U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

O’Connor EA, Evans CV, Ivlev I, et al. Vitamin, Mineral, and Multivitamin Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2021 Jun. (Evidence Synthesis, No. 209.)

Cover of Vitamin, Mineral, and Multivitamin Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force

Vitamin, Mineral, and Multivitamin Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [Internet].

Show details

References

1.
Moyer VA, U. S. Preventive Services Task Force. Vitamin, mineral, and multivitamin supplements for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: U.S. Preventive services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(8):558–64. PMID: 24566474. 10.7326/M14-0198 [PubMed: 24566474] [CrossRef]
2.
Fairfield KM. Vitamin supplementation in disease prevention. Seres D, ed. Waltham, MA: UpToDate. http://www​.uptodate.com. Accessed December 7, 2018: 2020.
3.
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health. Vitamins and Minerals. https://nccih​.nih.gov/health/vitamins. Accessed: July 31, 2020.
4.
U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025. 9th Edition. December 2020. https://www​.dietaryguidelines.gov/. Accessed: 2020.
5.
National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Multivitamin/mineral Supplements: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. https://ods​.od.nih.gov​/factsheets/MVMS-HealthProfessional​/#en4. Accessed: 07/23/2020.
6.
Huang HY, Caballero B, Chang S, et al. Multivitamin/mineral supplements and prevention of chronic disease. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2006(139):1–117. PMID: 17764205. [PMC free article: PMC4781083] [PubMed: 17764205]
7.
Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes: the essential guide to nutrient requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press: 2006.
8.
National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Nutrient Recommendations: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). https://ods​.od.nih.gov​/health_information​/dietary_reference_intakes.aspx. Accessed: July 31, 2020.
9.
Manson JE, Bassuk SS. Vitamin and Mineral Supplements: What Clinicians Need to Know. JAMA. 2018;319(9):859–60. PMID: 29404568. 10.1001/jama.2017.21012 [PubMed: 29404568] [CrossRef]
10.
U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Dietary Supplement Products & Ingredients. https://www​.fda.gov/food​/dietary-supplements​/dietary-supplement-products-ingredients. Accessed: 07/23/2020.
11.
National Institutes of Health. Using Dietary Supplements Wisely. https://www​.nccih.nih​.gov/health/using-dietary-supplements-wisely. Accessed: 07/23/2020.
12.
LeBlanc ES, Perrin N, Johnson JD, et al. Over-the-Counter and Compounded Vitamin D: Is Potency What We Expect? JAMA Internal Medicine. 2013;173(7):585–6. 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.3812 [PubMed: 23400578] [CrossRef]
13.
Cowan AE, Jun S, Gahche JJ, et al. Dietary Supplement Use Differs by Socioeconomic and Health-Related Characteristics among U.S. Adults, NHANES 2011(-)2014. Nutrients. 2018;10(8). PMID: 30126136. 10.3390/nu10081114 [PMC free article: PMC6116059] [PubMed: 30126136] [CrossRef]
14.
Dickinson A, Blatman J, El-Dash N, et al. Consumer usage and reasons for using dietary supplements: report of a series of surveys. J Am Coll Nutr. 2014;33(2):176–82. 10.1080/07315724.2013.875423 [PubMed: 24724775] [CrossRef]
15.
Heron MP. Deaths: leading causes for 2017. 2019. [PubMed: 32501203]
16.
Murphy SL, Xu J, Kochanek KD, et al. Deaths: Final Data for 2018. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2021;69(13):1–83. [PubMed: 33541516]
17.
Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022;145(8):e153.e639. 10.1161/cir.0000000000001052 [PubMed: 35078371] [CrossRef]
18.
Benjamin EJ, Muntner P, Alonso A, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019:CIR0000000000000659. PMID: 30700139. 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000659 [PubMed: 30700139] [CrossRef]
19.
National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey, 2018. Public-use data file and documentation. http://www​.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/SHS/tables​.htm. Accessed: July 23, 2020.
20.
National Cancer Institute. Cancer Statistics. https://www​.cancer.gov​/about-cancer/understanding/statistics. Accessed: July 31, 2020.
21.
National Cancer Institute. Cancer Stat Facts: Cancer of Any Site. https://seer​.cancer.gov​/statfacts/html/all.html. Accessed: July 23, 2020.
22.
Henley SJ, Ward EM, Scott S, et al. Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, Part I: National Cancer Statistics. Cancer. 2020;126:2225–49. [PMC free article: PMC7299151] [PubMed: 32162336]
23.
National Cancer Institute. Risk Factors for Cancer. https://www​.cancer.gov​/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk. Accessed: July 30, 2020.
24.
Koene RJ, Prizment AE, Blaes A, et al. Shared Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer. Circulation. 2016;133(11):1104–14. 10.1161/circulationaha.115.020406 [PMC free article: PMC4800750] [PubMed: 26976915] [CrossRef]
25.
Homocysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke: a meta-analysis. Jama. 2002;288(16):2015–22. 10.1001/jama.288.16.2015 [PubMed: 12387654] [CrossRef]
26.
Zhang D, Wen X, Wu W, et al. Elevated homocysteine level and folate deficiency associated with increased overall risk of carcinogenesis: meta-analysis of 83 case-control studies involving 35,758 individuals. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource]. 2015;10(5):e0123423. PMID: 25985325. 10.1371/journal.pone.0123423 [PMC free article: PMC4436268] [PubMed: 25985325] [CrossRef]
27.
He Y, Li Y, Chen Y, et al. Homocysteine level and risk of different stroke types: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(11):1158–65. 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.05.011 [PubMed: 24984821] [CrossRef]
28.
Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, et al. Alcohol, low-methionine--low-folate diets, and risk of colon cancer in men. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;87(4):265–73. 10.1093/jnci/87.4.265 [PubMed: 7707417] [CrossRef]
29.
Feinberg AP, Tycko B. The history of cancer epigenetics. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004;4(2):143–53. 10.1038/nrc1279 [PubMed: 14732866] [CrossRef]
30.
Betteridge DJ. What is oxidative stress? Metabolism. 2000;49(2 Suppl 1):3–8. PMID: 10693912. 10.1016/S0026-0495(00)80077-3 [PubMed: 10693912] [CrossRef]
31.
Allen RH, Stabler SP, Savage DG, et al. Metabolic abnormalities in cobalamin (vitamin B12) and folate deficiency. Faseb j. 1993;7(14):1344–53. 10.1096/fasebj.7.14.7901104 [PubMed: 7901104] [CrossRef]
32.
Scott JM. Folate and vitamin B12. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999;58(2):441–8. 10.1017/s0029665199000580 [PubMed: 10466189] [CrossRef]
33.
Traber MG. Vitamin E and K interactions--a 50-year-old problem. Nutrition reviews. 2008;66(11):624–9. 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00123.x [PubMed: 19019024] [CrossRef]
34.
Humphrey LL, Fu R, Rogers K, et al. Homocysteine level and coronary heart disease incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83(11):1203–12. 10.4065/83.11.1203 [PubMed: 18990318] [CrossRef]
35.
Goncalves A, Roi S, Nowicki M, et al. Fat-soluble vitamin intestinal absorption: absorption sites in the intestine and interactions for absorption. Food Chem. 2015;172:155–60. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.021 [PubMed: 25442537] [CrossRef]
36.
García-Casal MN, Layrisse M, Solano L, et al. Vitamin A and beta-carotene can improve nonheme iron absorption from rice, wheat and corn by humans. J Nutr. 1998;128(3):646–50. 10.1093/jn/128.3.646 [PubMed: 9482776] [CrossRef]
37.
Khazai N, Judd SE, Tangpricha V. Calcium and vitamin D: skeletal and extraskeletal health. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2008;10(2):110–7. 10.1007/s11926-008-0020-y [PMC free article: PMC2669834] [PubMed: 18460265] [CrossRef]
38.
