Shanafelt TD, West CP, Dyrbye LN, et al. Changes in Burnout and Satisfaction With Work-Life Integration in Physicians During the First 2 Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Mayo Clin Proc. 2022;97(12):2248–58. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2022.09.002. PMID: 36229269. [PMC free article: PMC9472795] [PubMed: 36229269] [CrossRef]

National Academies of Sciences E, Medicine, National Academy of M, et al. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2019. [PubMed: 31940160]

Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology. Strategy on Reducing Regulatory and Administrative Burden Relating to the Use of Health IT and EHRs. 2020. https://www​.healthit​.gov/sites/default/files​/page/2020-02/BurdenReport_0.pdf

American Medical Informatics Association. AMIA 25x5: Reducing Documentation Burden. https://amia​.org/about-amia/amia-25x5.

Shanafelt TD, Dyrbye LN, Sinsky C, et al. Relationship Between Clerical Burden and Characteristics of the Electronic Environment With Physician Burnout and Professional Satisfaction. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016 Jul;91(7):836–48. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.05.007. PMID: 27313121. [PubMed: 27313121] [CrossRef]

Moy AJ, Schwartz JM, Chen R, et al. Measurement of clinical documentation burden among physicians and nurses using electronic health records: a scoping review. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2021 Apr 23;28(5):998–1008. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocaa325. PMID: 33434273. [PMC free article: PMC8068426] [PubMed: 33434273] [CrossRef]

Melnick ER, Dyrbye LN, Sinsky CA, et al. The Association Between Perceived Electronic Health Record Usability and Professional Burnout Among US Physicians. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020 Mar;95(3):476–87. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.09.024. Epub 2019 Nov 14. PMID: 31735343. [PubMed: 31735343] [CrossRef]

Arndt BG, Beasley JW, Watkinson MD, et al. Tethered to the EHR: Primary Care Physician Workload Assessment Using EHR Event Log Data and Time-Motion Observations. Ann Fam Med. 2017 Sep;15(5):419–26. doi: 10.1370/afm.2121. PMID: 28893811. [PMC free article: PMC5593724] [PubMed: 28893811] [CrossRef]

Dyrbye LN, Gordon J, O’Horo J, et al. Relationships Between EHR-Based Audit Log Data and Physician Burnout and Clinical Practice Process Measures. Mayo Clin Proc. 2023 Mar;98(3):398–409. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2022.10.027. PMID: 36868747. [PubMed: 36868747] [CrossRef]

Gaffney A, Woolhandler S, Cai C, et al. Medical Documentation Burden Among US Office-Based Physicians in 2019: A National Study. JAMA Intern Med. 2022 May 1;182(5):564–6. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.0372. PMID: 35344006. [PMC free article: PMC8961402] [PubMed: 35344006] [CrossRef]

Sinsky CA, Biddison LD, Mallick A, et al. Organizational Evidence-Based and Promising Practices for Improving Clinician Well-Being. NAM Perspect. 2020;2020:10.31478/202011a. doi: 10.31478/202011a. PMID: 35291739. [PMC free article: PMC8916810] [PubMed: 35291739] [CrossRef] [CrossRef]

Cutrona SL, Fouayzi H, Burns L, et al. Primary Care Providers’ Opening of Time-Sensitive Alerts Sent to Commercial Electronic Health Record InBaskets. J Gen Intern Med. 2017 Nov;32(11):1210–9. doi: 10.1007/s11606-017-4146-3. PMID: 28808942. [PMC free article: PMC5653559] [PubMed: 28808942] [CrossRef]

Powell L, Sittig DF, Chrouser K, et al. Assessment of Health Information Technology-Related Outpatient Diagnostic Delays in the US Veterans Affairs Health Care System: A Qualitative Study of Aggregated Root Cause Analysis Data. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jun 1;3(6):e206752. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6752. PMID: 32584406. [PMC free article: PMC7317596] [PubMed: 32584406] [CrossRef]

Marmor RA, Clay B, Millen M, et al. The Impact of Physician EHR Usage on Patient Satisfaction. Appl Clin Inform. 2018 Jan;9(1):11–4. doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1620263. PMID: 29298451. [PMC free article: PMC5801886] [PubMed: 29298451] [CrossRef]

Nguyen OT, Jenkins NJ, Khanna N, et al. A systematic review of contributing factors of and solutions to electronic health record-related impacts on physician well-being. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2021 Apr 23;28(5):974–84. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocaa339. PMID: 33517382. [PMC free article: PMC8068432] [PubMed: 33517382] [CrossRef]

Wilson LL, Fulton M. Risk management: how doctors, hospitals and MDOs can limit the costs of malpractice litigation. Med J Aust. 2000 Jan 17;172(2):77–80. PMID: 10738478. [PubMed: 10738478]

Albano GD, Bertozzi G, Maglietta F, et al. Medical Records Quality as Prevention Tool for Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) Related Litigation: a Case Series. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2019;20(8):653–7. doi: 10.2174/1389201020666190408102221. PMID: 30961488. [PubMed: 30961488] [CrossRef]

Teichman PG. Documentation tips for reducing malpractice risk. Fam Pract Manag. 2000 Mar;7(3):29–33. PMID: 10947287. [PubMed: 10947287]

Gettinger A, Zayas-Caban T. HITECH to 21st century cures: clinician burden and evolving health IT policy. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2021 Apr 23;28(5):1022–5. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocaa330. PMID: 33576379. [PMC free article: PMC8068412] [PubMed: 33576379] [CrossRef]

DesRoches CM, Charles D, Furukawa MF, et al. Adoption Of Electronic Health Records Grows Rapidly, But Fewer Than Half Of US Hospitals Had At Least A Basic System In 2012. Health Aff (Millwood). 2013 2013/08;32(8):1478–85. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0308. PMID: 23840052. [PubMed: 23840052] [CrossRef]

Henry J, Pylypchuk Y, Searcy T, et al. (2016). Adoption of electronic health record systems among US non-federal acute care hospitals: 2008–2015. ONC Data Brief no. 35. Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology: Washington DC.

