Urologic cancers are an umbrella term for cancers of the prostate, kidney, bladder, penis, and testis. Routine use of advanced imaging modalities for various reasons has increased the incidental detection of some of these cancers at an early stage. Robot-assisted surgery for nephrectomy, prostatectomy, cystectomy, and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection has improved surgical outcomes of localized disease. The introduction of targeted therapies since 2006 has revolutionized the management of metastatic kidney cancer. Despite these advances, the five-year survival of patients with advanced renal cancer is still poor and we need a better understanding of the disease. The book Urologic Cancers brings together an international team of clinicians and basic scientists to provide an up-to-date overview of a wide spectrum of topics that comprise epidemiological, pathological, clinical, and biological aspects of urologic cancers. From the epidemiological spectrum, the most recent information on the epidemiology of testicular cancer and penile cancer are presented. From the clinical spectrum, the characteristics and management of divergent urothelial neoplasms, the role of surgery in the management of testicular and kidney cancer, biopsy approaches for better detection and diagnosis of prostate cancer, the role of family history and germline genetics in prostate cancer disease profiling and screening, and the need for the implementation of quality assurance programs to improve prostate cancer care discussed. The biological aspects of disease mechanisms focus on various emerging molecular pathways and how these can be targeted to develop novel therapeutics. The contents of the book will be of interest to healthcare professionals, basic scientists and clinicians interested in urologic cancers.

Contents

• Foreword
• Preface
• List of Contributors
• 1. Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma: Subtypes and Divergent Differentiation
  Michelle R. Downes.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • MICROPAPILLARY UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA
  • PLASMACYTOID UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA
  • NESTED UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA
  • MICROCYSTIC UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA
  • LYMPHOEPITHELIOMA-LIKE UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA
  • CLEAR CELL (GLYCOGEN-RICH) UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA
  • LIPID-RICH UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA
  • GIANT CELL UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA
  • UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA WITH SQUAMOUS DIFFERENTIATION
  • UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA WITH GLANDULAR DIFFERENTIATION
  • UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA WITH TROPHOBLASTIC DIFFERENTIATION
  • UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA WITH SARCOMATOID DIFFERENTIATION
  • UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA WITH NEUROENDOCRINE DIFFERENTIATION
  • MOLECULAR CLASSIFICATION OF INVASIVE UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 2. Papillary Urothelial Neoplasms: Clinical, Histologic, and Prognostic Features
  Yanhong Yu and Michelle R. Downes.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • UROTHELIAL PAPILLOMA
  • INVERTED UROTHELIAL PAPILLOMA
  • PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL NEOPLASM OF LOW MALIGNANT POTENTIAL
  • NON-INVASIVE LOW GRADE PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA
  • NON-INVASIVE HIGH GRADE PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 3. The Etiology of Bladder Cancer
  Keng Lim Ng.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • MORTALITY
  • DEMOGRAPHY AND GENDER
  • GENETICS AND HEREDITARY
  • SMOKING
  • OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
  • SCHISTOSOMIASIS INFECTION
  • OBESITY
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 4. The Role of MicroRNA in the Metastatic Phenotype of Bladder Cancer
  Aaron Perecman, Adam Wiggins, Jonathan Xu, Sanjna Das, Thomas Kalantzakos, Travis Sullivan, and Kimberly Rieger-Christ.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • THE ROLE OF MICRORNAS IN THE METASTATIC PHENOTYPE OF BLADDER CANCER
  • METASTAMIRS IN BLADDER CANCER
  • UPPER TRACT UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 5. Implications of Chromatin Modifier Mutations in Epigenetic Regulation of Bladder Cancer
  Burcu Akman and Serap Erkek-Ozhan.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND CANCER
  • CHROMATIN MODIFIERS FREQUENTLY MUTATED IN BLADDER CANCER
  • EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE OF BLADDER CANCER
  • FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES OF CHROMATIN MODIFIER MUTATIONS IN BLADDER CANCER
  • MANIPULATING CHROMATIN MODIFIER MUTATIONS FOR TREATMENT OF BLADDER CANCER
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 6. The Etiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma and Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
  Keng Lim Ng.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
  • UPPER TRACT UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 7. MetastamiRs in Renal Cell Carcinoma: An Overview of MicroRNA Implicated in Metastatic Kidney Cancer
  Jonathan Xu, Aaron Perecman, Adam Wiggins, Thomas Kalantzakos, Sanjna Das, Travis Sullivan, and Kimberly Rieger-Christ.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • METASTASIS-PROMOTING MIRNAS IN CCRCC
  • METASTASIS-SUPPRESSING MIRNA IN CCRCC
  • CONTRADICTORY METASTAMIRS
  • NON-CCRCC METASTAMIRS
  • ROLE OF LNCRNA IN METASTAMIR REGULATION IN RCC
  • MIRNAS AS BIOMARKERS OR THERAPY IN RCC
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 8. New Trends in Robotic Retroperitoneal Partial Nephrectomy
  Mitchell Barns, Sarah O’Neill, and Neil Barber.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • THE SMALL RENAL MASS: EVOLUTION OF TREATMENTS
  • ADVANCES IN ROBOTIC ASSISTED PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 9. The Epidemiology of Testicular Cancer
  Simone Giona.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • RISK FACTORS
  • TESTICULAR CANCER AROUND THE GLOBE
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 10. Organ Sparing Surgery in Testicular Cancer
  Lily Whitehurst and Andrew Chetwood.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • PATIENT ELIGIBILITY
  • SURGICAL PROCEDURE
  • OUTCOMES OF ORGAN-SPARING SURGERY
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 11. The Epidemiology of Penile Cancer
  Simone Giona.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • RISK FACTORS
  • PENILE CANCER AROUND THE GLOBE
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 12. Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: Biopsy Approaches
  Paul Gravestock, Matthew Shaw, Rajan Veeratterapillay, and Rakesh Heer.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • PROSTATE BIOPSY PRINCIPLES
  • SYSTEMATIC BIOPSIES
  • TARGETED PROSTATE BIOPSIES
  • PROCEDURAL COMPLICATIONS
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 13. Prostate Cancer: Advances in Radiation Oncology, Molecular Biology, and Future Treatment Strategies
  Tao Wang, Brian Lewis, Marcus Ruscetti, Kriti Mittal, Ming-Jin Wang, Mitchell Sokoloff, Linda Ding, Maryann Bishop-Jodoin, and Thomas J FitzGerald.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • CLINICAL PROCESS IMPROVEMENTS: RADIATION ONCOLOGY
  • RADIATION THERAPY POST PROSTATECTOMY
  • IMAGING AND MODERN CARE FOR THE PROSTATE PATIENT
  • COMBINATION THERAPIES
  • FUTURE CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE SCIENCE OF PROSTATE CANCER
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 14. Improving Prostate Cancer Care through Quality Assurance Programs
  Hans Veerman, Marinus J. Hagens, André N. Vis, R. Jeroen A. van Moorselaar, Pim J. van Leeuwen, Michel W.J.M. Wouters, and Henk G. van der Poel.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • CYCLICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE
  • STATISTICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE
  • REQUIREMENTS FOR QAPS
  • EFFECTS OF QAPS IN PCA CARE
  • DISCUSSION
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 15. The Role of Family History and Germline Genetics in Prostate Cancer Disease Profile and Screening
  Holly Ni Raghallaigh and Simon RJ Bott.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • DOES PROSTATE CANCER IN MEN WITH A FAMILY HISTORY BEHAVE DIFFERENTLY COMPARED TO THOSE WITHOUT?
  • HOW DOES PSA SCREENING PERFORM IN MEN WITH A FAMILY HISTORY OF PROSTATE CANCER?
  • SPECIFIC GERMLINE GENETIC MUTATIONS INVOLVED IN PROSTATE CANCER
  • BRCA
  • CHEK2, NBN, ATM
  • HOXB13
  • LYNCH SYNDROME
  • THE IMPACT OF GERMLINE GENETICS ON TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES
  • GERMLINE SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS)
  • INCORPORATING GENETICS INTO SCREENING AND DIAGNOSTIC PATHWAYS
  • TARGETED PROSTATE CANCER SCREENING
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES

Neil Barber, MBBS, FRCS is a Consultant Urological Surgeon at Frimley Park Hospital, Clinical Lead for Urology at Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, and Director of the Frimley Renal Cancer Centre. Dr. Barber Leads the tertiary referral center for renal cancer Surgery at Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust. He also created a very successful Royal College of Surgeons of England certified fellowship program to train Urologist on all renal surgeries including robotic and minimally invasive renal surgery. Dr. Barber provides the full breadth of Urological care, including issues ranging from prostate cancer, urinary tract infections, prostatitis, and penoscrotal conditions. Dr. Barber is recognized as a Key Opinion Leader and clinical advisor both to industry and to NICE.

Ahmed Ali, MBChB, MSc, FRCS is a Consultant Urological Surgeon at Frimley Health Foundation NHS Trust, UK. Dr. Ali leads the bladder cancer services and is a core member of the Urology Department at Frimley Park Hospital. After receiving Master’s degree in Urology from University College of London in 2013, Dr. Ali continued to gain his expertise in managing urological oncology while undertaking a fellowship post at Addenbrookes hospital in Cambridge. Recently, Dr. Ali introduced multiple new treatments for bladder cancer at Frimley Health such as Enbloc resection of a bladder tumor, Transurethral laser ablation/resection of bladder tumor, and hyperthermic mitomycin treatment for BCG failure patients. Dr. Ali is currently involved in NIHR-funded trial to investigate the role of novel markers in overactive bladder syndrome.

Urologic Cancers

ISBN: 978-0-6453320-5-6

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36255/exon-publications-urologic-cancers

Edited by

Neil Barber, MBBS, FRCS and Ahmed Ali, MBChB, MSc, FRCS, Frimley Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Camberley, UK

Published by

Exon Publications, Brisbane, Australia

Copyright© 2022 Exon Publications

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First Published in September 2022