Burton GW, Traber MG, Acuff RV, et al. Human plasma and tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations in response to supplementation with deuterated natural and synthetic vitamin E. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;67(4):669–84. 10.1093/ajcn/67.4.669 [PubMed: 9537614] [CrossRef]
39.
Colombo ML. An update on vitamin E, tocopherol and tocotrienol-perspectives. Molecules (Basel). 2010;15(4):2103–13. 10.3390/molecules15042103 [PMC free article: PMC6257355] [PubMed: 20428030] [CrossRef]
40.
Marra MV, Bailey RL. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Micronutrient Supplementation. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2018;118(11):2162–73. PMID: 30366569. 10.1016/j.jand.2018.07.022 [PubMed: 30366569] [CrossRef]
41.
World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Continuous Update Project Expert Report 2018. Recommendations and public health and policy implications. https://www​.wcrf.org​/sites/default/files/Recommendations.pdf. Accessed: July 31, 2020.
42.
Kopecky SL, Bauer DC, Gulati M, et al. Lack of Evidence Linking Calcium With or Without Vitamin D Supplementation to Cardiovascular Disease in Generally Healthy Adults: A Clinical Guideline From the National Osteoporosis Foundation and the American Society for Preventive Cardiology. Ann Intern Med. 2016;[Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 27776362. 10.7326/m16-1743 [PubMed: 27776362] [CrossRef]
43.
American Heart Association. Vitamin Supplements: Hype or Help for Healthy Eating. https://www​.heart.org​/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating​/eat-smart​/nutrition-basics​/vitamin-supplements-hype-or-help-for-healthy-eating. Accessed: July 31, 2020.
44.
45.
Dickinson A, Bonci L, Boyon N, et al. Dietitians use and recommend dietary supplements: report of a survey. Nutr J. 2012;11:14. PMID: 22416673. 10.1186/1475-2891-11-14 [PMC free article: PMC3331817] [PubMed: 22416673] [CrossRef]
46.
Dickinson A, Boyon N, Shao A. Physicians and nurses use and recommend dietary supplements: report of a survey. Nutr J. 2009;8:29. PMID: 19570197. 10.1186/1475-2891-8-29 [PMC free article: PMC2714854] [PubMed: 19570197] [CrossRef]
47.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Procedure Manual. Rockville, MD: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: 2015.
48.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2018;319(15):1592–9. PMID: 29677309. 10.1001/jama.2018.3185 [PubMed: 29677309] [CrossRef]
49.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. Interventions to Prevent Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2018;319(16):1696–704. PMID: 25419853. 10.1001/jama.2018.3097 [PubMed: 29710141] [CrossRef]
50.
US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Vitamin D Deficiency in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2021;325(14):1436–42. 10.1001/jama.2021.3069 [PubMed: 33847711] [CrossRef]
51.
Patnode CD, Perdue LA, Rossom RC, et al. Screening for Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: An Evidence Update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2020. PMID. [PubMed: 32129963]
52.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Folic Acid Supplementation for the Prevention of Neural Tube Defects: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2017;317(2):183–9. 10.1001/jama.2016.19438 [PubMed: 28097362] [CrossRef]
53.
Fortmann SP, Burda BU, Senger CA, et al. Vitamin, Mineral, and Multivitamin Supplements for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. 2013. PMID: 24308073. [PubMed: 24308073]
54.
Moazzen S, Dolatkhah R, Tabrizi JS, et al. Folic acid intake and folate status and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Nutrition. 2018;37(6 Pt A):1926–34. PMID: 29132834. 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.10.010 [PubMed: 29132834] [CrossRef]
55.
Malihi Z, Wu Z, Mm Lawes C, et al. Noncalcemic adverse effects and withdrawals in randomized controlled trials of long-term vitamin D2 or D3 supplementation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition reviews. 2017;75(12):1007–34. PMID: 29202186. 10.1093/nutrit/nux059 [PubMed: 29202186] [CrossRef]
56.
Khan SU, Khan MU, Riaz H, et al. Effects of Nutritional Supplements and Dietary Interventions on Cardiovascular Outcomes: An Umbrella Review and Evidence Map. Annals of Internal Medicine,. 2019. 10.7326/M19-0341 [PMC free article: PMC7261374] [PubMed: 31284304] [CrossRef]
57.
Jiang K, Tang K, Liu H, et al. Ascorbic Acid Supplements and Kidney Stones Incidence Among Men and Women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Urology journal. 2019;16(2):115–20. PMID: 30178451. 10.22037/uj.v0i0.4275 [PubMed: 30178451] [CrossRef]
58.
Hamishehkar H, Ranjdoost F, Asgharian P, et al. Vitamins, Are They Safe? Adv. 2016;6(4):467–77. PMID: 28101454. 10.15171/apb.2016.061 [PMC free article: PMC5241405] [PubMed: 28101454] [CrossRef]
59.
Goulao B, Stewart F, Ford JA, et al. Cancer and vitamin D supplementation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;107(4):652–63. PMID: 29635490. 10.1093/ajcn/nqx047 [PubMed: 29635490] [CrossRef]
60.
Chowdhury R, Kunutsor S, Vitezova A, et al. Vitamin D and risk of cause specific death: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort and randomised intervention studies. BMJ. 2014;348:g1903. PMID: 24690623. [PMC free article: PMC3972416] [PubMed: 24690623]
61.
Vinceti M, Filippini T, Del Giovane C, et al. Selenium for preventing cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018;1:CD005195. PMID: 29376219. 10.1002/14651858.CD005195.pub4 [PMC free article: PMC6491296] [PubMed: 29376219] [CrossRef]
62.
United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Report 2016: Human Development Everyone. New York, NY: United Nations Development Programme; 2016.
63.
Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(18):1150–5. PMID: 8602180. [PubMed: 8602180]
64.
Moon TE, Levine N, Cartmel B, et al. Effect of retinol in preventing squamous cell skin cancer in moderate-risk subjects: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Southwest Skin Cancer Prevention Study Group. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997;6(11):949–56. PMID: 9367069. [PubMed: 9367069]
65.
Dean AJ, Bellgrove MA, Hall T, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on cognitive and emotional functioning in young adults--a randomised controlled trial. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(11):e25966. PMID: 22073146. 10.1371/journal.pone.0025966 [PMC free article: PMC3208539] [PubMed: 22073146] [CrossRef]
66.
Kahwati LC, Weber RP, Pan H, et al. Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2018;319(15):1600–12. PMID: 29677308. 10.1001/jama.2017.21640 [PubMed: 29677308] [CrossRef]
67.
Morton SC, Murad MH, O’Connor E, et al. Quantitative synthesis—An update. Methods Guide for Effectiveness and Comparative Effectiveness Reviews [Internet]: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2018. [PubMed: 21433403]
68.
Hartung J, Knapp G. A refined method for the meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials with binary outcome. Stat Med. 2001;20(24):3875–89. [PubMed: 11782040]
69.
DerSimonian R, Kacker R. Random-effects model for meta-analysis of clinical trials: an update. Contemp Clin Trials. 2007;28(2):105–14. PMID: 16807131. 10.1016/j.cct.2006.04.004 [PubMed: 16807131] [CrossRef]
70.
Berkman ND, Lohr KN, Ansari M, et al. Grading the Strength of a Body of Evidence When Assessing Health Care Interventions for the Effective Health Care Program of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: An Update. Methods Guide for Effectiveness and Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. AHRQ Publication No. 10(14)-EHC063-EF. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2014. p. 314–49. PMID. [PubMed: 24404627]
71.
Atkins D, Eccles M, Flottorp S, et al. Systems for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations I: critical appraisal of existing approaches The GRADE Working Group. BMC Health Serv Res. 2004;4(1):38. PMID: 15615589. 10.1186/1472-6963-4-38 [PMC free article: PMC545647] [PubMed: 15615589] [CrossRef]
72.
Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, et al. The SU.VI.MAX Study: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the health effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(21):2335–42. PMID: 15557412. 10.1001/archinte.164.21.2335 [PubMed: 15557412] [CrossRef]
