This is a work of the US government and distributed under the terms of the Public Domain
NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
National Toxicology Program. NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies in B6C3F1/N Mice Exposed to Whole-body Radio Frequency Radiation at a Frequency (1,900 MHz) and Modulations (GSM and CDMA) Used by Cell Phones: Technical Report 596 [Internet]. Research Triangle Park (NC): National Toxicology Program; 2018 Nov.
NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies in B6C3F1/N Mice Exposed to Whole-body Radio Frequency Radiation at a Frequency (1,900 MHz) and Modulations (GSM and CDMA) Used by Cell Phones: Technical Report 596 [Internet].
Show details- 1.
- Office of Engineering and Technology (OET). Questions and answers about biological effects and potential hazards of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Washington, DC: Federal Communications Comission; 1999. OET Bulletin 56, 4th ed.
- 2.
- Buddhikot MM, Kennedy I, Mullany F, Viswanathan H. Ultra‐broadband femtocells via opportunistic reuse of multi‐operator and multi‐service spectrum. Bell Labs Tech J. 2009;13(4):129–143.10.1002/bltj.20340 [CrossRef]
- 3.
- National Toxicology Program (NTP). Peer review of the draft NTP Technical Reports on cell phone radiofrequency radiation – March 26-28, 2018. 2018. https://ntp
.niehs.nih .gov/about/org/sep/trpanel /meetings/docs /2018/march/videos/capstick-ladbury /index.html - 4.
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Non-ionizing radiation, part 2: Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Vol. 102. Lyon, France: IARC; 2013. [PMC free article: PMC4780878] [PubMed: 24772662]
- 5.
- Pew Research Center Survey. Mobile fact sheet. Internet and technology. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center; 2017. http://www
.pewinternet .org/fact-sheet/mobile - 6.
- Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA). Annual wireless industry survey. 2017. https://www
.ctia.org /industry-data/ctia-annual-wireless-industry-survey - 7.
- Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). 47:§1.1310.
- 8.
- Adair RK. Biophysical limits on athermal effects of RF and microwave radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003;24(1):39–48. 10.1002/bem.10061 [PubMed: 12483664] [CrossRef]
- 9.
- Prohofsky EW. RF absorption involving biological macromolecules. Bioelectromagnetics. 2004;25(6):441–451. 10.1002/bem.20013 [PubMed: 15300730] [CrossRef]
- 10.
- Sheppard AR, Swicord ML, Balzano Q. Quantitative evaluations of mechanisms of radio-frequency interactions with biological molecules and processes. Health Phys. 2008;95(4):365–396. 10.1097/01.HP.0000319903.20660.37 [PubMed: 18784511] [CrossRef]
- 11.
- Manna D, Ghosh R. Effect of radiofrequency radiation in cultured mammalian cells: A review. Electromagn Biol Med. 2016;35(3):265–301. 10.3109/15368378.2015.1092158 [PubMed: 27053138] [CrossRef]
- 12.
- Smialowicz RJ, Rogers RR, Garner RJ, Riddle MM, Luebke RW, Rowe DG. Microwaves (2,450 MHz) suppress murine natural killer cell activity. Bioelectromagnetics. 1983;4(4):371–381. 10.1002/bem.2250040408 [PubMed: 6651889] [CrossRef]
- 13.
- Guy AW, Chou C-K, Kunz LL, Crowley J, Krupp J. Summary. Vol. 9. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, School of Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Bioelectromagnetics Research Laboratory; 1985. (Effects of long-term low-level radiofrequency radiation exposure on rats.). http://www
.dtic.mil/docs /citations/ADA159512. - 14.
- Veyret B, Bouthet C, Deschaux P, De Seze R, Geffard M, Joussot‐Dubien J, Le Diraison M, Moreau JM, Caristan A. Antibody responses of mice exposed to low‐power microwaves under combined, pulse‐and‐amplitude modulation. Bioelectromagnetics. 1991;12(1):47–56. 10.1002/bem.2250120107 [PubMed: 2012621] [CrossRef]
- 15.
- Novoselova EG, Fesenko EE, Makar VR, Sadovnikov VB. Microwaves and cellular immunity. II. Immunostimulating effects of microwaves and naturally occurring antioxidant nutrients. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg. 1999;49(1):37–41. 10.1016/S0302-4598(99)00059-8 [PubMed: 10619446] [CrossRef]
- 16.
- Lushnikov KV, Gapeev AB, Sadovnikov VB, Cheremis NK. Effect of extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation of low intensity on parameters of humoral immunity in healthy mice [In Russian]. Biofizika. 2001;46(4):753–760. [PubMed: 11558390]
- 17.
- Kolomytseva MP, Gapeev AB, Sadovnikov VB, Chemeris NK. Suppression of nonspecific resistance of the body under the effect of extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation of low intensity [In Russian]. Biofizika. 2002;47(1):71–77. [PubMed: 11855293]
- 18.
- Elekes E, Thuróczy G, Szabó LD. Effect on the immune system of mice exposed chronically to 50 Hz amplitude modulated 2.45 GHz microwaves. Bioelectromagnetics. 1996;17(3):246–248. 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1996)17:3<246::AID-BEM11>3.0.CO;2-O [PubMed: 8809365] [CrossRef]
- 19.
- Chagnaud JL, Veyret B. In vivo exposure of rats to GSM-modulated microwaves: flow cytometry analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations and of mitogen stimulation. Int J Radiat Biol. 1999;75(1):111–113. 10.1080/095530099140861 [PubMed: 9972797] [CrossRef]
- 20.
- Gatta L, Pinto R, Ubaldi V, Pace L, Galloni P, Lovisolo GA, Marino C, Pioli C. Effects of in vivo exposure to GSM-modulated 900 MHz radiation on mouse peripheral lymphocytes. Radiat Res. 2003;160(5):600–605. 10.1667/RR3078 [PubMed: 14565821] [CrossRef]
- 21.
- Nasta F, Prisco MG, Pinto R, Lovisolo GA, Marino C, Pioli C. Effects of GSM-modulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on B cell peripheral differentiation and antibody production. Radiat Res. 2006;165(6):664–670. 10.1667/RR3555.1 [PubMed: 16802866] [CrossRef]
- 22.
- Ohtani S, Ushiyama A, Maeda M, Ogasawara Y, Wang J, Kunugita N, Ishii K. The effects of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields on T cell function during development. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). 2015;56(3):467–474. 10.1093/jrr/rru126 [PMC free article: PMC4426920] [PubMed: 25835473] [CrossRef]
- 23.
- Fritze K, Wiessner C, Kuster N, Sommer C, Gass P, Hermann DM, Kiessling M, Hossmann KA. Effect of global system for mobile communication microwave exposure on the genomic response of the rat brain. Neuroscience. 1997;81(3):627–639. 10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00228-5 [PubMed: 9316016] [CrossRef]
- 24.
- Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxström-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer WH, Salford LG, Persson BR. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Bioelectromagnetics. 2006;27(4):295–306. 10.1002/bem.20216 [PubMed: 16511873] [CrossRef]
- 25.
- Nittby H, Widegren B, Krogh M, Grafström G, Berlin H, Rehn G, Eberhardt JL, Malmgren L, Persson BRR, Salford LG. Exposure to radiation from global system for mobile communications at 1,800 MHz significantly changes gene expression in rat hippocampus and cortex. Environmentalist. 2008;28:458–465.10.1007/s10669-008-9170-8 [CrossRef]
- 26.