American Medical Association. Joy in Medicine ™: Health System Recognition Program. 2023. https://www​.ama-assn​.org/practice-management​/physician-health​/joy-medicine-health-system-recognition-program.

McBride S, Alexander GL, Baernholdt M, et al. Scoping review: Positive and negative impact of technology on clinicians. Nurs Outlook. 2023 Mar–Apr;71(2):101918. doi: 10.1016/j.outlook.2023.101918. PMID: 36801609. [PubMed: 36801609] [CrossRef]

Messick S. Validity. In R. L. Linn (Ed.), Educational measurement 3rd ed. American Council on education and Macmillan. 1989:13–104.

Cook DA, Beckman TJ. Current concepts in validity and reliability for psychometric instruments: theory and application. Am J Med. 2006 Feb;119(2):166 e7–16. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.10.036. PMID: 16443422. [PubMed: 16443422] [CrossRef]

Anderson J, Leubner J, Brown SR. EHR Overtime: An Analysis of Time Spent After Hours by Family Physicians. Fam Med. 2020 Feb;52(2):135–7. doi: 10.22454/fammed.2020.942762. PMID: 32050270. [PubMed: 32050270] [CrossRef]

Aziz F, Talhelm L, Keefer J, et al. Vascular surgery residents spend one fifth of their time on electronic health records after duty hours. J Vasc Surg. 2019 May;69(5):1574–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2018.08.173. PMID: 31010521. [PubMed: 31010521] [CrossRef]

Bliven B, Bragg M, Long B. Medical Device Connectivity Case Study. Journal of Clinical Engineering. 2016;41(2):E1–E11. doi: 10.1097/jce.0000000000000144. [CrossRef]

Cox ML, Farjat AE, Risoli TJ, et al. Documenting or Operating: Where Is Time Spent in General Surgery Residency? J Surg Educ. 2018 Nov;75(6):e97–e106. doi: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2018.10.010. PMID: 30522828. [PMC free article: PMC10765321] [PubMed: 30522828] [CrossRef]

Cross DA, Holmgren AJ, Apathy NC. The role of organizations in shaping physician use of electronic health records. Health Serv Res. 2024 Feb;59(1):e14203. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.14203. Epub 2023 Jul 12. PMID: 37438938. [PMC free article: PMC10771898] [PubMed: 37438938] [CrossRef]

Dibbs RP, Appel R, Smerica AM, et al. Inefficiencies of electronic medical record use by surgical healthcare providers. Health Policy and Technology. 2022 March;11(1). doi: 10.1016/j.hlpt.2022.100597. [CrossRef]

Holmgren AJ, Lindeman B, Ford EW. Resident Physician Experience and Duration of Electronic Health Record Use. Appl Clin Inform. 2021 Aug;12(4):721–8. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1732403. PMID: 34348409. [PMC free article: PMC8354368] [PubMed: 34348409] [CrossRef]

Holmgren AJ, Rotenstein L, Downing NL, et al. Association between state-level malpractice environment and clinician electronic health record (EHR) time. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2022 May 11;29(6):1069–77. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocac034. PMID: 35271723. [PMC free article: PMC9093025] [PubMed: 35271723] [CrossRef]

Jhaveri P, Abdulahad D, Fogel B, et al. Impact of Scribe Intervention on Documentation in an Outpatient Pediatric Primary Care Practice. Acad Pediatr. 2022 Mar;22(2):289–95. doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2021.05.004. PMID: 34020102. [PubMed: 34020102] [CrossRef]

Kadish SS, Mayer EL, Jackman DM, et al. Implementation to Optimization: A Tailored, Data-Driven Approach to Improve Provider Efficiency and Confidence in Use of the Electronic Medical Record. J Oncol Pract. 2018 Jul;14(7):e421–e8. doi: 10.1200/JOP.18.00093. PMID: 29939808. [PubMed: 29939808] [CrossRef]

Kannampallil TG, Denton CA, Shapiro JS, et al. Efficiency of Emergency Physicians: Insights from an Observational Study using EHR Log Files. Appl Clin Inform. 2018;9(1):99–104. doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1621705. PMID: 30184241. [PMC free article: PMC5802998] [PubMed: 30184241] [CrossRef]

Khan AR, Rosenthal CD, Ternes K, et al. Time Spent by Intensive Care Unit Nurses on the Electronic Health Record. Crit Care Nurse. 2022 Oct 1;42(5):44–50. doi: 10.4037/ccn2022518. PMID: 36180057. [PubMed: 36180057] [CrossRef]

Lo B, Sequeira L, Karunaithas A, et al. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physician Electronic Health Record Use and Burden at a Canadian Mental Health Hospital. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2022 Jun 29;295:157–60. doi: 10.3233/SHTI220685. PMID: 35773831. [PubMed: 35773831] [CrossRef]

Loszko A, Watson M, Khan A, et al. Acute Care Surgeons Spend More Time than General Surgeons on the Electronic Health Record (EHR). Am Surg. 2023 May;89(5):1497–503. doi: 10.1177/00031348211061102. PMID: 34933572. [PubMed: 34933572] [CrossRef]

Lou SS, Lew D, Harford DR, et al. Temporal Associations Between EHR-Derived Workload, Burnout, and Errors: a Prospective Cohort Study. J Gen Intern Med. 2022 Jul;37(9):2165–72. doi: 10.1007/s11606-022-07620-3. PMID: 35710654. [PMC free article: PMC9296727] [PubMed: 35710654] [CrossRef]