73.
Green A, Williams G, Neale R, et al. Daily sunscreen application and betacarotene supplementation in prevention of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas of the skin: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1999;354(9180):723–9. PMID: 10475183. [PubMed: 10475183]
74.
Lee IM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, et al. Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: the Women’s Health Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;294(1):56–65. PMID: 15998891. [PubMed: 15998891]
75.
Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, et al. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(18):1145–9. PMID: 8602179. [PubMed: 8602179]
76.
The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(15):1029–35. PMID: 8127329. [PubMed: 8127329]
77.
Salonen JT, Nyyssonen K, Salonen R, et al. Antioxidant Supplementation in Atherosclerosis Prevention (ASAP) study: a randomized trial of the effect of vitamins E and C on 3-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis. J Intern Med. 2000;248(5):377–86. PMID: 11123502. [PubMed: 11123502]
78.
Clark LC, Combs GF, Jr., Turnbull BW, et al. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. JAMA. 1996;276(24):1957–63. PMID: 8971064. 10.1001/jama.1996.03540240035027 [PubMed: 8971064] [CrossRef]
79.
Wactawski-Wende J, Kotchen JM, Anderson GL, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(7):684–96. PMID: 16481636. [PubMed: 16481636]
80.
Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, et al. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA. 2009;301(1):39–51. PMID: 19066370. [PMC free article: PMC3682779] [PubMed: 19066370]
81.
Sesso HD, Buring JE, Christen WG, et al. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians’ Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;300(18):2123–33. PMID: 18997197. [PMC free article: PMC2586922] [PubMed: 18997197]
82.
Bolland MJ, Barber PA, Doughty RN, et al. Vascular events in healthy older women receiving calcium supplementation: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2008;336(7638):262–6. PMID: 18198394. 10.1136/bmj.39440.525752.BE [PMC free article: PMC2222999] [PubMed: 18198394] [CrossRef]
83.
Lappe JM, Travers-Gustafson D, Davies KM, et al. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(6):1586–91. PMID: 17556697. 10.1093/ajcn/85.6.1586 [PubMed: 17556697] [CrossRef]
84.
Cole BF, Baron JA, Sandler RS, et al. Folic acid for the prevention of colorectal adenomas: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2007;297(21):2351–9. PMID: 17551129. 10.1001/jama.297.21.2351 [PubMed: 17551129] [CrossRef]
85.
Baron JA, Beach M, Wallace K, et al. Risk of prostate cancer in a randomized clinical trial of calcium supplementation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(3):586–9. PMID: 15767334. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0319 [PubMed: 15767334] [CrossRef]
86.
Chylack LT, Jr., Brown NP, Bron A, et al. The Roche European American Cataract Trial (REACT): a randomized clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of an oral antioxidant micronutrient mixture to slow progression of age-related cataract. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2002;9(1):49–80. PMID: 11815895. 10.1076/opep.9.1.49.1717 [PubMed: 11815895] [CrossRef]
87.
Greenberg ER, Baron JA, Stukel TA, et al. A clinical trial of beta carotene to prevent basal-cell and squamous-cell cancers of the skin. The Skin Cancer Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1990;323(12):789–95. PMID: 2202901. [PubMed: 2202901]
88.
Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial. BMJ. 2003;326(7387):469. PMID: 12609940. [PMC free article: PMC150177] [PubMed: 12609940]
89.
Avenell A, MacLennan GS, Jenkinson DJ, et al. Long-term follow-up for mortality and cancer in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D(3) and/or calcium (RECORD trial). Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2012;97(2):614–22. PMID: 22112804. 10.1210/jc.2011-1309 [PubMed: 22112804] [CrossRef]
90.
Rayman MP, Blundell-Pound G, Pastor-Barriuso R, et al. A randomized trial of selenium supplementation and risk of type-2 diabetes, as assessed by plasma adiponectin. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(9):e45269. PMID: 23028897. [PMC free article: PMC3446875] [PubMed: 23028897]
91.
Baron JA, Barry EL, Mott LA, et al. A Trial of Calcium and Vitamin D for the prevention of colorectal adenomas N Engl J Med. 2015;373(16):1519–30. PMID: 26465985. 10.1056/NEJMoa1500409 [PMC free article: PMC4643064] [PubMed: 26465985] [CrossRef]
92.
Scragg R, Stewart AW, Waayer D, et al. Effect of Monthly High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Cardiovascular Disease in the Vitamin D Assessment Study: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2(6):608–16. PMID: 28384800. 10.1001/jamacardio.2017.0175 [PMC free article: PMC5815022] [PubMed: 28384800] [CrossRef]
93.
Lappe J, Watson P, Travers-Gustafson D, et al. Effect of Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation on Cancer Incidence in Older Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017;317(12):1234–43. PMID: 28350929. 10.1001/jama.2017.2115 [PubMed: 28350929] [CrossRef]
94.
Manson JE, Cook NR, Lee IM, et al. Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(1):33–44. PMID: 30415629. 10.1056/NEJMoa1809944 [PMC free article: PMC6425757] [PubMed: 30415629] [CrossRef]
95.
Brisson J, Berube S, Diorio C, et al. A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Breast Density in Premenopausal Women. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2017;26(8):1233–41. PMID: 28515107. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-17-0249 [PubMed: 28515107] [CrossRef]
96.
Bonelli L, Puntoni M, Gatteschi B, et al. Antioxidant supplement and long-term reduction of recurrent adenomas of the large bowel. A double-blind randomized trial. J Gastroenterol. 2013;48(6):698–705. PMID: 23065023. 10.1007/s00535-012-0691-z [PubMed: 23065023] [CrossRef]
97.
van Wijngaarden JP, Swart KM, Enneman AW, et al. Effect of daily vitamin B-12 and folic acid supplementation on fracture incidence in elderly individuals with an elevated plasma homocysteine concentration: B-PROOF, a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(6):1578–86. PMID: 25411293. 10.3945/ajcn.114.090043 [PubMed: 25411293] [CrossRef]
98.
Rayman MP, Winther KH, Pastor-Barriuso R, et al. Effect of long-term selenium supplementation on mortality: Results from a multiple-dose, randomised controlled trial. Free Radic Biol Med. 2018;127:46–54. PMID: 29454039. 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.015 [PubMed: 29454039] [CrossRef]
99.
Thompson PA, Ashbeck EL, Roe DJ, et al. Selenium Supplementation for Prevention of Colorectal Adenomas and Risk of Associated Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2016;108(12):12. PMID: 27530657. 10.1093/jnci/djw152 [PMC free article: PMC6272807] [PubMed: 27530657] [CrossRef]
100.
Witham MD, Ireland S, Houston JG, et al. Vitamin D therapy to reduce blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in resistant hypertension: randomized, controlled trial. Hypertension. 2014;63(4):706–12. PMID: 24420547. 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02177 [PubMed: 24420547] [CrossRef]
101.
Rucklidge JJ, Frampton CM, Gorman B, et al. Vitamin-mineral treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;204:306–15. PMID: 24482441. 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.132126 [PubMed: 24482441] [CrossRef]
102.
Chen AC, Martin AJ, Choy B, et al. A phase 3 randomized trial of nicotinamide for skin-cancer chemoprevention. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;373(17):1618–26. PMID: 26488693. 10.1056/NEJMoa1506197 [PubMed: 26488693] [CrossRef]
103.
Aloia J, Fazzari M, Islam S, et al. Vitamin D Supplementation in Elderly Black Women Does Not Prevent Bone Loss: a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2018;33(11):1916–22. PMID: 29905969. 10.1002/jbmr.3521 [PubMed: 29905969] [CrossRef]