- Stagg RB, Hawel LH 3rd, Pastorian K, Cain C, Adey WR, Byus CV. Effect of immobilization and concurrent exposure to a pulse-modulated microwave field on core body temperature, plasma ACTH and corticosteroid, and brain ornithine decarboxylase, Fos and Jun mRNA. Radiat Res. 2001;155(4):584–592. 10.1667/0033-7587(2001)155[0584:EOIACE]2.0.CO;2 [PubMed: 11260660] [CrossRef]
- 27.
- Paparini A, Rossi P, Gianfranceschi G, Brugaletta V, Falsaperla R, De Luca P, Romano Spica V. No evidence of major transcriptional changes in the brain of mice exposed to 1800 MHz GSM signal. Bioelectromagnetics. 2008;29(4):312–323. 10.1002/bem.20399 [PubMed: 18175331] [CrossRef]
- 28.
- McNamee JP, Bellier PV, Konkle AT, Thomas R, Wasoontarajaroen S, Lemay E, Gajda GB. Analysis of gene expression in mouse brain regions after exposure to 1.9 GHz radiofrequency fields. Int J Radiat Biol. 2016;92(6):338–350. 10.3109/09553002.2016.1159353 [PMC free article: PMC4898144] [PubMed: 27028625] [CrossRef]
- 29.
- Ammari M, Lecomte A, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H, de-Seze R. Exposure to GSM 900 MHz electromagnetic fields affects cerebral cytochrome c oxidase activity. Toxicology. 2008;250(1):70–74. 10.1016/j.tox.2008.05.019 [PubMed: 18585429] [CrossRef]
- 30.
- Ammari M, Gamez C, Lecomte A, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H, De Seze R. GFAP expression in the rat brain following sub-chronic exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field signal. Int J Radiat Biol. 2010;86(5):367–375. 10.3109/09553000903567946 [PubMed: 20397841] [CrossRef]
- 31.
- Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Ulukaya E, Uzunlar AK, Ocak AR. Effect of mobile phone exposure on apoptotic glial cells and status of oxidative stress in rat brain. Electromagn Biol Med. 2009;28(4):342–354. 10.3109/15368370903206556 [PubMed: 20017625] [CrossRef]
- 32.
- Lee HJ, Pack JK, Kim TH, Kim N, Choi SY, Lee JS, Kim SH, Lee YS. The lack of histological changes of CDMA cellular phone-based radio frequency on rat testis. Bioelectromagnetics. 2010;31(7):528–534. 10.1002/bem.20589 [PubMed: 20607737] [CrossRef]
- 33.
- Masuda H, Sanchez S, Dulou PE, Haro E, Anane R, Billaudel B, Lévêque P, Veyret B. Effect of GSM-900 and -1800 signals on the skin of hairless rats. I: 2-hour acute exposures. Int J Radiat Biol. 2006;82(9):669–674. 10.1080/09553000600930079 [PubMed: 17050479] [CrossRef]
- 34.
- Sanchez S, Masuda H, Billaudel B, Haro E, Anane R, Lévêque P, Ruffie G, Lagroye I, Veyret B. Effect of GSM-900 and -1800 signals on the skin of hairless rats. II: 12-week chronic exposures. Int J Radiat Biol. 2006;82(9):675–680. 10.1080/09553000600930087 [PubMed: 17050480] [CrossRef]
- 35.
- Sanchez S, Masuda H, Ruffie G, De Gannes FP, Billaudel B, Haro E, Lévêque P, Lagroye I, Veyret B. Effect of GSM-900 and -1800 signals on the skin of hairless rats. III: expression of heat shock proteins. Int J Radiat Biol. 2008;84(1):61–68. 10.1080/09553000701616098 [PubMed: 17852563] [CrossRef]
- 36.
- Liu Q, Si T, Xu X, Liang F, Wang L, Pan S. Electromagnetic radiation at 900 MHz induces sperm apoptosis through bcl-2, bax and caspase-3 signaling pathways in rats. Reprod Health. 2015;12:65. 10.1186/s12978-015-0062-3 [PMC free article: PMC4523914] [PubMed: 26239320] [CrossRef]
- 37.
- Pyrpasopoulou A, Kotoula V, Cheva A, Hytiroglou P, Nikolakaki E, Magras IN, Xenos TD, Tsiboukis TD, Karkavelas G. Bone morphogenetic protein expression in newborn rat kidneys after prenatal exposure to radiofrequency radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. 2004;25(3):216–227. 10.1002/bem.10185 [PubMed: 15042631] [CrossRef]
- 38.
- Eşmekaya MA, Seyhan N, Ömeroğlu S. Pulse modulated 900 MHz radiation induces hypothyroidism and apoptosis in thyroid cells: A light, electron microscopy and immunohistochemical study. Int J Radiat Biol. 2010;86(12):1106–1116. 10.3109/09553002.2010.502960 [PubMed: 20807179] [CrossRef]
- 39.
- Ohtani S, Ushiyama A, Maeda M, Hattori K, Kunugita N, Wang J, Ishii K. Exposure time-dependent thermal effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on the whole body of rats. J Toxicol Sci. 2016;41(5):655–666. 10.2131/jts.41.655 [PubMed: 27665775] [CrossRef]
- 40.
- Ilhan A, Gurel A, Armutcu F, Kamisli S, Iraz M, Akyol O, Ozen S. Ginkgo biloba prevents mobile phone-induced oxidative stress in rat brain. Clin Chim Acta. 2004;340(1-2):153–162. 10.1016/j.cccn.2003.10.012 [PubMed: 14734207] [CrossRef]
- 41.
- Meral I, Mert H, Mert N, Deger Y, Yoruk I, Yetkin A, Keskin S. Effects of 900-MHz electromagnetic field emitted from cellular phone on brain oxidative stress and some vitamin levels of guinea pigs. Brain Res. 2007;1169:120–124. 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.07.015 [PubMed: 17674954] [CrossRef]
- 42.
- Sokolovic D, Djindjic B, Nikolic J, Bjelakovic G, Pavlovic D, Kocic G, Krstic D, Cvetkovic T, Pavlovic V. Melatonin reduces oxidative stress induced by chronic exposure of microwave radiation from mobile phones in rat brain. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). 2008;49(6):579–586. 10.1269/jrr.07077 [PubMed: 18827438] [CrossRef]
- 43.
- İmge EB, Kiliçoğlu B, Devrim E, Cetin R, Durak I. Effects of mobile phone use on brain tissue from the rat and a possible protective role of vitamin C - A preliminary study. Int J Radiat Biol. 2010;86(12):1044–1049. 10.3109/09553002.2010.501838 [PubMed: 20698742] [CrossRef]
- 44.
- Ozguner F, Altinbas A, Ozaydin M, Dogan A, Vural H, Kisioglu AN, Cesur G, Yildirim NG. Mobile phone-induced myocardial oxidative stress: protection by a novel antioxidant agent caffeic acid phenethyl ester. Toxicol Ind Health. 2005;21(7-8):223–230. 10.1191/0748233705th228oa [PubMed: 16342473] [CrossRef]
- 45.
- Oktem F, Ozguner F, Mollaoglu H, Koyu A, Uz E. Oxidative damage in the kidney induced by 900-MHz-emitted mobile phone: protection by melatonin. Arch Med Res. 2005;36(4):350–355. 10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.03.021 [PubMed: 15950073] [CrossRef]
- 46.
- Ozguner F, Oktem F, Armagan A, Yilmaz R, Koyu A, Demirel R, Vural H, Uz E. Comparative analysis of the protective effects of melatonin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on mobile phone-induced renal impairment in rat. Mol Cell Biochem. 2005;276(1-2):31–37. 10.1007/s11010-005-2734-8 [PubMed: 16132682] [CrossRef]
- 47.