Micek MA, Arndt B, Baltus JJ, et al. The effect of remote scribes on primary care physicians’ wellness, EHR satisfaction, and EHR use. Healthc (Amst). 2022 Dec;10(4):100663. doi: 10.1016/j.hjdsi.2022.100663. PMID: 36375356. [PubMed: 36375356] [CrossRef]

Mosquera MJ, Ward HB, Holland C, et al. Using objective clinical metrics to understand the relationship between the electronic health record and physician well-being: observational pilot study. BJPsych Open. 2021 Sep 21;7(5):e174. doi: 10.1192/bjo.2021.993. PMID: 34545781. [PMC free article: PMC8485348] [PubMed: 34545781] [CrossRef]

Nguyen OT, Turner K, Apathy NC, et al. Primary care physicians’ electronic health record proficiency and efficiency behaviors and time interacting with electronic health records: a quantile regression analysis. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2022 Jan 29;29(3):461–71. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocab272. PMID: 34897493. [PMC free article: PMC8800512] [PubMed: 34897493] [CrossRef]

Nguyen O, Turner K, Apathy N, et al. Time Spent in the Electronic Health Record by Neurologists: Analyzing daily use inside and outside the clinic using EPIC Signal data. Neurology. 2022 May 3;98(18 supplement). 10.1212/WNL.98.18_supplement.2488 [CrossRef]

Ong SY, Moore Jeffery M, Williams B, et al. How a Virtual Scribe Program Improves Physicians’ EHR Experience, Documentation Time, and Note Quality. NEJM Catal Innov Care Deliv. 2021;2(12). doi: 10.1056/cat.21.0294. [CrossRef]

Rittenberg E, Liebman JB, Rexrode KM. Primary Care Physician Gender and Electronic Health Record Workload. J Gen Intern Med. 2022 Oct;37(13):3295–301. doi: 10.1007/s11606-021-07298-z. PMID: 34993875. [PMC free article: PMC9550938] [PubMed: 34993875] [CrossRef]

Rotenstein LS, Holmgren AJ, Healey MJ, et al. Association Between Electronic Health Record Time and Quality of Care Metrics in Primary Care. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Oct 3;5(10):e2237086. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.37086. PMID: 36255725. [PMC free article: PMC9579903] [PubMed: 36255725] [CrossRef]

Rotenstein LS, Apathy N, Holmgren AJ, et al. Physician Note Composition Patterns and Time on the EHR Across Specialty Types: a National, Cross-sectional Study. J Gen Intern Med. 2023 Apr;38(5):1119–26. doi: 10.1007/s11606-022-07834-5. PMID: 36418647. [PMC free article: PMC10110827] [PubMed: 36418647] [CrossRef]

Ruan E, Beiser M, Lu V, et al. Physician Electronic Health Record Usage as Affected by the COVID-19 Pandemic. Appl Clin Inform. 2022 Aug;13(4):785–93. doi: 10.1055/a-1877-2745. PMID: 35705186. [PMC free article: PMC9411035] [PubMed: 35705186] [CrossRef]

Sinsky C, Colligan L, Li L, et al. Allocation of Physician Time in Ambulatory Practice: A Time and Motion Study in 4 Specialties. Ann Intern Med. 2016 Dec;165(11):753–60. doi: 10.7326/m16-0961. PMID: 27595430. [PubMed: 27595430] [CrossRef]

Tai-Seale M, Olson CW, Li J, et al. Electronic Health Record Logs Indicate That Physicians Split Time Evenly Between Seeing Patients And Desktop Medicine. Health Affairs (Millwood). 2017;36(4):655–62. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0811. PMID: 28373331. [PMC free article: PMC5546411] [PubMed: 28373331] [CrossRef]

Tran B, Lenhart A, Ross R, et al. Burnout and EHR use among academic primary care physicians with varied clinical workloads. AMIA Jt Summits Transl Sci Proc. 2019;2019:136–44. PMID: 31258965. [PMC free article: PMC6568076] [PubMed: 31258965]

Verma G, Ivanov A, Benn F, et al. Analyses of electronic health records utilization in a large community hospital. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(7):e0233004. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233004. PMID: 32609757. [PMC free article: PMC7329072] [PubMed: 32609757] [CrossRef]

Wang JK, Ouyang D, Hom J, et al. Characterizing electronic health record usage patterns of inpatient medicine residents using event log data. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(2):e0205379. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205379. PMID: 30726208. [PMC free article: PMC6364867] [PubMed: 30726208] [CrossRef]

Tang K, Labagnara K, Babar M, et al. Electronic Health Record Usage Patterns Across Surgical Subspecialties. Appl Clin Inform. 2024 Jan;15(1):34–44. doi: 10.1055/a-2194-1061. PMID: 37852294. [PMC free article: PMC10781576] [PubMed: 37852294] [CrossRef]

Sim J, Mani K, Fazzari M, et al. Using K-Means Clustering to Identify Physician Clusters by Electronic Health Record Burden and Efficiency. Telemed J E Health. 2024 Feb;30(2):585–594. doi: 10.1089/tmj.2023.0167. PMID: 37603292. [PubMed: 37603292] [CrossRef]

de Hoop T, Neumuth T. Evaluating Electronic Health Record Limitations and Time Expenditure in a German Medical Center. Appl Clin Inform. 2021 Oct;12(5):1082–90. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1739519. PMID: 34937102. [PMC free article: PMC8695058] [PubMed: 34937102] [CrossRef]

Ebbers T, Kool RB, Smeele LE, et al. Quantifying the Electronic Health Record Burden in Head and Neck Cancer Care. Appl Clin Inform. 2022 Aug;13(4):857–64. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1756422. PMID: 36104154. [PMC free article: PMC9474268] [PubMed: 36104154] [CrossRef]