104.
de Gaetano G, Collaborative Group of the Primary Prevention Project. Low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in people at cardiovascular risk: a randomised trial in general practice. Collaborative Group of the Primary Prevention Project. Lancet. 2001;357(9250):89–95. PMID: 11197445. 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03539-x [PubMed: 11197445] [CrossRef]
105.
Lewis JR, Calver J, Zhu K, et al. Calcium supplementation and the risks of atherosclerotic vascular disease in older women: results of a 5-year RCT and a 4.5-year follow-up. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26(1):35–41. PMID: 20614474. 10.1002/jbmr.176 [PubMed: 20614474] [CrossRef]
106.
Reid IR, Ames R, Mason B, et al. Randomized controlled trial of calcium supplementation in healthy, nonosteoporotic, older men. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(20):2276–82. PMID: 19001206. 10.1001/archinte.168.20.2276 [PubMed: 19001206] [CrossRef]
107.
Avenell A, Campbell MK, Cook JA, et al. Effect of multivitamin and multimineral supplements on morbidity from infections in older people (MAVIS trial): pragmatic, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2005;331(7512):324–9. PMID: 16081445. 10.1136/bmj.331.7512.324 [PMC free article: PMC1183131] [PubMed: 16081445] [CrossRef]
108.
Toss G, Magnusson P. Is a daily supplementation with 40 microgram vitamin D3 sufficient? A randomised controlled trial. European journal of nutrition. 2012;51(8):939–45. PMID: 22086300. 10.1007/s00394-011-0271-7 [PubMed: 22086300] [CrossRef]
109.
Logan RF, Grainge MJ, Shepherd VC, et al. Aspirin and folic acid for the prevention of recurrent colorectal adenomas. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(1):29–38. PMID: 18022173. 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.10.014 [PubMed: 18022173] [CrossRef]
110.
Wu K, Platz EA, Willett WC, et al. A randomized trial on folic acid supplementation and risk of recurrent colorectal adenoma. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(6):1623–31. PMID: 19864409. 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28319 [PMC free article: PMC2777472] [PubMed: 19864409] [CrossRef]
111.
Dawson-Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on wintertime and overall bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115(7):505–12. PMID: 1883119. 10.7326/0003-4819-115-7-505 [PubMed: 1883119] [CrossRef]
112.
Lips P, Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in elderly persons. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124(4):400–6. PMID: 8554248. 10.7326/0003-4819-124-4-199602150-00003 [PubMed: 8554248] [CrossRef]
113.
Komulainen M, Kroger H, Tuppurainen MT, et al. Prevention of femoral and lumbar bone loss with hormone replacement therapy and vitamin D3 in early postmenopausal women: a population-based 5-year randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(2):546–52. PMID: 10022414. 10.1210/jcem.84.2.5496 [PubMed: 10022414] [CrossRef]
114.
Fedirko V, Bostick RM, Flanders WD, et al. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on markers of apoptosis in normal colon mucosa: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2009;2(3):213–23. PMID: 19258546. 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0157 [PMC free article: PMC2712935] [PubMed: 19258546] [CrossRef]
115.
Zittermann A, Frisch S, Berthold HK, et al. Vitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(5):1321–7. PMID: 19321573. 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27004 [PubMed: 19321573] [CrossRef]
116.
Sanders KM, Stuart AL, Williamson EJ, et al. Annual high-dose oral vitamin D and falls and fractures in older women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;303(18):1815–22. PMID: 20460620. 10.1001/jama.2010.594 [PubMed: 20460620] [CrossRef]
117.
Glendenning P, Zhu K, Inderjeeth C, et al. Effects of three-monthly oral 150,000 IU cholecalciferol supplementation on falls, mobility, and muscle strength in older postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(1):170–6. PMID: 21956713. 10.1002/jbmr.524 [PubMed: 21956713] [CrossRef]
118.
Kenny AM, Biskup B, Robbins B, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on strength, physical function, and health perception in older, community-dwelling men. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003;51(12):1762–7. PMID: 14687355. 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51561.x [PubMed: 14687355] [CrossRef]
119.
Murdoch DR, Slow S, Chambers ST, et al. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on upper respiratory tract infections in healthy adults: the VIDARIS randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012;308(13):1333–9. PMID: 23032549. 10.1001/jama.2012.12505 [PubMed: 23032549] [CrossRef]
120.
Wood AD, Secombes KR, Thies F, et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation has no effect on conventional cardiovascular risk factors: a parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(10):3557–68. PMID: 22865902. 10.1210/jc.2012-2126 [PubMed: 22865902] [CrossRef]
121.
Uusi-Rasi K, Patil R, Karinkanta S, et al. Exercise and vitamin D in fall prevention among older women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(5):703–11. PMID: 25799402. 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0225 [PubMed: 25799402] [CrossRef]
122.
Grady D, Halloran B, Cummings S, et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and muscle strength in the elderly: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;73(5):1111–7. PMID: 1939527. 10.1210/jcem-73-5-1111 [PubMed: 1939527] [CrossRef]
123.
Pike J, Chandra RK. Effect of vitamin and trace element supplementation on immune indices in healthy elderly. International journal for vitamin and nutrition research Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition. 1995;65(2):117–21. PMID: 7591530. [PubMed: 7591530]
124.
Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, et al. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(10):670–6. PMID: 9278463. 10.1056/NEJM199709043371003 [PubMed: 9278463] [CrossRef]
125.
Baeksgaard L, Andersen KP, Hyldstrup L. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation increases spinal BMD in healthy, postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 1998;8(3):255–60. PMID: 9797910. 10.1007/s001980050062 [PubMed: 9797910] [CrossRef]
126.
Gallagher JC, Fowler SE, Detter JR, et al. Combination treatment with estrogen and calcitriol in the prevention of age-related bone loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(8):3618–28. PMID: 11502787. 10.1210/jcem.86.8.7703 [PubMed: 11502787] [CrossRef]
127.
Hodis HN, Mack WJ, LaBree L, et al. Alpha-tocopherol supplementation in healthy individuals reduces low-density lipoprotein oxidation but not atherosclerosis: the Vitamin E Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (VEAPS). Circulation. 2002;106(12):1453–9. PMID: 12234947. 10.1161/01.cir.0000029092.99946.08 [PubMed: 12234947] [CrossRef]
128.
Cooper L, Clifton-Bligh PB, Nery ML, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and bone mineral density in early postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(5):1324–9. PMID: 12716689. 10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1324 [PubMed: 12716689] [CrossRef]
129.
Dukas L, Bischoff HA, Lindpaintner LS, et al. Alfacalcidol reduces the number of fallers in a community-dwelling elderly population with a minimum calcium intake of more than 500 mg daily. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2004;52(2):230–6. PMID: 14728632. 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52060.x [PubMed: 14728632] [CrossRef]
130.
McNeil JJ, Robman L, Tikellis G, et al. Vitamin E supplementation and cataract: randomized controlled trial. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(1):75–84. PMID: 14711717. 10.1016/j.ophtha.2003.04.009 [PubMed: 14711717] [CrossRef]
131.
Aloia JF, Talwar SA, Pollack S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation in African American women. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(14):1618–23. PMID: 16043680. 10.1001/archinte.165.14.1618 [PMC free article: PMC1464166] [PubMed: 16043680] [CrossRef]