- Ozguner F, Bardak Y, Comlekci S. Protective effects of melatonin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester against retinal oxidative stress in long-term use of mobile phone: A comparative study. Mol Cell Biochem. 2006;282(1-2):83–88. 10.1007/s11010-006-1267-0 [PubMed: 16317515] [CrossRef]
- 48.
- Ozgur E, Güler G, Seyhan N. Mobile phone radiation-induced free radical damage in the liver is inhibited by the antioxidants N-acetyl cysteine and epigallocatechin-gallate. Int J Radiat Biol. 2010;86(11):935–945. 10.3109/09553002.2010.496029 [PubMed: 20807176] [CrossRef]
- 49.
- Tomruk A, Güler G, Dincel AS. The influence of 1800 MHz GSM-like signals on hepatic oxidative DNA and lipid damage in nonpregnant, pregnant, and newly born rabbits. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2010;56(1):39. 10.1007/s12013-009-9068-1 [PubMed: 19851891] [CrossRef]
- 50.
- Oral B, Guney M, Ozguner F, Karahan N, Mungan T, Comlekci S, Cesur G. Endometrial apoptosis induced by a 900-MHz mobile phone: preventive effects of vitamins E and C. Adv Ther. 2006;23(6):957–973. 10.1007/BF02850217 [PubMed: 17276964] [CrossRef]
- 51.
- Guney M, Ozguner F, Oral B, Karahan N, Mungan T. 900 MHz radiofrequency-induced histopathologic changes and oxidative stress in rat endometrium: Protection by vitamins E and C. Toxicol Ind Health. 2007;23(7):411–420. 10.1177/0748233707080906 [PubMed: 18536493] [CrossRef]
- 52.
- Mailankot M, Kunnath AP, Jayalekshmi H, Koduru B, Valsalan R. Radio frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from GSM (0.9/1.8GHz) mobile phones induces oxidative stress and reduces sperm motility in rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil). 2009; 64(6):561-565. 10.1590/S1807-59322009000600011 [PMC free article: PMC2705159] [PubMed: 19578660] [CrossRef]
- 53.
- Yakymenko I, Tsybulin O, Sidorik E, Henshel D, Kyrylenko O, Kyrylenko S. Oxidative mechanisms of biological activity of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation. Electromagn Biol Med. 2016;35(2):186–202. 10.3109/15368378.2015.1043557 [PubMed: 26151230] [CrossRef]
- 54.
- Sonmez OF, Odaci E, Bas O, Kaplan S. Purkinje cell number decreases in the adult female rat cerebellum following exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic field. Brain Res. 2010;1356:95–101. 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.103 [PubMed: 20691167] [CrossRef]
- 55.
- Eberhardt JL, Persson BR, Brun AE, Salford LG, Malmgren LO. Blood-brain barrier permeability and nerve cell damage in rat brain 14 and 28 days after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones. Electromagn Biol Med. 2008;27(3):215–229. 10.1080/15368370802344037 [PubMed: 18821198] [CrossRef]
- 56.
- Nittby H, Brun A, Eberhardt J, Malmgren L, Persson BR, Salford LG. Increased blood-brain barrier permeability in mammalian brain 7 days after exposure to the radiation from a GSM-900 mobile phone. Pathophysiology. 2009;16(2-3):103–112. 10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.01.001 [PubMed: 19345073] [CrossRef]
- 57.
- Nittby H, Brun A, Strömblad S, Moghadam MK, Sun W, Malmgren L, Eberhardt J, Persson BR, Salford LG. Nonthermal GSM RF and ELF EMF effects upon rat BBB permeability. Environmentalist. 2011;31:140–148.10.1007/s10669-011-9307-z [CrossRef]
- 58.
- Grafström G, Nittby H, Brun A, Malmgren L, Persson BR, Salford LG, Eberhardt J. Histopathological examinations of rat brains after long-term exposure to GSM-900 mobile phone radiation. Brain Res Bull. 2008;77(5):257–263. 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.08.004 [PubMed: 18782606] [CrossRef]
- 59.
- de Gannes FP, Billaudel B, Taxile M, Haro E, Ruffié G, Lévêque P, Veyret B, Lagroye I. Effects of head-only exposure of rats to GSM-900 on blood-brain barrier permeability and neuronal degeneration. Radiat Res. 2009;172(3):359–367. 10.1667/RR1578.1 [PubMed: 19708785] [CrossRef]
- 60.
- McQuade JM, Merritt JH, Miller SA, Scholin T, Cook MC, Salazar A, Rahimi OB, Murphy MR, Mason PA. Radiofrequency-radiation exposure does not induce detectable leakage of albumin across the blood-brain barrier. Radiat Res. 2009;171(5):615–621. 10.1667/RR1507.1 [PubMed: 19580497] [CrossRef]
- 61.
- Masuda H, Ushiyama A, Takahashi M, Wang J, Fujiwara O, Hikage T, Nojima T, Fujita K, Kudo M, Ohkubo C. Effects of 915 MHz electromagnetic-field radiation in TEM cell on the blood-brain barrier and neurons in the rat brain. Radiat Res. 2009;172(1):66–73. 10.1667/RR1542.1 [PubMed: 19580508] [CrossRef]
- 62.
- Frey AH. Headaches from cellular telephones: are they real and what are the implications? Environ Health Perspect. 1998;106(3):101–103. 10.1289/ehp.98106101 [PMC free article: PMC1533043] [PubMed: 9441959] [CrossRef]
- 63.
- Chia SE, Chia HP, Tan JS. Prevalence of headache among handheld cellular telephone users in Singapore: A community study. Environ Health Perspect. 2000;108(11):1059–1062. 10.1289/ehp.001081059 [PMC free article: PMC1240163] [PubMed: 11102297] [CrossRef]
- 64.
- Hocking B, Westerman R. Neurological abnormalities associated with mobile phone use. Occup Med (Lond). 2000;50(5):366–368. 10.1093/occmed/50.5.366 [PubMed: 10975136] [CrossRef]
- 65.
- Sandström M, Wilen J, Oftedal G, Hansson Mild K. Mobile phone use and subjective symptoms. Comparison of symptoms experienced by users of analogue and digital mobile phones. Occup Med (Lond). 2001;51(1):25–35. 10.1093/occmed/51.1.25 [PubMed: 11235824] [CrossRef]
- 66.
- Santini R, Seigne M, Bonhomme-Faivre L, Bouffet S, Defrasne E, Sage M. Symptoms experienced by users of digital cellular phones: A study of a French engineering school. Electromagn Biol Med. 2002;21(1):81–88.10.1081/JBC-120003113 [CrossRef]
- 67.
- Santini R, Santini P, Danze JM, Le Ruz P, Seigne M. Investigation on the health of people living near mobile telephone relay stations: I/Incidence according to distance and sex [In French]. Pathol Biol (Paris). 2002;50(6):369–373. 10.1016/S0369-8114(02)00311-5 [PubMed: 12168254] [CrossRef]
- 68.
- Kwon MS, Hämäläinen H. Effects of mobile phone electromagnetic fields: critical evaluation of behavioral and neurophysiological studies. Bioelectromagnetics. 2011;32(4):253–272. 10.1002/bem.20635 [PubMed: 21452356] [CrossRef]
- 69.
- Mann K, Röschke J. Effects of pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields on human sleep. Neuropsychobiology. 1996;33(1):41–47. 10.1159/000119247 [PubMed: 8821374] [CrossRef]
- 70.
- Wagner P, Röschke J, Mann K, Hiller W, Frank C. Human sleep under the influence of pulsed radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: A polysomnographic study using standardized conditions. Bioelectromagnetics. 1998;19(3):199–202. 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1998)19:3<199::AID-BEM8>3.0.CO;2-X [PubMed: 9554698] [CrossRef]
- 71.
