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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine;Health and Medicine Division;Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice;Committee on Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections in the United States; Crowley JS, Geller AB, Vermund SH, editors. Sexually Transmitted Infections: Adopting a Sexual Health Paradigm. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2021 Mar 24.
Sexually Transmitted Infections: Adopting a Sexual Health Paradigm.
Show details| STI (etiologic agent) | Routes of Transmission | Frequency of Asymptomatic Infections | Major Long-Term Health Consequences | Increases Risk for Acquisition or Transmission of HIV Infection? | Effective Curative Treatment Available/ Vaccine Available? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chlamydial infection (Chlamydia trachomatis) (CDC, 2016, 2017a) |
| Very common for men and women |
| Yes | Antibiotics can cure. No vaccine. (Gottlieb and Johnston, 2017) |
| Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) (CDC, 2017e, 2019b) |
| Women: very common Men: commona |
| Yes | Antibiotics can cure (but antibiotic-resistant strains exist). No vaccine. (CDC, 2020a; Gottlieb and Johnston, 2017) |
| Syphilis (all stages) (Treponema pallidum) (CDC, 2017f) |
| Women: common Men: common or les common (IOM, 1997) |
| Yes | Antibiotics can cure. No vaccine. (CDC, 2017g; Gottlieb and Johnston, 2017) |
| Congenital syphilis (Treponema pallidum) (CDC, 2019a; Yeganeh et al., 2015) | Pregnant person-to-infant transmission | May be asymptomatic in the first few weeks after birth |
| Yes | Antibiotics can cure, but possible lifelong sequelae. |
| Human papillomavirus infection (human papillomavirus) (CDC, 2017d) | Vaginal, anal, and oral sexual contact | Very common for men and women |
| Probably yes (Houlihan et al., 2012) | Ablation of lesions can treat but not cure. Three vaccines available for prevention. (CDC, 2020d) |
| Genital herpes (herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2) (CDC, 2017b,c) |
| Very common for men and women |
| Yes | No cure, but medications can reduce severity and duration of symptoms. No vaccines. |
| Trichomonas vaginalis infection (Trichomonas vaginalis) (CDC, 2017h; Tompkins et al., 2020) | Vaginal, anal, and oral sex | Very common for men and women |
| Yes | Antibiotics can cure. No vaccine. (Gottlieb and Johnston, 2017) |
| Hepatitis B virus infection (hepatitis B virus) (CDC, 2020c; NASEM, 2016, 2017) |
| Early infection may be asymptomatic, with symptoms emerging many years later (A minority of patients with sexually acquired infection may experience chronic infection leading to sequelae.) |
| No | No cure, though both active and passive immunization highly efficacious. (Schillie et al., 2018) |
| Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi) (CDC, 2015a; Lewis, 2003) | Vaginal, anal, and oral sex | Women: Very common Men: Less Common |
| Probably yes | Antibiotics can cure. No vaccine. |
| Lymphogranuloma venereum (C. trachomatis serovars L1, L2, and L3) (CDC, 2015b; Rönn et al., 2014) | Vaginal, anal, and oral sex | Common for men and women |
| Unknown | Antibiotics can cure. No vaccine. |
| Mycoplasma genitalium infectionb (Mycoplasma genitalium) (Horner and Martin, 2017; Wiesenfeld and Manhart, 2017) | Vaginal, anal, and oral sex | Common for men and women |
| Possibly yes (Napierala Mavedzenge and Weiss, 2009) | Antibiotics can cure, but recurrence is common. Antibiotic resistance is a concern. No vaccine. (CDC, 2020a) |
| Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (HIV) (CDC, 2019c, 2020b) |
| Flu-like symptoms noted in some during acute infection, but then may be asymptomatic for years |
| — | Medications can slow disease progression. No vaccines, but preexposure prophylaxis is available for prevention. |
- a
Most women with gonorrhea are asymptomatic. Many men with gonorrhea are asymptomatic (CDC, 2019b).
- b
Emerging STI; see Chapter 2 for more information.
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- Characteristics of Major STIs in the United States - Sexually Transmitted Infect...Characteristics of Major STIs in the United States - Sexually Transmitted Infections
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