Ehrler F, Wu DTY, Ducloux P, et al. A mobile application to support bedside nurse documentation and care: a time and motion study. JAMIA Open. 2021 Jul;4(3):ooab046. doi: 10.1093/jamiaopen/ooab046. PMID: 34345804. [PMC free article: PMC8324781] [PubMed: 34345804] [CrossRef]

Lindsay MR, Lytle K. Implementing Best Practices to Redesign Workflow and Optimize Nursing Documentation in the Electronic Health Record. Appl Clin Inform. 2022 May;13(3):711–9. doi: 10.1055/a-1868-6431. PMID: 35668677. [PMC free article: PMC9300261] [PubMed: 35668677] [CrossRef]

Ho VT, Sgroi MD, Chandra V, et al. Utilizing remote access for electronic medical records reduces overall electronic medical record time for vascular surgery residents. J Vasc Surg. 2023 Jun;77(6):1797–802. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2023.01.198. PMID: 36758909. [PubMed: 36758909] [CrossRef]

Patel R, Yang Y, Lin FC, et al. Descriptive Analysis of Documentation Time for the National Developmental-Behavioral Pediatric Physician Workforce Using a Commercial Electronic Health Record System. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2023 Jun–Jul 01;44(5):e365–e369. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000001185. PMID: 37099647. [PubMed: 37099647] [CrossRef]

Berg GM, Shupsky T, Morales K. Resident Indentified Violations of Usability Heuristic Principles in Local Electronic Health Records. Kans J Med. 2020;13:84–9. PMID: 32499860. [PMC free article: PMC7266506] [PubMed: 32499860]

Congelosi PD, Eid MA, Sorensen MJ. Surgical Providers’ Perceptions of the Patient Portal: Before and After the 21st Century Cures Act. J Surg Res. 2023 Sep;289:234–40. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.03.007. PMID: 37148857. [PubMed: 37148857] [CrossRef]

Meltzer EC, Vorseth KS, Croghan IT, et al. Use of the Electronic Health Record During Clinical Encounters: An Experience Survey. Ann Fam Med. 2022 Jul–Aug;20(4):312–8. doi: 10.1370/afm.2826. PMID: 35879072. [PMC free article: PMC9328709] [PubMed: 35879072] [CrossRef]

Mishra P, Kiang JC, Grant RW. Association of Medical Scribes in Primary Care With Physician Workflow and Patient Experience. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Nov 01;178(11):1467–72. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.3956. PMID: 30242380. [PMC free article: PMC6248201] [PubMed: 30242380] [CrossRef]

Tajirian T, Stergiopoulos V, Strudwick G, et al. The Influence of Electronic Health Record Use on Physician Burnout: Cross-Sectional Survey. J Med Internet Res. 2020 Jul 15;22(7):e19274. doi: 10.2196/19274. PMID: 32673234. [PMC free article: PMC7392132] [PubMed: 32673234] [CrossRef]

Ahn M, Choi M, Kim Y. Factors Associated with the Timeliness of Electronic Nursing Documentation. Healthc Inform Res. 2016;22(4):270–6. doi: 10.4258/hir.2016.22.4.270. PMID: 27895958. [PMC free article: PMC5116538] [PubMed: 27895958] [CrossRef]

Apathy NC, Rotenstein L, Bates DW, et al. Documentation dynamics: Note composition, burden, and physician efficiency. Health Serv Res. 2023 Jun;58(3):674–85. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.14097. PMID: 36342001. [PMC free article: PMC10154172] [PubMed: 36342001] [CrossRef]

Apathy NC, Hare AJ, Fendrich S, et al. I had not time to make it shorter: an exploratory analysis of how physicians reduce note length and time in notes. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2023 Jan 18;30(2):355–60. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocac211. PMID: 36323282. [PMC free article: PMC9846677] [PubMed: 36323282] [CrossRef]

Bartek B, Lou SS, Kannampallil T. Measuring the cognitive effort associated with task switching in routine EHR-based tasks. J Biomed Inform. 2023 May;141:104349. doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2023.104349. PMID: 37015304. [PubMed: 37015304] [CrossRef]

Edwards A, Kanner L, Tewar S, et al. The Value of Adding Scribe Services to 2 Distinct Pediatric Subspecialties in the Era of the Electronic Medical Record. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2024 Mar;63(3):341–349. doi:10.1177/00099228231174849. Epub 2023 May 16. PMID: 37194260. [PubMed: 37194260] [CrossRef]

Holmgren AJ, Apathy NC. Assessing the impact of patient access to clinical notes on clinician EHR documentation. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2022 Sep 12;29(10):1733–6. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocac120. PMID: 35831954. [PMC free article: PMC9471699] [PubMed: 35831954] [CrossRef]

Horn JJ, Doucette JN, Sweeney NL. An Essential Clinical Dataset Intervention for Nursing Documentation of a Pediatric Admission History Database. J Pediatr Nurs. 2021 Jul–Aug;59:110–4. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2021.03.022. PMID: 33845323. [PubMed: 33845323] [CrossRef]

Hripcsak G, Vawdrey DK, Fred MR, et al. Use of electronic clinical documentation: time spent and team interactions. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2011 Mar–Apr;18(2):112–7. doi: 10.1136/jamia.2010.008441. PMID: 21292706. [PMC free article: PMC3116265] [PubMed: 21292706] [CrossRef]

Hsieh H-Y, Henker R, Ren D, et al. Improving Effectiveness and Satisfaction of an Electronic Charting System in Taiwan. Clin Nurse Spec. 2016 Nov/Dec;30(6):E1–E6. doi: 10.1097/NUR.0000000000000250. PMID: 27753675. [PubMed: 27753675] [CrossRef]

Karp EL, Freeman R, Simpson KN, et al. Changes in Efficiency and Quality of Nursing Electronic Health Record Documentation After Implementation of an Admission Patient History Essential Data Set. Comput Inform Nurs. 2019 May;37(5):260–5. doi: 10.1097/cin.0000000000000516. PMID: 31094915. [PubMed: 31094915] [CrossRef]