- Wagner P, Röschke J, Mann K, Fell J, Hiller W, Frank C, Grözinger M. Human sleep EEG under the influence of pulsed radio frequency electromagnetic fields: results from polysomnographies using submaximal high power flux densities. Neuropsychobiology. 2000;42(4):207–212. 10.1159/000026695 [PubMed: 11096337] [CrossRef]
- 72.
- Borbély AA, Huber R, Graf T, Fuchs B, Gallmann E, Achermann P. Pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field affects human sleep and sleep electroencephalogram. Neurosci Lett. 1999;275(3):207–210. 10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00770-3 [PubMed: 10580711] [CrossRef]
- 73.
- Huber R, Graf T, Cote KA, Wittmann L, Gallmann E, Matter D, Schuderer J, Kuster N, Borbély AA, Achermann P. Exposure to pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field during waking affects human sleep EEG. Neuroreport. 2000;11(15):3321–3325. 10.1097/00001756-200010200-00012 [PubMed: 11059895] [CrossRef]
- 74.
- Huber R, Treyer V. A. BA, Schuderer J, Gottselig JM, Landolt HP, Werth E, Berthold T, Kuster N, Buck A et al. Electromagnetic fields, such as those from mobile phones, alter regional cerebral blood flow and sleep and waking EEG. J Sleep Res. 2002; 11(4):289-295. 10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00314.x [PubMed: 12464096] [CrossRef]
- 75.
- Huber R, Schuderer J, Graf T, Jütz K, Borbély AA, Kuster N, Achermann P. Radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure in humans: estimation of SAR distribution in the brain, effects on sleep and heart rate. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003;24(4):262–276. 10.1002/bem.10103 [PubMed: 12696086] [CrossRef]
- 76.
- Loughran SP, Wood AW, Barton JM, Croft RJ, Thompson B, Stough C. The effect of electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones on human sleep. Neuroreport. 2005;16(17):1973–1976. 10.1097/01.wnr.0000186593.79705.3c [PubMed: 16272890] [CrossRef]
- 77.
- Hung CS, Anderson C, Horne JA, McEvoy P. Mobile phone ‘talk-mode’ signal delays EEG-determined sleep onset. Neurosci Lett. 2007;421(1):82–86. 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.05.027 [PubMed: 17548154] [CrossRef]
- 78.
- Regel SJ, Tinguely G, Schuderer J, Adam M, Kuster N, Landolt HP, Achermann P. Pulsed radio-frequency electromagnetic fields: dose-dependent effects on sleep, the sleep EEG and cognitive performance. J Sleep Res. 2007;16(3):253–258. 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2007.00603.x [PubMed: 17716273] [CrossRef]
- 79.
- Lowden A, Åkerstedt T, Ingre M, Wiholm C, Hillert L, Kuster N, Nilsson JP, Arnetz B. Sleep after mobile phone exposure in subjects with mobile phone-related symptoms. Bioelectromagnetics. 2011;32(1):4–14. 10.1002/bem.20609 [PubMed: 20857453] [CrossRef]
- 80.
- Volkow ND, Tomasi D, Wang G-J, Vaska P, Fowler JS, Telang F, Alexoff D, Logan J, Wong C. Effects of cell phone radiofrequency signal exposure on brain glucose metabolism. JAMA. 2011;305(8):808–813. 10.1001/jama.2011.186 [PMC free article: PMC3184892] [PubMed: 21343580] [CrossRef]
- 81.
- Lin JC. Cancer occurrences in laboratory rats from exposure to RF and microwave radiation. IEEE J Electromagn RF Microw Med Biol. 2017;1(1):2–13.10.1109/JERM.2017.2721427 [CrossRef]
- 82.
- Repacholi MH, Lerchl A, Röösli M, Sienkiewicz Z, Auvinen A, Breckenkamp J, d’Inzeo G, Elliott P, Frei P, Heinrich S, et al Systematic review of wireless phone use and brain cancer and other head tumors. Bioelectromagnetics. 2012;33(3):187–206. 10.1002/bem.20716 [PubMed: 22021071] [CrossRef]
- 83.
- Yang M, Guo W, Yang C, Tang J, Huang Q, Feng S, Jiang A, Xu X, Jiang G. Mobile phone use and glioma risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0175136. 10.1371/journal.pone.0175136 [PMC free article: PMC5417432] [PubMed: 28472042] [CrossRef]
- 84.
- Tillmann T, Ernst H, Ebert S, Kuster N, Behnke W, Rittinghausen S, Dasenbrock C. Carcinogenicity study of GSM and DCS wireless communication signals in B6C3F1 mice. Bioelectromagnetics. 2007;28(3):173–187. 10.1002/bem.20283 [PubMed: 17019729] [CrossRef]
- 85.
- La Regina M, Moros EG, Pickard WF, Straube WL, Baty J, Roti Roti JL. The effect of chronic exposure to 835.62 MHz FDMA or 847.74 MHz CDMA radiofrequency radiation on the incidence of spontaneous tumors in rats. Radiat Res. 2003;160(2):143–151. 10.1667/RR3028 [PubMed: 12859224] [CrossRef]
- 86.
- Smith P, Kuster N, Ebert S, Chevalier HJ. GSM and DCS wireless communication signals: combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study in the Wistar rat. Radiat Res. 2007;168(4):480–492. 10.1667/RR0680.1 [PubMed: 17903030] [CrossRef]
- 87.
- Utteridge TD, Gebski V, Finnie JW, Vernon-Roberts B, Kuchel TR. Long-term exposure of Eμ-Pim1 transgenic mice to 898.4 MHz microwaves does not increase lymphoma incidence. Radiat Res. 2002;158(3):357–364. 10.1667/0033-7587(2002)158[0357:LTEOEP]2.0.CO;2 [PubMed: 12175314] [CrossRef]
- 88.
- Sommer AM, Streckert J, Bitz AK, Hansen VW, Lerchl A. No effects of GSM-modulated 900 MHz electromagnetic fields on survival rate and spontaneous development of lymphoma in female AKR/J mice. BMC Cancer. 2004;4:77. 10.1186/1471-2407-4-77 [PMC free article: PMC533879] [PubMed: 15538947] [CrossRef]
- 89.
- Sommer AM, Bitz AK, Streckert J, Hansen VW, Lerchl A. Lymphoma development in mice chronically exposed to UMTS-modulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Radiat Res. 2007;168(1):72–80. 10.1667/RR0857.1 [PubMed: 17723000] [CrossRef]
- 90.
- Oberto G, Rolfo K, Yu P, Carbonatto M, Peano S, Kuster N, Ebert S, Tofani S. Carcinogenicity study of 217 Hz pulsed 900 MHz electromagnetic fields in Pim1 transgenic mice. Radiat Res. 2007;168(3):316–326. 10.1667/rr0425.1 [PubMed: 17705642] [CrossRef]
- 91.
- Lee HJ, Jin YB, Lee JS, Choi SY, Kim TH, Pack JK, Choi HD, Kim N, Lee YS. Lymphoma development of simultaneously combined exposure to two radiofrequency signals in AKR/J mice. Bioelectromagnetics. 2011;32(6):485–492. 10.1002/bem.20655 [PubMed: 21437920] [CrossRef]
- 92.
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). IARC report to the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) on the Interphone Study. Lyon, France: IARC; 2011. http://interphone
.iarc .fr/UICC_Report_Final_03102011.pdf - 93.
