful information given after the citation itself
Complete sentences are not required
Be brief

Specific Rules for Notes

Box 36

Information on the location of the print or photograph.

Box 37

Other types of material to include in notes.

Examples for Notes

32. Print or photograph with the name of library or other archive included
33. Print or photograph with supplemental note included

Examples of Citations to Individual Prints and Photographs

1. Standard citation for a print or photograph

Day J. Dying before their time: early death & AIDS [poster]. Farmington (CT): University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Section of Medical Arts & Letters; 1988. 1 poster: color, 14 x 21 in.

2. Print or photograph author with optional full first name

Netter, Frank H. [Interior view of the ear] [poster]. Summit (NJ): Ciba; [date unknown]. 1 poster: color, 39 x 27 in.

3. Print or photograph author with optional role provided

Nunney, artist. Learning to be doctors in Fiji [poster]. New York: British Information Services; [date unknown]. 1 poster: color, 51 x 76 cm.

Vedin A, Maliutina O, artists. Prichina-alkogol' [poster]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Plakat; c1990. 1 poster: color, 66 x 48 cm. Russian.

Ridley W, engraver. Harvey [print]. London: [publisher unknown]; 1796 May 7. 1 print: black & white, 3 x 5 in.

Baron DA, photographer. Would you be more careful if it was you that got pregnant? [poster]. California: Pharmacists Planning Service, Inc.; c1986. 1 poster: halftone, 11 x 17 in.

4. Print or photograph author with only last name provided

Walter, engraver. John F. Frazer, A.M. [print]. Philadelphia: Harrison; [date unknown]. 1 print: black & white, 7 x 10 in.

Nunney, artist. Learning to be doctors in Fiji [poster]. New York: British Information Services; [date unknown]. 1 poster: color, 51 x 76 cm.

5. Print or photograph with multiple authors

Vedin A, Maliutina O. Prichina-alkogol' [poster]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Plakat; c1990. 1 poster: color, 66 x 48 cm. Russian.

Padey G, Auberson G. Parlons sante! = Let's talk health! = !Hablemos de la salud! = Falemos da saude! [poster]. Geneva: World Health Organization; [date unknown]. 1 poster: color, 42 x 60 cm. French, English, Spanish, Portuguese.

6. Print or photograph authors with different roles

Sokolov IS, author; Ivanov KK, artist. Stydno, diadia! [For shame, uncle!] [poster]. Moscow: Ministerstvo Zdravookhraneniia SSSR, Institut Sanitarnogo Prosveshcheniia; 1964. 1 poster: color, 56 x 43 cm. Russian.

7. Print or photograph with organization as author

College des Ondes. Le sida se transmet aussi de cette facon [AIDS is transmitted by this behavior] [poster]. [Mauritius]: Mauritius Ministere de la Sante, Health Education Unit; [date unknown]. 1 poster: color, 12 x 19 in. French.

8. Print or photograph with no author found

Observation of bacterial growths in medium to study their effects on teeth [photograph]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Institute of Dental Research (US); [date unknown]. 1 photograph: black & white, 8 x 10 in.

[Floor plans for laboratory] [print]. [Washington]: Army (US), Office of the Surgeon-General; [date unknown]. 1 print: black & white, 7 x 9 in.

9. Print or photograph with author affiliation

Joseph N (Smart + Strong, New York, NY). Let's talk [poster]. [Washington]: Pan American Health Organization; 1999. 1 poster: color, 18 x 24 in.

10. Print or photograph title with subtitle

Help wanted: set your own hours [poster]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); [date unknown]. 1 poster: color, 17 x 22 in.

11. Print or photograph title ending in punctuation other than a period

AIDS is over, right? [poster]. New York: Visual AIDS; 1998. 1 poster: color, 24 x 35 in.

Gillray J. The cow pock-or-the wonderful effects of the new inoculation! [print]. London: H. Humphrey; 1802 Jun 12. 1 print: color, 9 x 14 in.

12. Print or photograph with constructed title

Kennedy RA. [Christian B. Anfinsen] [photograph]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Institutes of Health (US), Photographic Research Section; [1952?]. 1 print: black & white, 10 x 8 in.