Krawiec C, Stetter C, Kong L, et al. Impact of Patient Census and Admission Mortality on Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Attending Electronic Health Record Activity: A Preliminary Study. Appl Clin Inform. 2020;11(2):226–34. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1705108. PMID: 32215894. [PMC free article: PMC7096317] [PubMed: 32215894] [CrossRef]

Lam C, Shumaker K, Butt M, et al. Impact of medical scribes on physician and patient satisfaction in dermatology. Arch Dermatol Res. 2022 Jan;314(1):71–6. doi: 10.1007/s00403-021-02206-1. PMID: 33683446. [PubMed: 33683446] [CrossRef]

Mani K, Canarick J, Ruan E, et al. Effect of Telemedicine and the COVID-19 Pandemic on Medical Trainees’ Usage of the Electronic Health Record in the Outpatient Setting. Appl Clin Inform. 2023 Mar;14(2):309–20. doi: 10.1055/a-2031-9437. PMID: 36758613. [PMC free article: PMC10132927] [PubMed: 36758613] [CrossRef]

Moy AJ, Aaron L, Cato KD, et al. Characterizing Multitasking and Workflow Fragmentation in Electronic Health Records among Emergency Department Clinicians: Using Time-Motion Data to Understand Documentation Burden. Appl Clin Inform. 2021 Oct;12(5):1002–13. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1736625. PMID: 34706395. [PMC free article: PMC8550823] [PubMed: 34706395] [CrossRef]

Munyisia EN, Yu P, Hailey D. The impact of an electronic nursing documentation system on efficiency of documentation by caregivers in a residential aged care facility. J Clin Nurs. 2012 Oct;21(19–20):2940–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04157.x. PMID: 22827170. [PubMed: 22827170] [CrossRef]

Overhage JM, McCallie D. Physician Time Spent Using the Electronic Health Record During Outpatient Encounters. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Oct 6;173(7):594–5. doi: 10.7326/l20-0278. PMID: 33017553. [PubMed: 33017553] [CrossRef]

Phillips T, Baur K. Nursing Praxis for Reducing Documentation Burden Within Nursing Admission Assessments. Comput Inform Nurs. 2021 Jun 17;39(11):627–33. doi: 10.1097/CIN.0000000000000776. PMID: 34145208. [PubMed: 34145208] [CrossRef]

Sutton DE, Fogel JR, Giard AS, et al. Defining an Essential Clinical Dataset for Admission Patient History to Reduce Nursing Documentation Burden. Appl Clin Inform. 2020 May;11(3):464–73. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1713634. PMID: 32643778. [PMC free article: PMC7344356] [PubMed: 32643778] [CrossRef]

Vogel M, Kaisers W, Wassmuth R, et al. Analysis of Documentation Speed Using Web-Based Medical Speech Recognition Technology: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res. 2015 Nov 3;17(11):e247. doi: 10.2196/jmir.5072. PMID: 26531850. [PMC free article: PMC4642384] [PubMed: 26531850] [CrossRef]

Baxter SL, Gali HE, Chiang MF, et al. Promoting Quality Face-to-Face Communication during Ophthalmology Encounters in the Electronic Health Record Era. Appl Clin Inform. 2020 Jan;11(1):130–41. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1701255. PMID: 32074650. [PMC free article: PMC7030957] [PubMed: 32074650] [CrossRef]

Chen AJ, Baxter SL, Gali HE, et al. Evaluation of Electronic Health Record Implementation in an Academic Oculoplastics Practice. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020 May/Jun;36(3):277–83. doi: 10.1097/IOP.0000000000001531. PMID: 31809488. [PMC free article: PMC7210068] [PubMed: 31809488] [CrossRef]

Dela Cruz JE, Shabosky JC, Albrecht M, et al. Typed versus voice recognition for data entry in electronic health records: emergency physician time use and interruptions. West J Emerg Med. 2014 Jul;15(4):541–7. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2014.3.19658. PMID: 25035765. [PMC free article: PMC4100865] [PubMed: 25035765] [CrossRef]

Earls ST, Savageau JA, Begley S, et al. Can scribes boost FPs’ efficiency and job satisfaction? J Fam Pract. 2017 Apr;66(4):206–14. PMID: 28375393. [PubMed: 28375393]

Feely K, Edbrooke L, Bower W, et al. Allied health professionals’ experiences and lessons learned in response to a big bang electronic medical record implementation: A prospective observational study. Int J Med Inform. 2023 Aug;176:105094. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2023.105094. PMID: 37220703. [PubMed: 37220703] [CrossRef]

Gali HE, Baxter SL, Lander L, et al. Impact of Electronic Health Record Implementation on Ophthalmology Trainee Time Expenditures. J Acad Ophthalmol (2017). 2019 Jul;11(2):e65–e72. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-3401986. PMID: 33954272. [PMC free article: PMC8095731] [PubMed: 33954272] [CrossRef]

Heaton HA, Wang R, Farrell KJ, et al. Time Motion Analysis: Impact of Scribes on Provider Time Management. J Emerg Med. 2018 Jul;55(1):135–40. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.04.018. PMID: 29807680. [PubMed: 29807680] [CrossRef]

Lilly CM, Cucchi E, Marshall N, et al. Battling Intensivist Burnout: A Role for Workload Management. Chest. 2019 Nov;156(5):1001–7. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.04.103. PMID: 31102610. [PubMed: 31102610] [CrossRef]

Mamykina L, Vawdrey DK, Stetson PD, et al. Clinical documentation: composition or synthesis? J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2012 Nov–Dec;19(6):1025–31. doi: 10.1136/amiajnl-2012-000901. PMID: 22813762. [PMC free article: PMC3534467] [PubMed: 22813762] [CrossRef]