- Cardis E, Richardson L, Deltour I, Armstrong B, Feychting M, Johansen C, Kilkenny M, McKinney P, Modan B, Sadetzki S, et al The INTERPHONE study: Design, epidemiological methods, and description of the study population. Eur J Epidemiol. 2007;22(9):647–664. 10.1007/s10654-007-9152-z [PubMed: 17636416] [CrossRef]
- 94.
- INTERPHONE Study Group. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39(3):675–694. 10.1093/ije/dyq079 [PubMed: 20483835] [CrossRef]
- 95.
- INTERPHONE Study Group. Acoustic neuroma risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol. 2011;35(5):453–464. 10.1016/j.canep.2011.05.012 [PubMed: 21862434] [CrossRef]
- 96.
- Saika K, Katanoda K. Comparison of time trends in brain and central nervous system cancer mortality (1990-2006) between countries based on the WHO mortality database. Jap J Clin Oncol. 2011; 41(2):304-305. 10.1093/jjco/hyr004 [PubMed: 21273379] [CrossRef]
- 97.
- Lönn S, Klaeboe L, Hall P, Mathiesen T, Auvinen A, Christensen HC, Johansen C, Salminen T, Tynes T, Feychting M. Incidence trends of adult primary intracerebral tumors in four Nordic countries. Int J Cancer. 2004;108(3):450–455. 10.1002/ijc.11578 [PubMed: 14648713] [CrossRef]
- 98.
- Nelson PD, Toledano MB, McConville J, Quinn MJ, Cooper N, Elliott P. Trends in acoustic neuroma and cellular phones: is there a link? Neurology. 2006;66(2):284–285. 10.1212/01.wnl.0000194218.79519.ea [PubMed: 16434678] [CrossRef]
- 99.
- Röösli M, Michel G, Kuehni CE, Spoerri A. Cellular telephone use and time trends in brain tumour mortality in Switzerland from 1969 to 2002. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2007;16(1):77–82. 10.1097/01.cej.0000203618.61936.cd [PubMed: 17220708] [CrossRef]
- 100.
- Deltour I, Johansen C, Auvinen A, Feychting M, Klaeboe L, Schüz J. Time trends in brain tumor incidence rates in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden, 1974-2003. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(24):1721–1724. 10.1093/jnci/djp415 [PubMed: 19959779] [CrossRef]
- 101.
- de Vocht F, Burstyn I, Cherrie JW. Time trends (1998-2007) in brain cancer incidence rates in relation to mobile phone use in England. Bioelectromagnetics. 2011;32(5):334–339. 10.1002/bem.20648 [PubMed: 21280060] [CrossRef]
- 102.
- Muscat JE, Hinsvark M, Malkin M. Mobile telephones and rates of brain cancer. Neuroepidemiology. 2006;27(1):55–56. 10.1159/000094381 [PubMed: 16825795] [CrossRef]
- 103.
- Propp JM, McCarthy BJ, Davis FG, Preston-Martin S. Descriptive epidemiology of vestibular schwannomas. Neuro-oncol. 2006;8(1):1–11. 10.1215/S1522851704001097 [PMC free article: PMC1871924] [PubMed: 16443943] [CrossRef]
- 104.
- Inskip PD, Hoover RN, Devesa SS. Brain cancer incidence trends in relation to cellular telephone use in the United States. Neuro-oncol. 2010;12(11):1147–1151. 10.1093/neuonc/noq077 [PMC free article: PMC3098028] [PubMed: 20639214] [CrossRef]
- 105.
- Nomura E, Ioka A, Tsukuma H. Trends in the incidence of primary intracranial tumors in Osaka, Japan. Jap J Clin Oncol. 2011; 41(2):291-294. 10.1093/jjco/hyq204 [PubMed: 21273377] [CrossRef]
- 106.
- Cook A, Woodward A, Pearce N, Marshall C. Cellular telephone use and time trends for brain, head and neck tumours. N Z Med J. 2003;116(1175):U457. [PubMed: 12838353]
- 107.
- Czerninski R, Zini A, Sgan-Cohen HD. Risk of parotid malignant tumors in Israel (1970-2006). Epidemiology. 2011;22(1):130–131. 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181feb9f0 [PubMed: 21150362] [CrossRef]
- 108.
- Johansen C, Boice J Jr, McLaughlin J, Olsen J. Cellular telephones and cancer: A nationwide cohort study in Denmark. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93(3):203–207. 10.1093/jnci/93.3.203 [PubMed: 11158188] [CrossRef]
- 109.
- Schüz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD Jr, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98(23):1707–1713. 10.1093/jnci/djj464 [PubMed: 17148772] [CrossRef]
- 110.
- Schüz J, Elliott P, Auvinen A, Kromhout H, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Hillert L, Feychting M, Fremling K, et al An international prospective cohort study of mobile phone users and health (Cosmos): design considerations and enrolment. Cancer Epidemiol. 2011;35(1):37–43. 10.1016/j.canep.2010.08.001 [PubMed: 20810339] [CrossRef]
- 111.
- Takebayashi T, Varsier N, Kikuchi Y, Wake K, Taki M, Watanabe S, Akiba S, Yamaguchi N. Mobile phone use, exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field, and brain tumour: A case-control study. Br J Cancer. 2008;98(3):652–659. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604214 [PMC free article: PMC2243154] [PubMed: 18256587] [CrossRef]
- 112.
- Schoemaker MJ, Swerdlow AJ. Risk of pituitary tumors in cellular phone users: a case-control study. Epidemiology. 2009;20(3):348–354. 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31819c7ba8 [PubMed: 19279493] [CrossRef]
- 113.
- Hardell L, Carlberg M, Ohlson CG, Westberg H, Eriksson M, Hansson Mild K. Use of cellular and cordless telephones and risk of testicular cancer. Int J Androl. 2007;30(2):115–122. 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2006.00721.x [PubMed: 17209885] [CrossRef]
- 114.
- Hardell L, Hallquist A, Hansson Mild K, Carlberg M, Gertzén H, Schildt EB, Dahlqvist A. No association between the use of cellular or cordless telephones and salivary gland tumours. Occup Environ Med. 2004;61(8):675–679. 10.1136/oem.2003.011262 [PMC free article: PMC1740821] [PubMed: 15258273] [CrossRef]
- 115.
- Lönn S, Ahlbom A, Christensen HC, Johansen C, Schüz J, Edström S, Henriksson G, Lundgren J, Wennerberg J, Feychting M. Mobile phone use and risk of parotid gland tumor. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;164(7):637–643. 10.1093/aje/kwj242 [PubMed: 16818464] [CrossRef]
- 116.
- Stang A, Schmidt-Pokrzywniak A, Lash TL, Lommatzsch PK, Taubert G, Bornfeld N. H. JK. Mobile phone use and risk of uveal melanoma: results of the risk factors for uveal melanoma case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(2):120–123. 10.1093/jnci/djn441 [PMC free article: PMC2639317] [PubMed: 19141780] [CrossRef]
- 117.
- Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild K, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. Pathophysiology. 2011;18(4):325–333. 10.1016/j.pathophys.2011.06.001 [PubMed: 21764571] [CrossRef]
- 118.
- Hardell L, Eriksson M, Carlberg M, Sundström C, Mild KH. Use of cellular or cordless telephones and the risk for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2005;78(8):625–632. 10.1007/s00420-005-0003-5 [PubMed: 16001209] [CrossRef]
- 119.
- Linet MS, Taggart T, Severson RK, Cerhan JR, Cozen W, Hartge P, Colt J. Cellular telephones and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Int J Cancer. 2006;119(10):2382–2388. 10.1002/ijc.22151 [PubMed: 16894556] [CrossRef]
- 120.
- Kaufman DW, Anderson TE, Issaragrisil S. Risk factors for leukemia in Thailand. Ann Hematol. 2009;88(11):1079–1088. 10.1007/s00277-009-0731-9 [PubMed: 19294385] [CrossRef]
- 121.