[Portrait of five African American female nurses in uniform, circa 1920] [photograph]. [New York]: National League for Nursing Press; c1991. 1 photograph: black & white, 8 x 10 in.

13. Print or photograph title in a language other than English

Le soleil peut etre dangereux: travail ou loisirs, protegez-vous [poster]. Paris: Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer; 1992. 1 poster: color, 12 x 16 in. French.

Diesen H. Rus fri [poster]. Norway: Statens Edruskapsdirektorat; [date unknown]. 1 poster: color, 60 x 42 cm. Norwegian.

Drug vodki--vrag profsoiuza [print]. Moscow: Narkomzdrava R.S.F.S.R.; 1926. 1 poster: color, 71 x 105 cm. Russian.

with translation

Le soleil peut etre dangereux: travail ou loisirs, protegez-vous [The sun can be dangerous: at work or play, protect yourself] [poster]. Paris: Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer; 1992. 1 poster: color, 12 x 16 in. French.

Diesen H. Rus fri [Intoxication free] [poster]. Norway: Statens Edruskapsdirektorat; [date unknown]. 1 poster: color, 60 x 42 cm. Norwegian.

Drug vodki--vrag profsoiuza [Friend of vodka--enemy of the trade union] [print]. Moscow: Narkomzdrava R.S.F.S.R.; 1926. 1 poster: color, 71 x 105 cm. Russian.

14. Print or photograph title with parallel text in two or more languages

Boillard J, artist. Assemblee des vieux garcons = The assembly of old batchelors [print]. London: Bowles & Carver; [date unknown]. 1 print: color, 16 x 22 cm. French, English.

Girardet E. La consultation = Die consultation [print]. Paris: Lemercier; [date unknown]. 1 print: color, 28 x 24 cm. French, German.

Morris, artist. Tobacco or health: choose health = Le tabac ou la sante: choisissez la sante = Tabaco o salud: elija la salud [poster]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1988. 1 poster: color, 42 x 30 cm. English, French, Spanish.

15. Print or photograph title for a conference

Geriatric assessment methods for clinical decisionmaking [poster]. Consensus Development Conference on Geriatric Assessment Methods; 1987 Oct 19-21; Bethesda, MD. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US), Medical Arts and Photography Branch; 1987. 1 poster: color, 27 x 32 in.

Congreso Nacional y Primera Conferencia Internacional de Salud Oral [National Congress and 1st International Conference on Oral Health] [poster]. Lima (Peru): Colegio Odontologico del Peru; 1971. 1 poster: color, 21 x 27 in. Spanish.

16. Print or photograph with edition

The world's debt to Pasteur [poster]. Edition: 1000. Philadelphia: Wistar Institute; c1984. 1 poster: color, 9 x 13 in.

17. Print or photograph with well known place of publication

The heifer from which the vaccine matter is taken [print]. New York: Harper & Brothers; 1870. 1 print: black & white, 10 x 8 in.

18. Print or photograph with lesser known place of publication

Stoepman F. From witchdoctor to MD: a review of more than 20 centuries of medical skill--of the scholars, the diseases and the sick--of the world around them [poster]. Haarlem (Netherlands): The Halls; 1972. 1 poster: color, 21 x 31 in.

Day J. Dying before their time: early death & AIDS [poster]. Farmington (CT): University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Section of Medical Arts & Letters; 1988. 1 poster: color, 14 x 21 in.

19. Print or photograph with place of publication inferred

[Portrait of five African American female nurses in uniform, circa 1920] [photograph]. [New York]: National League for Nursing Press; c1991. 1 photograph: black & white, 8 x 10 in.

20. Print or photograph with no place of publication found

Blossom D. Tufts University School of Medicine [photograph]. [place unknown]: E.R. Squibb & Sons; c1966. 1 photograph: color, 11 x 14 in.

Thom RA. Pharmacy in Ancient China (about 2000 B.C.) [print]. [place unknown]: Parke Davis & Company; 1951. 1 print: color, 8 1/2 x 11 in.