Mamykina L, Vawdrey DK, Hripcsak G. How Do Residents Spend Their Shift Time? A Time and Motion Study With a Particular Focus on the Use of Computers. Acad Med. 2016;91(6):827–32. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001148. PMID: 27028026. [PMC free article: PMC4879085] [PubMed: 27028026] [CrossRef]

Raney L, McManaman J, Elsaid M, et al. Multisite Quality Improvement Initiative to Repair Incomplete Electronic Medical Record Documentation As One of Many Causes of Provider Burnout. JCO Oncol Pract. 2020 Nov;16(11):e1412–e1416. doi: 10.1200/OP.20.00294. PMID: 32758084. [PubMed: 32758084] [CrossRef]

Shuaib W, Hilmi J, Caballero J, et al. Impact of a scribe program on patient throughput, physician productivity, and patient satisfaction in a community-based emergency department. Health Informatics J. 2019 Mar;25(1):216–24. doi: 10.1177/1460458217704255. PMID: 28438104. [PubMed: 28438104] [CrossRef]

Collins S, Couture B, Kang MJ, et al. Quantifying and Visualizing Nursing Flowsheet Documentation Burden in Acute and Critical Care. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2018;2018:348–57. PMID: 30815074. [PMC free article: PMC6371331] [PubMed: 30815074]

Ludley A, Ting A, Malik D, et al. Observational analysis of documentation burden and data duplication in trauma patient pathways at a major trauma centre. BMJ Open Qual. 2023 Apr;12(2): e002084. doi: 10.1136/bmjoq-2022-002084. PMID: 37185156. [PMC free article: PMC10151962] [PubMed: 37185156] [CrossRef]

Hilliard RW, Haskell J, Gardner RL. Are specific elements of electronic health record use associated with clinician burnout more than others? J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2020 Jul 1;27(9):1401–10. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocaa092. PMID: 32719859. [PMC free article: PMC7647296] [PubMed: 32719859] [CrossRef]

Kumah-Crystal YA, Stein PM, Chen Q, et al. Before-Visit Questionnaire: A Tool to Augment Communication and Decrease Provider Documentation Burden in Pediatric Diabetes. Appl Clin Inform. 2021 Oct;12(5):969–78. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1736223. PMID: 34670292. [PMC free article: PMC8528566] [PubMed: 34670292] [CrossRef]

Nguyen OT, Hanna K, Merlo LJ, et al. Early Performance of the Patients Over Paperwork Initiative among Family Medicine Physicians. South Med J. 2023 Mar;116(3):255–63. doi: 10.14423/SMJ.0000000000001526. PMID: 36863044. [PMC free article: PMC9991071] [PubMed: 36863044] [CrossRef]

Parker R, Smith G. Sex differences in provider documentation as a source of burnout: A single-institution cross-sectional study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021 Nov;85(5):1317–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.10.020. PMID: 33075412. [PubMed: 33075412] [CrossRef]

Perotte R, Hajicharalambous C, Sugalski G, et al. Characterization of Electronic Health Record Documentation Shortcuts: Does the use of dotphrases increase efficiency in the Emergency Department? AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2021;2021:969–78. PMID: 35308917. [PMC free article: PMC8861771] [PubMed: 35308917]

Alissa R, Hipp JA, Webb K. Saving Time for Patient Care by Optimizing Physician Note Templates: A Pilot Study. Front Digit Health. 2022 Jan 13;3:772356. doi: 10.3389/fdgth.2021.772356. PMID: 35098206. [PMC free article: PMC8792616] [PubMed: 35098206] [CrossRef]

Arora A, Garg A, Arora V, et al. National survey of pediatric care providers: Assessing time and impact of coding and documentation in physician practice. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2018 Oct;57(11):1300–1303. doi: 10.1177/0009922818774341. PMID: 29756475. [PubMed: 29756475] [CrossRef]

Carlson KL, McFadden SE, Barkin S. Improving Documentation Timeliness: A “Brighter Future” for the Electronic Medical Record in Resident Clinics. Acad Med. 2015 Dec;90(12):1641–5. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000792. PMID: 26107880. [PubMed: 26107880] [CrossRef]

Gardner RL, Cooper E, Haskell J, et al. Physician stress and burnout: the impact of health information technology. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2019 Feb 1;26(2):106–14. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocy145. PMID: 30517663. [PMC free article: PMC7647171] [PubMed: 30517663] [CrossRef]

Gesner E, Dykes PC, Zhang L, et al. Documentation Burden in Nursing and Its Role in Clinician Burnout Syndrome. Appl Clin Inform. 2022 Oct;13(5):983–90. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1757157. PMID: 36261113. [PMC free article: PMC9581587] [PubMed: 36261113] [CrossRef]

Harris DA, Haskell J, Cooper E, et al. Estimating the association between burnout and electronic health record-related stress among advanced practice registered nurses. Appl Nurs Res. 2018 Oct;43:36–41. doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2018.06.014. PMID: 30220361. [PubMed: 30220361] [CrossRef]

Kroth PJ, Morioka-Douglas N, Veres S, et al. The electronic elephant in the room: Physicians and the electronic health record. JAMIA Open. 2018 Jul;1(1):49–56. doi: 10.1093/jamiaopen/ooy016. PMID: 31093606. [PMC free article: PMC6513015] [PubMed: 31093606] [CrossRef]

Linzer M, Poplau S, Babbott S, et al. Worklife and Wellness in Academic General Internal Medicine: Results from a National Survey. J Gen Intern Med. 2016 Sep;31(9):1004–10. doi: 10.1007/s11606-016-3720-4. PMID: 27138425. [PMC free article: PMC4978678] [PubMed: 27138425] [CrossRef]