132.
Magliano D, McNeil J, Branley P, et al. The Melbourne Atherosclerosis Vitamin E Trial (MAVET): a study of high dose vitamin E in smokers. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2006;13(3):341–7. PMID: 16926662. 10.1097/01.hjr.0000219108.10167.46 [PubMed: 16926662] [CrossRef]
133.
Durga J, van Boxtel MP, Schouten EG, et al. Effect of 3-year folic acid supplementation on cognitive function in older adults in the FACIT trial: a randomised, double blind, controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;369(9557):208–16. PMID: 17240287. 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60109-3 [PubMed: 17240287] [CrossRef]
134.
Clinical Trial of Nutritional Supplements, Age-Related Cataract Study G, Maraini G, et al. A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial of multivitamin supplementation for age-related lens opacities. Clinical trial of nutritional supplements and age-related cataract report no. 3. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(4):599.607 e1. PMID: 18387406. 10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.01.005 [PubMed: 18387406] [CrossRef]
135.
Salovaara K, Tuppurainen M, Karkkainen M, et al. Effect of vitamin D(3) and calcium on fracture risk in 65- to 71-year-old women: a population-based 3-year randomized, controlled trial--the OSTPRE-FPS. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25(7):1487–95. PMID: 20200964. 10.1002/jbmr.48 [PubMed: 20200964] [CrossRef]
136.
Pittas AG, Dawson-Hughes B, Sheehan P, et al. Vitamin D Supplementation and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019. PMID: 31173679. 10.1056/NEJMoa1900906 [PMC free article: PMC6993875] [PubMed: 31173679] [CrossRef]
137.
Alonso A, Chen LY, Rudser KD, et al. Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Circulating Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):06. 10.3390/nu12061697 [PMC free article: PMC7352673] [PubMed: 32517192] [CrossRef]
138.
Hemilä H, Haukka J, Alho M, et al. Zinc acetate lozenges for the treatment of the common cold: A randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2020;10(1). 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031662 [PMC free article: PMC7045205] [PubMed: 31980506] [CrossRef]
139.
Rake C, Gilham C, Bukasa L, et al. High-dose oral vitamin d supplementation and mortality in people aged 65–84 years: The vidal cluster feasibility rct of open versus double-blind individual randomisation. Health Technology Assessment. 2020;24(10):1–53. 10.3310/hta24100 [PMC free article: PMC7061272] [PubMed: 32090730] [CrossRef]
140.
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Vellas B, Rizzoli R, et al. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation, Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation, or a Strength-Training Exercise Program on Clinical Outcomes in Older Adults: The DO-HEALTH Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;324(18):1855–68. 10.1001/jama.2020.16909 [PMC free article: PMC7656284] [PubMed: 33170239] [CrossRef]
141.
Wood ME, Liu H, Storrick E, et al. The Influence of Vitamin D on Mammographic Density: Results from CALGB 70806 (Alliance) a Randomized Clinical Trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa). 2021;14(7):753–62. PMID: 33849913. 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-20-0581 [PMC free article: PMC8449513] [PubMed: 33849913] [CrossRef]
142.
Virtanen JK, Nurmi T, Aro A, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer in the Finnish Vitamin D Trial-a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022;04:04. PMID: 34982819. 10.1093/ajcn/nqab419 [PMC free article: PMC9071497] [PubMed: 34982819] [CrossRef]
143.
Neale RE, Baxter C, Romero BD, et al. The D-Health Trial: a randomised controlled trial of the effect of vitamin D on mortality. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2022;10(2):120–8. PMID: 35026158. 10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00345-4 [PubMed: 35026158] [CrossRef]
144.
Schutten JC, Joris PJ, Minovic I, et al. Long-term magnesium supplementation improves glucocorticoid metabolism: A post-hoc analysis of an intervention trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2021;94(2):150–7. PMID: 33030273. 10.1111/cen.14350 [PMC free article: PMC7821302] [PubMed: 33030273] [CrossRef]
145.
Coelho C, Witt SA, Ji H, et al. Zinc to treat tinnitus in the elderly: a randomized placebo controlled crossover trial. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(6):1146–54. PMID: 23598691. 10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827e609e [PubMed: 23598691] [CrossRef]
146.
Feskanich D, Singh V, Willett WC, et al. Vitamin A intake and hip fractures among postmenopausal women. JAMA. 2002;287(1):47–54. PMID: 11754708. [PubMed: 11754708]
147.
Lim LS, Harnack LJ, Lazovich D, et al. Vitamin A intake and the risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Osteoporos Int. 2004;15(7):552–9. PMID: 14760518. [PMC free article: PMC2020807] [PubMed: 14760518]
148.
Zheng Selin J, Rautiainen S, Lindblad BE, et al. High-Dose Supplements of Vitamins C and E, Low-Dose Multivitamins, and the Risk of Age-related Cataract: A Population-based Prospective Cohort Study of Men. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177(6):548–55. PMID: 23420353. [PubMed: 23420353]
149.
Ferraro PM, Taylor EN, Gambaro G, et al. Vitamin D Intake and the Risk of Incident Kidney Stones. Journal of Urology. 2017;197(2):405–10. PMID: 27545576. 10.1016/j.juro.2016.08.084 [PMC free article: PMC5241241] [PubMed: 27545576] [CrossRef]
150.
Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Dietary factors and the risk of incident kidney stones in men: new insights after 14 years of follow-up. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(12):3225–32. PMID: 15579526. 10.1097/01.ASN.0000146012.44570.20 [PubMed: 15579526] [CrossRef]
151.
Rautiainen S, Lindblad BE, Morgenstern R, et al. Vitamin C supplements and the risk of age-related cataract: a population-based prospective cohort study in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(2):487–93. PMID: 19923367. 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28528 [PubMed: 19923367] [CrossRef]
152.
Sesso HD, Manson JE, Aragaki AK, et al. Effect of cocoa flavanol supplementation for prevention of cardiovascular disease events: The COSMOS randomized clinical trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2022. 10.1093/ajcn/nqac055 [PMC free article: PMC9170467] [PubMed: 35294962] [CrossRef]
153.
National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin A: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. https://ods​.od.nih.gov​/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/. Accessed: 2020.
154.
Chasan-Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, et al. A prospective study of vitamin supplement intake and cataract extraction among U.S. women. Epidemiology. 1999;10(6):679–84. PMID: 10535780. [PubMed: 10535780]
155.
Manson JE, Bassuk SS, Buring JE, et al. Principal results of the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) and updated meta-analyses of relevant vitamin D trials. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 2020;198:105522. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105522 [PMC free article: PMC7089819] [PubMed: 31733345] [CrossRef]
156.
Fischbach FT, Fischbach MA. Fischbach’s manual of laboratory and diagnostic tests: Wolters Kluwer; 2017.
157.
van Dijk SC, Enneman AW, Swart KM, et al. Effects of 2-year vitamin B12 and folic acid supplementation in hyperhomocysteinemic elderly on arterial stiffness and cardiovascular outcomes within the B-PROOF trial. J Hypertens. 2015;33(9):1897.906; discussion 906. PMID: 26147383. 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000647 [PubMed: 26147383] [CrossRef]
158.
Figueiredo JC, Grau MV, Haile RW, et al. Folic acid and risk of prostate cancer: results from a randomized clinical trial. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2009;101(6):432–5. PMID: 19276452. [PMC free article: PMC2657096] [PubMed: 19276452]
159.