21. Print or photograph publisher with subsidiary department/division named

Day J. Dying before their time: early death & AIDS [poster]. Farmington (CT): University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Section of Medical Arts & Letters; 1988. 1 poster: color, 14 x 21 in.

Marasmus baby [poster]. Lilongwe (Malawi): Malawi Ministry of Health, Health Education Section; 1988. 1 poster: black & white, 11 x 23 in.

22. Print or photograph with government agency as publisher

[Floor plans for laboratory] [print]. [Washington]: Army (US), Office of the Surgeon-General; [date unknown]. 1 print: black & white, 7 x 9 in.

23. Print or photograph with no publisher found

Spellman DD. [Hugo A. Freund] [photograph]. Detroit: [publisher unknown]; 1948 Feb. 1 photograph: black & white, 8 x 11 in.

24. Print or photograph with no place of publication or publisher found

Kyllingstad H. Indian hospital [photograph]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 1951. 1 photograph: black & white, 7 x 9 in.

Eareckson CN. [Dr. Harry Friedenwald] [photograph]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 1928. 1 photograph: black & white, 5 x 8 in.

25. Print or photograph date with month and day included

Ridley W, engraver. Harvey [print]. London: [publisher unknown]; 1796 May 7. 1 print: black & white, 3 x 5 in.

26. Print or photograph with date of copyright instead of date of publication

[Portrait of five African American female nurses in uniform, circa 1920] [photograph]. [New York]: National League for Nursing Press; c1991. 1 photograph: black & white, 8 x 10 in.

Vedin A, Maliutina O. Prichina-alkogol [poster]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Plakat; c1990. 1 poster: color, 66 x 48 cm. Russian.

27. Print or photograph with date estimated

Kennedy RA. [Christian B. Anfinsen] [photograph]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Institutes of Health (US), Photographic Research Section; [1952?]. 1 print: black & white, 10 x 8 in.

First aid packet: first aid help for wounds [photograph]. [place unknown: publisher unknown; circa 1900]. 1 photograph: black & white, 5 x 6 in. Located at: Prints and Photographs Collection, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Order No.: A022483.

28. Print or photograph with no date of publication found

Darbois D. [A young boy in Japan with polio] [photograph]. [Geneva]: World Health Organization; [date unknown]. 1 photograph: black & white, 7 x 10 in.

M Freligh [print]. Philadelphia: Galaxy Pub. Co.; [date unknown]. 1 print: black & white, 6 x 9 in. Portrait of Martin Freligh.

29. Print or photograph with no place, publisher, or date of publication found

Johan Freyer [print]. [place, publisher, date unknown]. 1 print: black & white, 6 x 7 in. Located at: Prints and Photographs Collection, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Order No. B012357.

Berry T, engraver. John Gerarde: master in chirurgerie [print]. [place, publisher, date unknown]. 1 print: black & white, 6 x 8 in. Located at: Prints and Photographs Collection, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Order No. B012807.

30. Print or photograph with physical description

Kyllingstad H. Indian hospital [photograph]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 1951. 1 photograph: black & white, 7 x 9 in.

[Men in uniform] [print]. New York: G.W. Averell; 1875. 1 print: sepia, 10 x 12 in.

Vedin A, Maliutina O. Prichina-alkogol' [poster]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Plakat; c1990. 1 poster: color, 66 x 48 cm. Russian.

31. Print or photograph with a series

Thom RA. Pharmacy in Ancient China (about 2000 B.C.) [print]. [place unknown]: Parke Davis & Company; 1951. 1 print: color, 8 1/2 x 11 in. (A history of pharmacy in pictures; 3).

32. Print or photograph with the name of library or other archive included

Johan Freyer [print]. [place, publisher, date unknown]. 1 print: black & white. Located at: Prints and Photographs Collection, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Order No. B012357.

33. Print or photograph with supplemental note included

Riley J, artist. [John Freke] [print]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 1718. 1 print: black & white, 6 x 9 in. From a sculpture by Vertue.

Thom RA. Pharmacy in Ancient China (about 2000 B.C.) [print]. [place unknown]: Parke Davis & Company; 1951. 1 print: color, 8 1/2 x 11 in. (A history of pharmacy in pictures; 3). Shows Shen Nung, a Chinese emperor, examining herbs.