- Aydin D, Feychting M, Schüz J, Tynes T, Andersen TV, Schmidt LS, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Prochazka M, Lannering B, et al Mobile phone use and brain tumors in children and adolescents: A multicenter case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(16):1264–1276. 10.1093/jnci/djr244 [PubMed: 21795665] [CrossRef]
- 122.
- Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild K. Use of mobile phones and cordless phones is associated with increased risk for glioma and acoustic neuroma. Pathophysiology. 2013;20(2):85–110. 10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.11.001 [PubMed: 23261330] [CrossRef]
- 123.
- Hardell L, Carlberg M. Using the Hill viewpoints from 1965 for evaluating strengths of evidence of the risk for brain tumors associated with use of mobile and cordless phones. Rev Environ Health. 2013;28(2-3):97–106. 10.1515/reveh-2013-0006 [PubMed: 24192496] [CrossRef]
- 124.
- Hardell L, Carlberg M. Mobile phone and cordless phone use and the risk for glioma - Analysis of pooled case-control studies in Sweden, 1997-2003 and 2007-2009. Pathophysiology. 2015;22(1):1–13. 10.1016/j.pathophys.2014.10.001 [PubMed: 25466607] [CrossRef]
- 125.
- Carlberg M, Hardell L. Pooled analysis of Swedish case-control studies during 1997-2003 and 2007-2009 on meningioma risk associated with the use of mobile and cordless phones. Oncol Rep. 2015;33(6):3093–3098. 10.3892/or.2015.3930 [PubMed: 25963528] [CrossRef]
- 126.
- Coureau G, Bouvier G, Lebailly P, Fabbro-Peray P, Gruber A, Leffondre K, Guillamo JS, Loiseau H, Mathoulin-Pélissier S, Salamon R, et al Mobile phone use and brain tumours in the CERENAT case-control study. Occup Environ Med. 2014;71(7):514–522. 10.1136/oemed-2013-101754 [PubMed: 24816517] [CrossRef]
- 127.
- Yoon S, Choi J-W, Lee E, An H, Do Choi H, Kim N. Mobile phone use and risk of glioma: A case-control study in Korea for 2002-2007. Environ Health Toxicol. 2015;30:e2015015. 10.5620/eht.e2015015 [PMC free article: PMC4872697] [PubMed: 26726040] [CrossRef]
- 128.
- Pettersson D, Mathiesen T, Prochazka M, Bergenheim T, Florentzson R, Harder H, Nyberg G, Siesjö P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and acoustic neuroma risk. Epidemiology. 2014;25(2):233–241. 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000058 [PubMed: 24434752] [CrossRef]
- 129.
- Benson VS, Pirie K, Schüz J, Reeves GK, Beral V, Green J. Mobile phone use and risk of brain neoplasms and other cancers: prospective study. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42(3):792–802. 10.1093/ije/dyt072 [PubMed: 23657200] [CrossRef]
- 130.
- Benson VS, Pirie K, Schüz J, Reeves GK, Beral V, Green J. Authors’ response to: The case of acoustic neuroma: Comment on mobile phone use and risk of brain neoplasms and other cancers. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(1):275. 10.1093/ije/dyt186 [PubMed: 24078152] [CrossRef]
- 131.
- Prasad M, Kathuria P, Nair P, Kumar A, Prasad K. Mobile phone use and risk of brain tumours: A systematic review of association between study quality, source of funding, and research outcomes. Neurol Sci. 2017;38(5):797–810. 10.1007/s10072-017-2850-8 [PubMed: 28213724] [CrossRef]
- 132.
- Lagorio S, Röösli M. Mobile phone use and risk of intracranial tumors: A consistency analysis. Bioelectromagnetics. 2014;35(2):79–90. 10.1002/bem.21829 [PubMed: 24375548] [CrossRef]
- 133.
- Ioannidis JPA. Meta-analyses in environmental and occupational health. Occup Environ Med. 2018;75(6):443–445. 10.1136/oemed-2016-104128 [PubMed: 29574405] [CrossRef]
- 134.
- Brusick D, Albertini R, McRee D, Peterson D, Williams G, Hanawalt P, Preston J. Genotoxicity of radiofrequency radiation. DNA/Genetox Expert Panel. Environ Mol Mutag. 1997; 29(1):1-9. 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1998)32:1<1::AID-EM1>3.0.CO;2-Q [PubMed: 9707093] [CrossRef]
- 135.
- Verschaeve L, Juutilainen J, Lagroye I, Miyakoshi J, Saunders R, De Seze R, Tenforde T, Van Rongen E, Veyret B, Xu Z. In vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of radiofrequency fields. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res. 2010;705(3):252–268. 10.1016/j.mrrev.2010.10.001 [PubMed: 20955816] [CrossRef]
- 136.
- Vijayalaxmi, Prihoda TJ. Genetic damage in human cells exposed to non-ionizing radiofrequency fields: A meta-analysis of the data from 88 publications (1990–2011). Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 2012;749(1-2):1–16.10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.09.007 [PubMed: 23022599] [CrossRef]
- 137.
- Speit G, Gminski R, Tauber R. Genotoxic effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) in HL-60 cells are not reproducible. Mutat Res. 2013;755(2):163–166. 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.06.014 [PubMed: 23817106] [CrossRef]
- 138.
- Speit G, Schutz P, Hoffmann H. Genotoxic effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) in cultured mammalian cells are not independently reproducible. Mutat Res. 2007;626(1-2):42–47. 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.08.003 [PubMed: 16997616] [CrossRef]
- 139.
- Asanami S, Shimono K. High body temperature induces micronuclei in mouse bone marrow. Mutat Res. 1997;390(1-2):79–83. 10.1016/S0165-1218(97)00002-5 [PubMed: 9150755] [CrossRef]
- 140.
- Komae N, Hibino Y, Sugano N. Analysis of micronuclei induced under hyperthermic conditions in human lymphocyte culture by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and spectral karyotyping (SKY) methods [In Japanese]. Yakugaku Zasshi. 1999;119(10):763–772. 10.1248/yakushi1947.119.10_763 [PubMed: 10518460] [CrossRef]
- 141.
- Speit G, Schutz P. Hyperthermia-induced genotoxic effects in human A549 cells. Mutat Res. 2013;747-748:1–5. 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2013.04.008 [PubMed: 23643703] [CrossRef]
- 142.
- Kampinga HH, Dikomey E. Hyperthermic radiosensitization: mode of action and clinical relevance. Int J Radiat Biol. 2001;77(4):399–408. 10.1080/09553000010024687 [PubMed: 11304434] [CrossRef]
- 143.
- Hunt CR, Pandita RK, Laszlo A, Higashikubo R, Agarwal M, Kitamura T, Gupta A, Rief N, Horikoshi N, Baskaran R, et al Hyperthermia activates a subset of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated effectors independent of DNA strand breaks and heat shock protein 70 status. Cancer Res. 2007;67(7):3010–3017. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-4328 [PubMed: 17409407] [CrossRef]
- 144.
- Wyde ME, Horn TL, Capstick MH, Ladbury JM, Koepke G, Wilson PF, Kissling GE, Stout MD, Kuster N, Melnick RL et al. Pilot studies of the National Toxicology Program’s cell phone radiofrequency radiation reverberation chamber exposure system (publication pending). 2018. [PubMed: 29537695]
- 145.