Meyer HE, Willett WC, Fung TT, et al. Association of High Intakes of Vitamins B6 and B12 From Food and Supplements With Risk of Hip Fracture Among Postmenopausal Women in the Nurses’ Health Study. JAMA netw. 2019;2(5):e193591. PMID: 31074816. 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3591 [PMC free article: PMC6512300] [PubMed: 31074816] [CrossRef]
160.
Pfeiffer CM, Schleicher RL, Osterloh JD, et al. National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population 1999-2002. The FASEB Journal. 2009;23:551.26–.26.
161.
Jenkins DJA, Spence JD, Giovannucci EL, et al. Supplemental Vitamins and Minerals for CVD Prevention and Treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(22):2570–84. PMID: 29852980. 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.020 [PubMed: 29852980] [CrossRef]
162.
Alexander DD, Weed DL, Chang ET, et al. A systematic review of multivitamin-multimineral use and cardiovascular disease and cancer incidence and total mortality. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2013;32(5):339–54. PMID: 24219377. 10.1080/07315724.2013.839909 [PubMed: 24219377] [CrossRef]
163.
Kim J, Choi J, Kwon SY, et al. Association of Multivitamin and Mineral Supplementation and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2018;11(7):e004224. PMID: 29991644. 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.117.004224 [PubMed: 29991644] [CrossRef]
164.
Allan GM, Cranston L, Lindblad A, et al. Vitamin D: A Narrative Review Examining the Evidence for Ten Beliefs. Journal of general internal medicine. 2016;31(7):780–91. PMID: 26951286. 10.1007/s11606-016-3645-y [PMC free article: PMC4907952] [PubMed: 26951286] [CrossRef]
165.
Bjelakovic G, Gluud LL, Nikolova D, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014(1):CD007470. PMID: 24414552. 10.1002/14651858.CD007470.pub3 [PubMed: 24414552] [CrossRef]
166.
LeBlanc E, Chou R, Zakher B, et al. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). 2014:11. PMID: 25521000. [PubMed: 25521000]
167.
Zhang Y, Fang F, Tang J, et al. Association between vitamin D supplementation and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2019;366:l4673. PMID: 31405892. 10.1136/bmj.l4673 [PMC free article: PMC6689821] [PubMed: 31405892] [CrossRef]
168.
Moser MA, Chun OK. Vitamin C and Heart Health: A Review Based on Findings from Epidemiologic Studies. Int. 2016;17(8):12. PMID: 27529239. 10.3390/ijms17081328 [PMC free article: PMC5000725] [PubMed: 27529239] [CrossRef]
169.
Lee B, Oh SW, Myung SK. Efficacy of Vitamin C Supplements in Prevention of Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Korean J Fam Med. 2015;36(6):278–85. PMID: 26634093. 10.4082/kjfm.2015.36.6.278 [PMC free article: PMC4666862] [PubMed: 26634093] [CrossRef]
170.
Chung M, Tang AM, Fu Z, et al. Calcium Intake and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2016. PMID: 27776363. 10.7326/m16-1165 [PubMed: 27776363] [CrossRef]
171.
Chen F, Du M, Blumberg JB, et al. Association Among Dietary Supplement Use, Nutrient Intake, and Mortality Among U.S. Adults: A Cohort Study. Annals of internal medicine. 2019;170(9):604–13. 10.7326/M18-2478 [PMC free article: PMC6736694] [PubMed: 30959527] [CrossRef]
172.
Asemi Z, Saneei P, Sabihi SS, et al. Total, dietary, and supplemental calcium intake and mortality from all-causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;25(7):623–34. PMID: 25912278. 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.03.008 [PubMed: 25912278] [CrossRef]
173.
Zittermann A, Prokop S. The role of vitamin D for cardiovascular disease and overall mortality. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;810:106–19. PMID: 25207362. [PubMed: 25207362]
174.
Cashman KD. A review of vitamin D status and CVD. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2014;73(1):65–72. PMID: 24103845. 10.1017/S0029665113003595 [PubMed: 24103845] [CrossRef]
175.
Wei H, Jing H, Wei Q, et al. Associations of the risk of lung cancer with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and dietary vitamin D intake: A dose-response PRISMA meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(37):e12282. PMID: 30212966. 10.1097/MD.0000000000012282 [PMC free article: PMC6155959] [PubMed: 30212966] [CrossRef]
176.
Garland CF, Gorham ED. Dose-response of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in association with risk of colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 2017;168:1–8. PMID: 27993551. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.12.003 [PubMed: 27993551] [CrossRef]
177.
McCullough ML, Zoltick ES, Weinstein SJ, et al. Circulating Vitamin D and Colorectal Cancer Risk: An International Pooling Project of 17 Cohorts. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2019;111(2):158–69. PMID: 29912394. 10.1093/jnci/djy087 [PMC free article: PMC6376911] [PubMed: 29912394] [CrossRef]
178.
Lin G, Ning L, Gu D, et al. Examining the association of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D with kidney cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(11):20499–507. PMID: 26884966. [PMC free article: PMC4723811] [PubMed: 26884966]
179.
Liu J, Dong Y, Lu C, et al. Meta-analysis of the correlation between vitamin D and lung cancer risk and outcomes. Oncotarget. 2017;8(46):81040–51. PMID: 29113365. 10.18632/oncotarget.18766 [PMC free article: PMC5655260] [PubMed: 29113365] [CrossRef]
180.
Tanvetyanon T, Bepler G. Beta-carotene in multivitamins and the possible risk of lung cancer among smokers versus former smokers: a meta-analysis and evaluation of national brands. Cancer. 2008;113(1):150–7. 10.1002/cncr.23527 [PubMed: 18429004] [CrossRef]
181.
Malila N, Virtamo J, Virtanen M, et al. The effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on colorectal adenomas in middle-aged male smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999;8(6):489–93. [PubMed: 10385137]
182.
Schwingshackl L, Boeing H, Stelmach-Mardas M, et al. Dietary Supplements and Risk of Cause-Specific Death, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Primary Prevention Trials. Adv Nutr. 2017;8(1):27–39. PMID: 28096125. 10.3945/an.116.013516 [PMC free article: PMC5227980] [PubMed: 28096125] [CrossRef]
183.
Dong H, Pi F, Ding Z, et al. Efficacy of Supplementation with B Vitamins for Stroke Prevention: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource]. 2015;10(9):e0137533. PMID: 26355679. 10.1371/journal.pone.0137533 [PMC free article: PMC4565665] [PubMed: 26355679] [CrossRef]
184.
Vollset SE, Clarke R, Lewington S, et al. Effects of folic acid supplementation on overall and site-specific cancer incidence during the randomised trials: meta-analyses of data on 50,000 individuals. Lancet. 2013;381(9871):1029–36. PMID: 23352552. [PMC free article: PMC3836669] [PubMed: 23352552]
185.
Jenkins DJA, Spence JD, Giovannucci EL, et al. Supplemental Vitamins and Minerals for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment: JACC Focus Seminar. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2021;77(4):423–36. PMID: 33509399. 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.09.619 [PubMed: 33509399] [CrossRef]
186.
Price AJ, Travis RC, Appleby PN, et al. Circulating Folate and Vitamin B(12) and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Collaborative Analysis of Individual Participant Data from Six Cohorts Including 6875 Cases and 8104 Controls. Eur Urol. 2016;70(6):941–51. 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.03.029 [PMC free article: PMC5094800] [PubMed: 27061263] [CrossRef]
187.
Wang R, Zheng Y, Huang JY, et al. Folate intake, serum folate levels, and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:1326. PMID: 25543518. 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1326 [PMC free article: PMC4320532] [PubMed: 25543518] [CrossRef]
188.
Garg A, Sharma A, Krishnamoorthy P, et al. Role of Niacin in Current Clinical Practice: A Systematic Review. American Journal of Medicine. 2017;130(2):173–87. PMID: 27793642. 10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.07.038 [PubMed: 27793642] [CrossRef]
189.