Kyllingstad H. Indian hospital [photograph]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 1951. 1 photograph: black & white, 7 x 9 in. Taken at the Santa Fe Indian Hospital, New Mexico.

Baron DA, photographer. Would you be more careful if it was you that got pregnant? [poster]. California: Pharmacists Planning Service, Inc.; c1986. 1 poster: halftone, 11 x 17 in. Sponsored by Clinica de la Raza, Oakland, California.

Spellman DD. [Hugo A. Freund] [photograph]. Detroit: [publisher unknown]; 1948 Feb. 1 photograph: black & white, 8 x 11 in. Autographed; letter attached.

[The hand Jenner used as a source for his vaccine] [print]. Milan (Italy): Lier; 1923. 1 print: black & white. Facsimile of 1798 drawing by Jenner.

B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Collections of Prints and Photographs

The general format for a reference to a collection of prints and photographs, including punctuation:

Illustration of the general format for a reference to a collection of
prints and photographs.

Examples of Citations to Collections of Prints and Photographs

Prints and photographs may be cited as individual items or as collections. In the rules section below, information on citing collections is placed after the rules for citing an individual print or photograph.

Titles for collections are unusual in that they are assigned by the library or other archive housing the collection. Although collection titles are constructed, they are not placed within square brackets as are constructed titles for an individual print or photograph. Other areas of difference include:

Range of dates for the collection is provided instead of a single date of publication.
Place of publication and publisher information is absent.
Name of the library or archive housing the collection is required in the citation.

Note that most example citations in this chapter are from the Prints and Photographs Collection of the National Library of Medicine. Since the Collection is housed organizationally within the Library's History of Medicine Division, many items are historical in nature. However, the rules provided are applicable to contemporary material.

Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Collections of Prints and Photographs

Continue to Examples of Citations to Collections of Prints and Photographs

Citation Rules with Examples for Collections of Prints and Photographs

Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is optional.

Author (artist or photographer) for Collections (required)

General Rules for Author (artist or photographer)

Enter the author's surname (family or last name) first
Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear on the document cited on the assumption that the author approved the form used. For example: Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.
Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials for a maximum of two initials following each surname
End author information with a period unless the author role is included (see Author role included below)

Box 45

Author role included.

Specific Rules for Author (artist or photographer)

Box 38

Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them.

Box 39

Other surname rules.

Box 40

Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle.

Box 41

Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name.

Box 42

Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III.

Box 43

Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese).

Box 44

Organization as author.

Box 46

Compiler instead of an author.

Box 47

No author can be found.

Box 48

Options for author names.

Examples for Author (artist or photographer)

1. Print and photograph collections

Author Affiliation for Collections (optional)

General Rules for Author Affiliation

Enter the affiliation of all authors or only the first author
Begin with the department and name of the institution, followed by city and state/Canadian province/country
Use commas to separate parts of the address
Place the address in parentheses, such as (Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA)
Separate the affiliation from its author by a space
Follow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the parentheses, unless the affiliation is for the last author, then use a period

Specific Rules for Author Affiliation

Box 49

Abbreviations in affiliations.

Box 50

E-mail address included.

Box 51

Organizational names for affiliations not in English.

Box 52

Names for cities and countries not in English.

Examples for Author Affiliation

1. Print and photograph collections

Title for Collections (required)

General Rules for Title

Enter the title of the collection as assigned by the holder of the collection
Capitalize only the first word of a title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms
Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless another form of punctuation such as a question mark, period, or an exclamation point is already present
End a title with a space

Specific Rules for Title

Box 53

Titles not in English.

Box 54

Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character.

Examples for Title

1. Print and photograph collections

Type of Medium for Collections (required)

General Rules for Type of Medium

Indicate the specific type of medium (prints, photographs, posters, etc.) of the items in the collection following the title
Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period, such as "[photographs]."
Add information about the medium according to the instructions under Physical Description for Collections

Specific Rules for Type of Medium

More than one type of medium

Box 55

More than one type of medium.