- Gong Y, Capstick M, Kuehn S, Wilson P, Ladbury J, Koepke G, McCormick DL, Melnick RL, Kuster N. Life-time dosimetric assessment for mice and rats exposed in reverberation chambers of the 2-year NTP cancer bioassay study on cell phone radiation. IEEE Trans Electromagn Compat. 2017;59(6):1798–1808. 10.1109/TEMC.2017.2665039 [PMC free article: PMC5714545] [PubMed: 29217849] [CrossRef]
- 146.
- Capstick M, Kuehn S, Berdinas-Torres V, Gong Y, Wilson PF, Ladbury JM, Koepke G, McCormick DL, Gauger J, Melnick RL, et al A radio frequency radiation exposure system for rodents based on reverberation chambers. IEEE Trans Electromagn Compat. 2017;59(4):1041–1052. 10.1109/TEMC.2017.2649885 [PMC free article: PMC5714549] [PubMed: 29217848] [CrossRef]
- 147.
- Maronpot RR, Boorman GA. Interpretation of rodent hepatocellular proliferative alterations and hepatocellular tumors in chemical safety assessment. Toxicol Pathol. 1982;10(2):71–78. 10.1177/019262338201000210 [PubMed: 28094716] [CrossRef]
- 148.
- Boorman GA, Montgomery CA Jr, Eustis SL, Wolfe MJ, McConnell EE, Hardisty JF. Quality assurance in pathology for rodent carcinogenicity studies. In: Milman HA, Weisburger EK, editors. Handbook of Carcinogen Testing. Park Ridge (NJ): Noyes Publications; 1985. p. 345–357.
- 149.
- Weinberger MA. How valuable is blind evaluation in histopathologic examinations in conjunction with animal toxicity studies? Toxicol Pathol. 1979;7(2):14–17.10.1177/019262337900700204 [CrossRef]
- 150.
- Prasse K, Hildebrandt P, Dodd D. Microscopic evaluation slides from toxicity and carcinogenicity studies. Toxicol Pathol. 1986;14(2):274–275. 10.1177/019262338601400218 [PubMed: 3764324] [CrossRef]
- 151.
- Society of Toxicologic Pathology. Editorial: society of Toxicologic Pathologists’ position paper on blinded slide reading. Toxicol Pathol. 1986;14(4):493–494. 10.1177/019262338601400419 [PubMed: 3809899] [CrossRef]
- 152.
- Iatropoulos MJ. Society of Toxicologic Pathologists position paper: “Blinded” microscopic examination of tissues from toxicologic or oncogenic studies In: Grice HC, Ciminera JL, editors. Carcinogenicity. Berlin, Heidelberg: ILSI Monographs; 1988. 10.1007/978-3-642-61364-7_16 [CrossRef]
- 153.
- Crissman JW, Goodman DG, Hildebrandt PK, Maronpot RR, Prater DA, Riley JH, Seaman WJ, Thake DC. Best practices guideline: toxicologic histopathology. Toxicol Pathol. 2004;32(1):126–131. 10.1080/01926230490268756 [PubMed: 14713558] [CrossRef]
- 154.
- Neef N, Nikula KJ, Francke-Carroll S, Boone L. Regulatory forum opinion piece: blind reading of histopathology slides in general toxicology studies. Toxicol Pathol. 2012;40(4):697–699. 10.1177/0192623312438737 [PubMed: 22407309] [CrossRef]
- 155.
- Brix AE, Hardisty JF, McConnell EE. Combining neoplasms for evaluation of rodent carcinogenesis studies. In: Hsu C-H, Stedeford T, editors. Cancer Risk Assessment: Chemical Carcinogenesis, Hazard Evaluation, and Risk Quantification. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2010. p. 699–715.10.1002/9780470622728.ch28 [CrossRef]
- 156.
- Kaplan E, Meier P. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc. 1958;53:457–481. 10.1080/01621459.1958.10501452 [CrossRef]
- 157.
- Cox DR. Regression models and life-tables. J R Stat Soc [Ser A]. 1972;34:187–220.
- 158.
- Tarone RE. Tests for trend in life table analysis. Biometrika. 1975;62(3):679–690.10.1093/biomet/62.3.679 [CrossRef]
- 159.
- Bailer AJ, Portier CJ. Effects of treatment-induced mortality and tumor-induced mortality on tests for carcinogenicity in small samples. Biometrics. 1988;44(2):417–431. 10.2307/2531856 [PubMed: 3390507] [CrossRef]
- 160.
- Portier CJ, Bailer AJ. Testing for increased carcinogenicity using a survival-adjusted quantal response test. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1989;12(4):731–737. 10.1016/0272-0590(89)90004-3 [PubMed: 2744275] [CrossRef]
- 161.
- Piegorsch WW, Bailer AJ. Statistics for environmental biology and toxicology, Section 6.3.2. London, UK: Chapman and Hall; 1997.
- 162.
- Portier CJ, Hedges JC, Hoel DG. Age-specific models of mortality and tumor onset for historical control animals in the National Toxicology Program’s carcinogenicity experiments. Cancer Res. 1986;46(9):4372–4378. [PubMed: 3731095]
- 163.
- Bieler GS, Williams RL. Ratio estimates, the delta method, and quantal response tests for increased carcinogenicity. Biometrics. 1993;49(3):793–801. 10.2307/2532200 [PubMed: 8241374] [CrossRef]
- 164.
- Gart JJ, Chu KC, Tarone RE. Statistical issues in interpretation of chronic bioassay tests for carcinogenicity. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1979;62(4):957–974. [PubMed: 285297]
- 165.
- Dunnett CW. A multiple comparison procedure for comparing several treatments with a control. J Am Stat Assoc. 1955;50(272):1096–1121.10.1080/01621459.1955.10501294 [CrossRef]
- 166.
- Williams DA. The comparison of several dose levels with a zero dose control. Biometrics. 1972;28(2):519–531. 10.2307/2556164 [PubMed: 5037867] [CrossRef]
- 167.
- Williams DA. A test for differences between treatment means when several dose levels are compared with a zero dose control. Biometrics. 1971;27(1):103–117. 10.2307/2528930 [PubMed: 5547548] [CrossRef]
- 168.
- Shirley E. A non-parametric equivalent of Williams’ test for contrasting increasing dose levels of a treatment. Biometrics. 1977;33(2):386–389. 10.2307/2529789 [PubMed: 884197] [CrossRef]
- 169.
- Williams DA. A note on Shirley’s nonparametric test for comparing several dose levels with a zero-dose control. Biometrics. 1986;42(1):183–186. 10.2307/2531254 [PubMed: 3719054] [CrossRef]
- 170.
- Dunn OJ. Multiple comparisons using rank sums. Technometrics. 1964;6(3):241–252.10.1080/00401706.1964.10490181 [CrossRef]
- 171.
- Jonckheere AR. A distribution-free k-sample test against ordered alternatives. Biometrika. 1954;41:133–145.10.1093/biomet/41.1-2.133 [CrossRef]
- 172.
- Dixon WJ, Massey FJ Jr. Introduction to statistical analysis. 2nd ed. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill Book Company; 1957. p. 276–278, 412.
- 173.
- Girard DM, Sager DB. The use of Markov chains to detect subtle variation in reproductive cycling. Biometrics. 1987;43(1):225–234. 10.2307/2531963 [PubMed: 3567307] [CrossRef]
- 174.
- Haseman JK. Data analysis: Statistical analysis and use of historical control data. Regul Toxicol Pharm. 1995; 21(1):52-59. 10.1006/rtph.1995.1009 [PubMed: 7784636] [CrossRef]
- 175.
- Haseman JK. Value of historical controls in the interpretation of rodent tumor data. Drug Inf J. 1992;26(2):191–200.10.1177/009286159202600210 [CrossRef]
- 176.