Olson K, Sinsky C, Rinne ST, et al. Cross-sectional survey of workplace stressors associated with physician burnout measured by the Mini-Z and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Stress Health. 2019 Apr;35(2):157–75. doi: 10.1002/smi.2849. PMID: 30467949. [PubMed: 30467949] [CrossRef]

Rassolian M, Peterson LE, Fang B, et al. Workplace Factors Associated With Burnout of Family Physicians. JAMA Intern Med. 2017 Jul 1;177(7):1036–8. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.1391. PMID: 28492847. [PMC free article: PMC5543312] [PubMed: 28492847] [CrossRef]

Rotenstein LS, Apathy N, Landon B, et al. Assessment of Satisfaction With the Electronic Health Record Among Physicians in Physician-Owned vs Non-Physician-Owned Practices. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Apr 1;5(4):e228301. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.8301. PMID: 35446397. [PMC free article: PMC9024386] [PubMed: 35446397] [CrossRef]

Taylor KA, McQuilkin D, Hughes RG. Medical Scribe Impact on Patient and Provider Experience. Mil Med. 2019 Oct 1;184(9–10):388–93. doi: 10.1093/milmed/usz030. PMID: 30811535. [PubMed: 30811535] [CrossRef]

Yuan CM, Little DJ, Marks ES, et al. The Electronic Medical Record and Nephrology Fellowship Education in the United States: An Opinion Survey. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020 Jul 1;15(7):949–56. doi: 10.2215/CJN.14191119. PMID: 32576553. [PMC free article: PMC7341781] [PubMed: 32576553] [CrossRef]

De Groot K, De Veer AJE, Munster AM, et al. Nursing documentation and its relationship with perceived nursing workload: a mixed-methods study among community nurses. BMC Nurs. 2022 Jan 28;21(1):34. doi: 10.1186/s12912-022-00811-7. PMID: 35090442. [PMC free article: PMC8795724] [PubMed: 35090442] [CrossRef]

Gilman EA, Aakre C, Meyers A, et al. Development of a Visit Facilitator Role to Assist Physicians in an Ambulatory Consultative Medical Practice. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2023 May;7(3):187–93. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2023.04.003. PMID: 37213712. [PMC free article: PMC10196913] [PubMed: 37213712] [CrossRef]

Ferguson K, Fraser M, Tuna M, et al. The Impact of an Electronic Portal on Patient Encounters in Primary Care: Interrupted Time-Series Analysis. JMIR Med Inform. 2023 Feb 6;11:e43567. doi: 10.2196/43567. PMID: 36745495. [PMC free article: PMC9941901] [PubMed: 36745495] [CrossRef]

Kesler K, Wynn M, Pugely AJ. Time and Clerical Burden Posed by the Current Electronic Health Record for Orthopaedic Surgeons. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2022 Jan 1;30(1):e34–e43. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-21-00094. PMID: 34613950. [PubMed: 34613950] [CrossRef]

Adler-Milstein J, Zhao W, Willard-Grace R, et al. Electronic health records and burnout: Time spent on the electronic health record after hours and message volume associated with exhaustion but not with cynicism among primary care clinicians. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2020;27(4):531–8. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocz220. PMID: 32016375. [PMC free article: PMC7647261] [PubMed: 32016375] [CrossRef]

Benson M, Gopal D, Pfau P. Electronic Health Record Work Demands for Gastroenterology and Hepatology Providers: A Prospective Use Analysis and Survey Study. Dig Dis Sci. 2023 Apr;68(4):1218–25. doi: 10.1007/s10620-022-07691-6. PMID: 36169749. [PubMed: 36169749] [CrossRef]

DiAngi YT, Stevens LA, Halpern-Felsher B, et al. Electronic health record (EHR) training program identifies a new tool to quantify the EHR time burden and improves providers’ perceived control over their workload in the EHR. JAMIA Open. 2019;2(2):222–30. doi: 10.1093/jamiaopen/ooz003. PMID: 31984357. [PMC free article: PMC6952029] [PubMed: 31984357] [CrossRef]

Attipoe S, Hoffman J, Rust S, et al. Characterization of Electronic Health Record Use Outside Scheduled Clinic Hours Among Primary Care Pediatricians: Retrospective Descriptive Task Analysis of Electronic Health Record Access Log Data. JMIR Med Inform. 2022 May 12;10(5):e34787. doi: 10.2196/34787. PMID: 35551055. [PMC free article: PMC9136654] [PubMed: 35551055] [CrossRef]

Beiser M, Lu V, Paul S, et al. Electronic Health Record Usage Patterns: Assessing Telemedicine’s Impact on the Provider Experience During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Telemed J E Health. 2021 Aug;27(8):934–8. doi: 10.1089/tmj.2020.0490. PMID: 33600728. [PubMed: 33600728] [CrossRef]

Frintner MP, Kaelber DC, Kirkendall ES, et al. The Effect of Electronic Health Record Burden on Pediatricians’ Work-Life Balance and Career Satisfaction. Appl Clin Inform. 2021 May;12(3):697–707. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1732402. PMID: 34341980. [PMC free article: PMC8328745] [PubMed: 34341980] [CrossRef]

Peccoralo LA, Kaplan CA, Pietrzak RH, et al. The impact of time spent on the electronic health record after work and of clerical work on burnout among clinical faculty. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2021 Apr 23;28(5):938–47. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocaa349. PMID: 33550392. [PMC free article: PMC8068423] [PubMed: 33550392] [CrossRef]

Moy AJ, Schwartz JM, Elias J, et al. Time-motion examination of electronic health record utilization and clinician workflows indicate frequent task switching and documentation burden. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2021 Jan 25:2020:886–895. PMID: 33936464. [PMC free article: PMC8075533] [PubMed: 33936464]

