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Toxicological Profile for N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). Atlanta (GA): Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (US); 2023 Apr.

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Toxicological Profile for N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA).

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Table 7-1Regulations and Guidelines Applicable to N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)

AgencyDescriptionInformationReference
Air
EPARfCNot evaluated IRIS 1987
WHOAir quality guidelinesNo data WHO 2010
Water & Food
EPADrinking water standards and health advisories EPA 2018a
 1-Day health advisory (10-kg child)No data
 10-Day health advisory (10-kg child)No data
 DWELNo data
 Lifetime health advisoryNo data
 10−4 Cancer risk0.00007 mg/L
National primary drinking water regulationsNot listed EPA 2009
RfDNot evaluated IRIS 1987
Provisional peer-reviewed toxicity values EPA 2007
 Provisional RfD, subchronic and chronic8×10−6 mg/kg/day
WHODrinking water quality guidelines WHO 2022
 Guideline value0.0001 mg/L
FDASubstances Added to FoodaNot listed FDA 2020b
Action level for malt beverages5 ppb (0.005 mg/L) FDA 2005a
Action level for rubber baby bottle nipples10 ppb (μg/kg) FDA 2005b
Acceptable intake limit in drug products96 ng/dayb FDA 2021
Cancer
HHSCarcinogenicity classificationReasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen NTP 2021
EPACarcinogenicity classificationB2c IRIS 1987
Inhalation unit risk1.4×10−2 per μg/m3
Cancer slope factor51 per mg/kg/day
Cancer slope factor21 per mg/kg/day EPA 2016
IARCCarcinogenicity classificationGroup 2Ad IARC 1987
Occupational
OSHAPEL (8-hour TWA) for general industry, shipyards and constructionNo dataOSHA 2021a, 2021b, 2021c
Worker exposure to be controlled through the required use of engineering controls, work practices, and personal protective equipment, including respirators OSHA 2021d
NIOSHREL (up to 10-hour TWA)No datae NIOSH 2019
Emergency Criteria
EPAAEGLs-airNo data EPA 2018b
DOEPACs-air DOE 2018a
 PAC-1f0.082 mg/m3
 PAC-2f0.9 mg/m3
 PAC-3f10 mg/m3
a

The Substances Added to Food inventory replaces EAFUS and contains the following types of ingredients: food and color additives listed in FDA regulations, flavoring substances evaluated by FEMA or JECFA, GRAS substances listed in FDA regulations, substances approved for specific uses in food prior to September 6, 1958, substances that are listed in FDA regulations as prohibited in food, delisted color additives, and some substances “no longer FEMA GRAS.”

b

Limit if NDMA is the only nitrosamine. If the total quantity of nitrosamine impurities exceeds 26.5 ng/day, the manufacturer should contact the FDA for evaluation.

c

B2: probable human carcinogen.

d

Group 2A: probably carcinogenic to humans.

e

Potential occupational carcinogen.

f

Definitions of PAC terminology are available from DOE (2018b).

AEGL = acute exposure guideline levels; DOE = Department of Energy; DWEL = drinking water equivalent level; EAFUS = Everything Added to Food in the United States; EPA = Environmental Protection Agency; FDA = Food and Drug Administration; FEMA = Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association of the United States; GRAS = generally recognized as safe; HHS = Department of Health and Human Services; IARC = International Agency for Research on Cancer; IRIS = Integrated Risk Information System; JECFA = Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives; NIOSH = National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; NTP = National Toxicology Program; OSHA = Occupational Safety and Health Administration; PAC = protective action criteria; PEL = permissible exposure limit; REL = recommended exposure limit; RfC = inhalation reference concentration; RfD = oral reference dose; TWA = time-weighted average; WHO = World Health Organization

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