Schandelmaier S, Briel M, Saccilotto R, et al. Niacin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017;6:CD009744. PMID: 28616955. 10.1002/14651858.CD009744.pub2 [PMC free article: PMC6481694] [PubMed: 28616955] [CrossRef]
190.
Keene D, Price C, Shun-Shin MJ, et al. Effect on cardiovascular risk of high density lipoprotein targeted drug treatments niacin, fibrates, and CETP inhibitors: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials including 117,411 patients. BMJ. 2014;349:g4379. PMID: 25038074. 10.1136/bmj.g4379 [PMC free article: PMC4103514] [PubMed: 25038074] [CrossRef]
191.
Rees K, Hartley L, Day C, et al. Selenium supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013. PMID: 23440843. [PMC free article: PMC7433291] [PubMed: 23440843]
192.
Vinceti M, Filippini T, Rothman KJ. Selenium exposure and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018;33(9):789–810. PMID: 29974401. 10.1007/s10654-018-0422-8 [PubMed: 29974401] [CrossRef]
193.
Viswanathan M, Treiman KA, Doto JK, et al. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses, formerly Systematic Evidence Reviews. Folic Acid Supplementation: An Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2017. [PubMed: 28151610]
194.
Parva NR, Tadepalli S, Singh P, et al. Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and Associated Risk Factors in the US Population (2011-2012). Cureus. 2018;10(6):e2741. 10.7759/cureus.2741 [PMC free article: PMC6075634] [PubMed: 30087817] [CrossRef]
195.
Weishaar T, Rajan S, Keller B. Probability of Vitamin D Deficiency by Body Weight and Race/Ethnicity. J Am Board Fam Med. 2016;29(2):226–32. 10.3122/jabfm.2016.02.150251 [PubMed: 26957379] [CrossRef]
196.
Shoenfeld N, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y. The effect of melanism and vitamin D synthesis on the incidence of autoimmune disease. Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology. 2009;5(2):99–105. 10.1038/ncprheum0989 [PubMed: 19182816] [CrossRef]
197.
Food and Nutrition Board IoM. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. National Academy of Medicine. 2001. [PubMed: 25057538]
198.
Ashor AW, Brown R, Keenan PD, et al. Limited evidence for a beneficial effect of vitamin C supplementation on biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Nutr Res. 2019;61:1–12. PMID: 30683434. 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.08.005 [PubMed: 30683434] [CrossRef]
199.
Juraschek SP, Guallar E, Appel LJ, et al. Effects of vitamin C supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(5):1079–88. 10.3945/ajcn.111.027995 [PMC free article: PMC3325833] [PubMed: 22492364] [CrossRef]
200.
Zhang X, Li Y, Del Gobbo LC, et al. Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trials. Hypertension. 2016;68(2):324–33. PMID: 27402922. 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07664 [PubMed: 27402922] [CrossRef]
201.
Verma H, Garg R. Effect of magnesium supplementation on type 2 diabetes associated cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Human Nutrition & Dietetics. 2017;30(5):621–33. PMID: 28150351. 10.1111/jhn.12454 [PubMed: 28150351] [CrossRef]
202.
Cormick G, Ciapponi A, Cafferata ML, et al. Calcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015(6):CD010037. PMID: 26126003. 10.1002/14651858.CD010037.pub2 [PMC free article: PMC6486289] [PubMed: 26126003] [CrossRef]
203.
Li K, Liu C, Kuang X, et al. Effects of Multivitamin and Multimineral Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of 12 Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 2018;10(8):03. PMID: 30081527. 10.3390/nu10081018 [PMC free article: PMC6116168] [PubMed: 30081527] [CrossRef]
204.
Beveridge LA, Struthers AD, Khan F, et al. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Incorporating Individual Patient Data. JAMA InternMed. 2015;175(5):745–54. PMID: 25775274. [PMC free article: PMC5966296] [PubMed: 25775274]
205.
Swart KM, Lips P, Brouwer IA, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on markers for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes: an individual participant data meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;107(6):1043–53. PMID: 29868916. 10.1093/ajcn/nqy078 [PMC free article: PMC6248392] [PubMed: 29868916] [CrossRef]
206.
Zhang D, Cheng C, Wang Y, et al. Effect of Vitamin D on Blood Pressure and Hypertension in the General Population: An Update Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials. Prev Chronic Dis. 2020;17:E03. 10.5888/pcd17.190307 [PMC free article: PMC6977781] [PubMed: 31922371] [CrossRef]
207.
Golzarand M, Shab-Bidar S, Koochakpoor G, et al. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on blood pressure in adults: An updated meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2016;26(8):663–73. PMID: 27287826. 10.1016/j.numecd.2016.04.011 [PubMed: 27287826] [CrossRef]
208.
Wu L, Sun D. Effects of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hum Hypertens. 2017;31(9):547–54. PMID: 28230063. 10.1038/jhh.2017.12 [PubMed: 28230063] [CrossRef]
209.
Zhang D, Cheng C, Wang Y, et al. Effect of Vitamin D on Blood Pressure and Hypertension in the General Population: An Update Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials. Preventing Chronic Disease. 2020;17:E03. 10.5888/pcd17.190307 [PMC free article: PMC6977781] [PubMed: 31922371] [CrossRef]
210.
Mirhosseini N, Rainsbury J, Kimball SM. Vitamin D Supplementation, Serum 25(OH)D Concentrations and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. 2018;5:87. PMID: 30050908. 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00087 [PMC free article: PMC6052909] [PubMed: 30050908] [CrossRef]
211.
Margolis KL, Ray RM, Van Horn L, et al. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure: the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trial. Hypertension. 2008;52(5):847–55. 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.114991 [PMC free article: PMC2791957] [PubMed: 18824662] [CrossRef]
212.
Verma H, Garg R. Effect of Vitamin K Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2019;19(1):13–25. PMID: 29968548. 10.2174/1871530318666180703125007 [PubMed: 29968548] [CrossRef]
213.
Kuruppu D, Hendrie HC, Yang L, et al. Selenium levels and hypertension: a systematic review of the literature. Public health nutrition. 2014;17(6):1342–52. PMID: 23590757. 10.1017/S1368980013000992 [PMC free article: PMC3990647] [PubMed: 23590757] [CrossRef]
214.
Ranasinghe P, Wathurapatha WS, Ishara MH, et al. Effects of Zinc supplementation on serum lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2015;12:26. PMID: 26244049. 10.1186/s12986-015-0023-4 [PMC free article: PMC4523910] [PubMed: 26244049] [CrossRef]
215.
Khazdouz M, Djalalinia S, Sarrafi Zadeh S, et al. Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Biological trace element research. 2020;195(2):373–98. 10.1007/s12011-019-01870-9 [PubMed: 31494808] [CrossRef]
216.
Dibaba DT. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum lipid profiles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition reviews. 2019. PMID: 31407792. 10.1093/nutrit/nuz037 [PubMed: 31407792] [CrossRef]
217.
Challoumas D, Stavrou A, Pericleous A, et al. Effects of combined vitamin D--calcium supplements on the cardiovascular system: should we be cautious? Atherosclerosis. 2015;238(2):388–98. PMID: 25558033. 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.050 [PubMed: 25558033] [CrossRef]
218.
Rajpathak SN, Xue X, Wassertheil-Smoller S, et al. Effect of 5 y of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation on change in circulating lipids: results from the Women’s Health Initiative. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(4):894–9. 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28579 [PMC free article: PMC2844677] [PubMed: 20181812] [CrossRef]
219.
Ashor AW, Siervo M, van der Velde F, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials testing the effects of vitamin C supplementation on blood lipids. Clinical Nutrition. 2016;35(3):626–37. PMID: 26164552. 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.05.021 [PubMed: 26164552] [CrossRef]
220.
Jorde R, Sollid ST, Svartberg J, et al. Vitamin D 20,000 IU per Week for Five Years Does Not Prevent Progression From Prediabetes to Diabetes. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2016;101(4):1647–55. PMID: 26829443. 10.1210/jc.2015-4013 [PubMed: 26829443] [CrossRef]