Chaparro JD, Hussain C, Lee JA, et al. Reducing Interruptive Alert Burden Using Quality Improvement Methodology. Appl Clin Inform. 2020 Jan;11(1):46–58. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-3402757. PMID: 31940671. [PMC free article: PMC6962089] [PubMed: 31940671] [CrossRef]

Fouquet SD, Fitzmaurice L, Chan YR, et al. Doctors documenting: an ethnographic and informatics approach to understanding attending physician documentation in the pediatric emergency department. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2021 Feb 15;28(2):239–48. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocaa252. PMID: 33175154. [PMC free article: PMC7883985] [PubMed: 33175154] [CrossRef]

Sockolow PS, Liao C, Chittams JL, et al. Evaluating the impact of electronic health records on nurse clinical process at two community health sites. Ni 2012 (2012). 2012;2012:381. PMID: 24199125. [PMC free article: PMC3799128] [PubMed: 24199125]

Gidwani R, Nguyen C, Kofoed A, et al. Impact of Scribes on Physician Satisfaction, Patient Satisfaction, and Charting Efficiency: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Fam Med. 2017 Sep;15(5):427–33. doi: 10.1370/afm.2122. PMID: 28893812. [PMC free article: PMC5593725] [PubMed: 28893812] [CrossRef]

Florig ST, Corby S, Rosson NT, et al. Chart Completion Time of Attending Physicians While Using Medical Scribes. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2022 Feb 21;2021:457–465. PMID: 35308986. [PMC free article: PMC8861674] [PubMed: 35308986]

Goldstein IH, Hwang T, Gowrisankaran S, et al. Changes in Electronic Health Record Use Time and Documentation over the Course of a Decade. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(6):783–91. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.01.011. PMID: 30664893. [PMC free article: PMC6534421] [PubMed: 30664893] [CrossRef]

Zallman L, Altman W, Chu L, et al. Do Medical Scribes Help Primary Care Providers Respond More Quickly to Out-of-Visit Tasks? J Am Board Fam Med. 2021 Jan–Feb;34(1):70–7. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2021.01.200330. PMID: 33452084. [PubMed: 33452084] [CrossRef]

Li T, Yu L, Zhou L, et al. Using less keystrokes to achieve high top-1 accuracy in Chinese clinical text entry. Digit Health. 2023 May 25;9:20552076231179027. doi: 10.1177/20552076231179027. PMID: 37256013. [PMC free article: PMC10226174] [PubMed: 37256013] [CrossRef]

Windle JR, Windle TA, Shamavu KY, et al. Roadmap to a more useful and usable electronic health record. Cardiovasc Digit Health J. 2021 Oct 9;2(6):301–311. doi: 10.1016/j.cvdhj.2021.09.007. PMID: 35265926. [PMC free article: PMC8890352] [PubMed: 35265926] [CrossRef]

Tell A, Westenhofer J, Harth V, et al. Stressors, Resources, and Strain Associated with Digitization Processes of Medical Staff Working in Neurosurgical and Vascular Surgical Hospital Wards: A Multimethod Study. Healthcare (Basel). 2023 Jul 9;11(14):1988. doi: 10.3390/healthcare11141988. PMID: 37510429. [PMC free article: PMC10379129] [PubMed: 37510429] [CrossRef]

Baugh JJ, Monette DL, Takayesu JK, et al. Documentation Displaces Teaching in an Academic Emergency Department. West J Emerg Med. 2020 Jun 15;21(4):974–7. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2020.5.46962. PMID: 32726272. [PMC free article: PMC7390568] [PubMed: 32726272] [CrossRef]

AlQahtani M, AlShaibani W, AlAmri E, et al. Electronic Health Record-Related Stress Among Nurses: Determinants and Solutions. Telemed J E Health. 2021 May;27(5):544–50. doi: 10.1089/tmj.2020.0059. PMID: 32857018. [PubMed: 32857018] [CrossRef]

Brown JA, Cooper AL, Albrecht MA. Development and content validation of the Burden of Documentation for Nurses and Midwives (BurDoNsaM) survey. J Adv Nurs. 2020 May;76(5):1273–81. doi: 10.1111/jan.14320. PMID: 32027387. [PubMed: 32027387] [CrossRef]

Goldberg DG, Soylu T, Hoffman CF, et al. “Anxiety, COVID, Burnout and Now Depression”: a Qualitative Study of Primary Care Clinicians’ Perceptions of Burnout. J Gen Intern Med. 2024 Jun;39(8):1317–1323. doi: 10.1007/s11606-023-08536-2. Epub 2023 Nov 27. PMID: 38010463. [PMC free article: PMC11169157] [PubMed: 38010463] [CrossRef]

Downing NL, Bates DW, Longhurst CA. Physician burnout in the electronic health record era: Are we ignoring the real cause? Ann Intern Med. 2018 Jul 3;169(1):50–1. doi: 10.7326/M18-0139. PMID: 29801050. [PubMed: 29801050] [CrossRef]

Arndt BG, Micek MA, Rule A, et al. More Tethered to the EHR: EHR Workload Trends Among Academic Primary Care Physicians, 2019-2023. Ann Fam Med. 2024 Jan–Feb;22(1):12–8. doi: 10.1370/afm.3047. PMID: 38253499. [PMC free article: PMC11233089] [PubMed: 38253499] [CrossRef]

Cohen GR, Boi J, Johnson C, et al. Measuring time clinicians spend using EHRs in the inpatient setting: a national, mixed-methods study. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2021 Jul 30;28(8):1676–82. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocab042. PMID: 33899105. [PMC free article: PMC8324233] [PubMed: 33899105] [CrossRef]

Baxter SL, Apathy NC, Cross DA, et al. Measures of electronic health record use in outpatient settings across vendors. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2021 Apr 23;28(5):955–9. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocaa266. PMID: 33211862. [PMC free article: PMC8068413] [PubMed: 33211862] [CrossRef]