Examples for Type of Medium

1. Print and photograph collections

Secondary Author for Collections (optional)

General Rules for Secondary Author

A secondary author modifies the work of the author, such as the compiler of a collection
Place the names of secondary authors after the title, following the type of medium
Use the same rules for the format of names presented in Author (artist or photographer) for Collections above
Follow the last named compiler with a comma and the word compiler or compilers
End secondary author information with a period

Specific Rules for Secondary Author

Non-English names for secondary authors

Box 56

Non-English names for secondary authors.

Date of Publication for Collections (required)

General Rules for Date

Give the date range of the items in the collection
Enter the earliest date of publication, a hyphen, and the latest date of publication. For example: 2000-2005.
Follow the last year with a period

Specific Rules for Date

Date estimated

Box 57

Date estimated.

Examples for Date

1. Print and photograph collections

Physical Description for Collections (optional)

General Rules for Physical Description

Give information on the total number and physical characteristics of the prints, photographs, etc., in the collection, such as 16 photographs: black & white, 8 x 10 in. or smaller.

Specific Rules for Physical Description

Box 58

Language for describing physical characteristics.

Box 59

More than one type of medium.

Examples for Physical Description

1. Print and photograph collections

Library or Other Archive Where Located for Collections (required)

General Rules for Library or Other Archive

Enter the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space
Give the name of the library or archive, preceded by any subsidiary division, and followed by a comma and a space. For example: Prints and Photographs Collection, National Library of Medicine.
Follow with the name of the city, a comma, and the two-letter abbreviation for the US state or Canadian province; add the country if not the US or Canada, either written out or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D)
Enter a semicolon and any identifying number for the collection
End library information with a period

Specific Rules for Library or Other Archive

Box 61

Non-English names for libraries and archives.

Box 62

Locations outside of the US.

Examples for Library or Other Archive

1. Print and photograph collections

Language for Collections (required)

General Rules for Language

Give the language of the collection, if not English
Capitalize the language name
Follow the language name with a period

Specific Rules for Language

Collections with items appearing in more than one language

Box 60

Collections with items appearing in more than one language.

Examples for Language

1. Print and photograph collections

Notes for Collections (optional)

General Rules for Notes

Notes is a collective term for any useful information given after the citation itself
Complete sentences are not required
Be brief

Specific Rules for Notes

Types of material to include in notes

Box 63

Types of material to include in notes.

Examples for Notes

1. Print and photograph collections

Examples of Citations to Collections of Prints and Photographs

1. Print and photograph collections

Tabor M. Martha Tabor collection [photographs]. 1985-2006. 155 photographs: black & white. Located at: Prints and Photographs Collection, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. Photographs depict contemporary health care professionals at work.

Spanish Civil War poster collection [posters]. 1936-1939. 123 posters: color, 213 x 161 cm. or smaller. Located at: Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; Card No. 2001697400. Spanish, English, Esperanto, French. Many artists are represented. Among the more notable or frequently represented artists are: Jose Bardasano, Carles Fontsere, Aleix Hinsberger, and Ramon Puyol.

Patent medicine labels and advertisements [prints]. 1830-1985. 420 prints: black & white and color, 13 x 17 in. or smaller. Located at: Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; LOT 10632. Collection contains engravings, etchings, lithographs.

Visual materials from the Blackwell family papers [slides + prints]. 1840-circa 1935. 171 items: 28 x 23 cm. or smaller. Located at: Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; LOT 13267. Collection contains chiefly lantern slides and photographic prints.

Kase G, compiler (Board of Park Commissioners, Cincinnati, OH). Mt. Airy Forest collection [prints + slides]. 1928-1954. 549 prints: black & white, 9 x 15 cm.; 64 slides: color, 2 x 2 in. Located at: Cincinnati Historical Society Library, Cincinnati, OH.

Bookshelf ID: NBK7258

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Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor. Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007-. Chapter 17, Prints and Photographs. 2007 Oct 10 [Updated 2015 Aug 11].
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In this Page

A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Individual Prints and Photographs
Citation Rules with Examples for Individual Prints and Photographs
Examples of Citations to Individual Prints and Photographs
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Collections of Prints and Photographs
Citation Rules with Examples for Collections of Prints and Photographs
Examples of Citations to Collections of Prints and Photographs

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