221.
Kawahara T. Eldecalcitol, a vitamin D analog, for diabetes prevention in impaired glucose tolerance (DPVD study). Diabetes. 2018;67:LB34.
222.
Ranasinghe P, Wathurapatha WS, Galappatthy P, et al. Zinc supplementation in prediabetes: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Diabetes. 2018;10(5):386–97. PMID: 29072815. 10.1111/1753-0407.12621 [PubMed: 29072815] [CrossRef]
223.
Huang WL, Yang J, Yang J, et al. Vitamin D and new-onset atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. HJC Hell. 2018;59(2):72–7. PMID: 29154815. 10.1016/j.hjc.2017.11.006 [PubMed: 29154815] [CrossRef]
224.
Kotecha D. Magnesium for Atrial Fibrillation, Myth or Magic? Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2016;9(9). 10.1161/CIRCEP.116.004521 [PubMed: 27586233] [CrossRef]
225.
Boursiquot BC, Larson JC, Shalash OA, et al. Vitamin D with calcium supplementation and risk of atrial fibrillation in postmenopausal women. Am Heart J. 2019;209:68–78. PMID: 30685677. 10.1016/j.ahj.2018.12.006 [PubMed: 30685677] [CrossRef]
226.
Albert CM, Cook NR, Pester J, et al. The Vital Rhythm Trial: Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Vitamin D Supplementation in the Primary Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation. American Heart Association Scientific Sessions; November 13. Writing2020.
227.
Xu L, Wan X, Huang Z, et al. Impact of vitamin D on chronic kidney diseases in non-dialysis patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource]. 2013;8(4):e61387. PMID: 23626678. 10.1371/journal.pone.0061387 [PMC free article: PMC3634086] [PubMed: 23626678] [CrossRef]
228.
de Zeeuw D, Agarwal R, Amdahl M, et al. Selective vitamin D receptor activation with paricalcitol for reduction of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes (VITAL study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9752):1543–51. 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61032-X [PubMed: 21055801] [CrossRef]
229.
Barry EL, Mott LA, Melamed ML, et al. Calcium supplementation increases blood creatinine concentration in a randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource]. 2014;9(10):e108094. PMID: 25329821. 10.1371/journal.pone.0108094 [PMC free article: PMC4198086] [PubMed: 25329821] [CrossRef]
230.
Elders PJ, Netelenbos JC, Lips P, et al. Calcium supplementation reduces vertebral bone loss in perimenopausal women: a controlled trial in 248 women between 46 and 55 years of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;73(3):533–40. 10.1210/jcem-73-3-533 [PubMed: 1874931] [CrossRef]
231.
Peacock M, Liu G, Carey M, et al. Effect of calcium or 25OH vitamin D3 dietary supplementation on bone loss at the hip in men and women over the age of 60. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(9):3011–9. 10.1210/jcem.85.9.6836 [PubMed: 10999778] [CrossRef]
232.
de Boer IH, Zelnick LR, Ruzinski J, et al. Effect of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Kidney Function in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Jama. 2019;322(19):1899–909. PMID: 31703120. 10.1001/jama.2019.17380 [PMC free article: PMC6865245] [PubMed: 31703120] [CrossRef]
233.
Baron JA, Barry EL, Ivanova A. Calcium and Vitamin D for the prevention of colorectal adenomas [Authors’ reply]. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016;374(8):791–2. PMID: 26933859. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1514501 [PubMed: 26933859] [CrossRef]
234.
Veettil SK, Ching SM, Lim KG, et al. Effects of calcium on the incidence of recurrent colorectal adenomas: A systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(32):e7661. PMID: 28796047. 10.1097/MD.0000000000007661 [PMC free article: PMC5556213] [PubMed: 28796047] [CrossRef]
235.
Baron JA, Beach M, Mandel JS, et al. Calcium supplements for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. Calcium Polyp Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(2):101–7. PMID: 9887161. [PubMed: 9887161]
236.
Barry EL, Lund JL, Westreich D, et al. Body mass index, calcium supplementation and risk of colorectal adenomas. International Journal of Cancer. 2019;144(3):448–58. PMID: 30117164. 10.1002/ijc.31803 [PMC free article: PMC6294679] [PubMed: 30117164] [CrossRef]
237.
Bjelakovic G, Nagorni A, Nikolova D, et al. Meta-analysis: antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention of colorectal adenoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;24(2):281–91. 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02970.x [PubMed: 16842454] [CrossRef]
238.
Gao QY, Chen HM, Chen YX, et al. Folic acid prevents the initial occurrence of sporadic colorectal adenoma in Chinese older than 50 years of age: a randomized clinical trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa). 2013;6(7):744–52. PMID: 23682073. 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-13-0013 [PubMed: 23682073] [CrossRef]
239.
Jaszewski R, Misra S, Tobi M, et al. Folic acid supplementation inhibits recurrence of colorectal adenomas: a randomized chemoprevention trial. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(28):4492–8. PMID: 18680228. 10.3748/wjg.14.4492 [PMC free article: PMC2731275] [PubMed: 18680228] [CrossRef]
240.
Food and Drug Administration. Food Labeling: Health Claims and Label Statements; Folate and Neural Tube Defects. In: Services HaH, editor.: Federal Register Online; 1996. PMID.
241.
Lance P, Alberts DS, Thompson PA, et al. Colorectal Adenomas in Participants of the SELECT Randomized Trial of Selenium and Vitamin E for Prostate Cancer Prevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa). 2017;10(1):45–54. PMID: 27777235. 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0104 [PMC free article: PMC5510661] [PubMed: 27777235] [CrossRef]
242.
Song M, Lee IM, Manson JE, et al. No Association Between Vitamin D Supplementation and Risk of Colorectal Adenomas or Serrated Polyps in a Randomized Trial. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2020. PMID: 32062040. 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.02.013 [PMC free article: PMC7423703] [PubMed: 32062040] [CrossRef]
243.
Bertone-Johnson ER, McTiernan A, Thomson CA, et al. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation and one-year change in mammographic density in the women’s health initiative calcium and vitamin D trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012;21(3):462–73. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-1009 [PMC free article: PMC3297717] [PubMed: 22253296] [CrossRef]
244.
Vahedpoor Z, Jamilian M, Bahmani F, et al. Effects of Long-Term Vitamin D Supplementation on Regression and Metabolic Status of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Horm Cancer. 2017;8(1):58–67. PMID: 28050798. 10.1007/s12672-016-0278-x [PMC free article: PMC10355858] [PubMed: 28050798] [CrossRef]
245.
Vahedpoor Z, Mahmoodi S, Samimi M, et al. Long-Term Vitamin D Supplementation and the Effects on Recurrence and Metabolic Status of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Grade 2 or 3: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Ann Nutr Metab. 2018;72(2):151–60. PMID: 29466786. 10.1159/000487270 [PubMed: 29466786] [CrossRef]
246.
Asemi Z, Vahedpoor Z, Jamilian M, et al. Effects of long-term folate supplementation on metabolic status and regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrition. 2016;32(6):681–6. PMID: 26853484. 10.1016/j.nut.2015.12.028 [PubMed: 26853484] [CrossRef]
247.
Thomas LD, Elinder CG, Tiselius HG, et al. Ascorbic Acid Supplements and Kidney Stone Incidence Among Men: A Prospective Study. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(5):386–8. PMID: 23381591. [PubMed: 23381591]

Views

  • PubReader
  • Print View
  • Cite this Page
  • PDF version of this title (5.9M)

Other titles in this collection

Related information

  • PMC
    PubMed Central citations
  • PubMed
    Links to PubMed

Recent Activity

ClearTurn OffTurn On

Your browsing activity is empty.

Activity recording is turned off.

Turn recording back on

See more...