- Haseman JK, Rao GN. Effects of corn oil, time-related changes, and inter-laboratory variability on tumor occurrence in control Fischer 344 (F344/N) rats. Toxicol Pathol. 1992;20(1):52–60. 10.1177/019262339202000107 [PubMed: 1411131] [CrossRef]
- 177.
- Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). 21:Part 58.
- 178.
- Schmid W. The micronucleus test. Mutat Res. 1975;31(1):9–15. 10.1016/0165-1161(75)90058-8 [PubMed: 48190] [CrossRef]
- 179.
- Heddle JA, Hite M, Kirkhart B, Mavournin K, MacGregor JT, Newell GW, Salamone MF. The induction of micronuclei as a measure of genotoxicity. A report of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Program. Mutat Res. 1983;123(1):61–118. 10.1016/0165-1110(83)90047-7 [PubMed: 6888413] [CrossRef]
- 180.
- Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). OECD Guideline for the testing of chemicals. In vivo mammalian alkaline comet assay. Paris, France: OECD Publishing; 2014. Testing Guideline 489.
- 181.
- Tice RR, Agurell E, Anderson D, Burlinson B, Hartmann A, Kobayashi H, Miyamae Y, Rojas E, Ryu JC, Sasaki YF. Single cell gel/comet assay: Guidelines for in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicology testing. Environ Mol Mutag. 2000; 35(3):206-221. 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(2000)35:3<206::AID-EM8>3.0.CO;2-J [PubMed: 10737956] [CrossRef]
- 182.
- Collins AR. The comet assay for DNA damage and repair: Principles, applications, and limitations. Mol Biotechnol. 2004;26(3):249–261. 10.1385/MB:26:3:249 [PubMed: 15004294] [CrossRef]
- 183.
- Brendler-Schwaab S, Hartmann A, Pfuhler S, Speit G. The in vivo comet assay: use and status in genotoxicity testing. Mutagenesis. 2005;20(4):245–254. 10.1093/mutage/gei033 [PubMed: 15899933] [CrossRef]
- 184.
- Burlinson B, Tice RR, Speit G, Agurell E, Brendler-Schwaab SY, Collins AR, Escobar P, Honma M, Kumaravel TS, Nakajima M, et al Fourth International Workgroup on Genotoxicity testing: results of the in vivo Comet assay workgroup. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 2007;627(1):31–35. 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.08.011 [PubMed: 17118697] [CrossRef]
- 185.
- Pfuhler S, Wolf HU. Detection of DNA-crosslinking agents with the alkaline comet assay. Environ Mol Mutag. 1996; 27(3):196-201. 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1996)27:3<196::AID-EM4>3.0.CO;2-D [PubMed: 8625955] [CrossRef]
- 186.
- Hartmann A, Agurell E, Beevers C, Brendler-Schwaab S, Burlinson B, Clay P, Collins A, Smith A, Speit G, Thybaud V, et al Recommendations for conducting the in vivo alkaline Comet assay. 4th International Comet Assay Workshop. Mutagenesis. 2003;18(1):45–51. 10.1093/mutage/18.1.45 [PubMed: 12473734] [CrossRef]
- 187.
- Miller JA, Miller EC. Ultimate chemical carcinogens as reactive mutagenic electrophiles. In: Hiatt HH, Watson JD, Winsten JA, editors. Origins of Human Cancer. Cold Spring Harbor (NY): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; 1977. p. 605–627.
- 188.
- Straus DS. Somatic mutation, cellular differentiation, and cancer causation. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1981;67(2):233–241. [PubMed: 7021938]
- 189.
- Crawford BD. Perspectives on the somatic mutation model of carcinogenesis. In: Mehlman MA, Flamm WG, Lorentzen RJ, editors. Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology Mechanisms and Toxicity of Chemical Carcinogens and Mutagens. Princeton (NJ): Princeton Scientific Publishing Co; 1985. p. 13–59.
- 190.
- Witt KL, Knapton A, Wehr CM, Hook GJ, Mirsalis J, Shelby MD, MacGregor JT. Micronucleated erythrocyte frequency in peripheral blood of B6C3F1 mice from short‐term, prechronic, and chronic studies of the NTP carcinogenesis bioassay program. Environ Mol Mutag. 2000; 36(3):163-194. 10.1002/1098-2280(2000)36:3<163::AID-EM1>3.0.CO;2-P [PubMed: 11044899] [CrossRef]
- 191.
- Sasaki YF, Sekihashi K, Izumiyama F, Nishidate E, Saga A, Ishida K, Tsuda S. The comet assay with multiple mouse organs: comparison of comet assay results and carcinogenicity with 208 chemicals selected from the IARC monographs and U.S. NTP Carcinogenicity Database. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2000;30(6):629–799. 10.1080/10408440008951123 [PubMed: 11145306] [CrossRef]
- 192.
- Alison RH, Morgan KT, Haseman JK, Boorman GA. Morphology and classification of ovarian neoplasms in F344 rats and (C57BL/6 X C3H)F1 mice. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1987;78(6):1229–1243. [PubMed: 3473260]
- 193.
- Recio L, Kissling GE, Hobbs CA, Witt KL. Comparison of Comet assay dose-response for ethyl methanesulfonate using freshly prepared versus cryopreserved tissues. Environ Mol Mutag. 2012; 53(2):101-113. 10.1002/em.20694 [PubMed: 22069077] [CrossRef]
- 194.
- Ruediger HW. Genotoxic effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Pathophysiology. 2009;16(2-3):89–102. 10.1016/j.pathophys.2008.11.004 [PubMed: 19285841] [CrossRef]
- 195.
- Recio L, Hobbs C, Caspary W, Witt KL. Dose-response assessment of four genotoxic chemicals in a combined mouse and rat micronucleus (MN) and Comet assay protocol. J Toxicol Sci. 2010;35(2):149–162. 10.2131/jts.35.149 [PMC free article: PMC3520611] [PubMed: 20371966] [CrossRef]
- 196.
- Rundell MS, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ. The comet assay: Genotoxic damage or nuclear fragmentation? Environ Mol Mutag. 2003; 42(2):61-67. 10.1002/em.10175 [PubMed: 12929117] [CrossRef]
- 197.
- Lorenzo Y, Costa S, Collins AR, Azqueta A. The comet assay, DNA damage, DNA repair and cytotoxicity: hedgehogs are not always dead. Mutagenesis. 2013;28(4):427–432. 10.1093/mutage/get018 [PubMed: 23630247] [CrossRef]
- 198.
- National Toxicology Program (NTP). Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies in Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD rats exposed to whole-body radio frequency radiation at a frequency (900 MHz) and modulations (GSM and CDMA) used by cell phones. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health; 2018. Technical Report Series No. 595. [PMC free article: PMC8039879] [PubMed: 33562898]
- 199.
- Witt KL, Livanos E, Kissling GE, Torous DK, Caspary W, Tice RR, Recio L. Comparison of flow cytometry-and microscopy-based methods for measuring micronucleated reticulocyte frequencies in rodents treated with nongenotoxic and genotoxic chemicals. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 2008;649(1-2):101–113. 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.08.004 [PMC free article: PMC2234598] [PubMed: 17869571] [CrossRef]
- 200.
- Kissling GE, Dertinger SD, Hayashi M, MacGregor JT. Sensitivity of the erythrocyte micronucleus assay: dependence on number of cells scored and inter-animal variability. Mutat Res. 2007;634(1-2):235–240. 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.07.010 [PMC free article: PMC2133347] [PubMed: 17851117] [CrossRef]
- References - NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies i...References - NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies in B6C3F1/N Mice Exposed to Whole-body Radio Frequency Radiation at a Frequency (1,900 MHz) and Modulations (GSM and CDMA) Used by Cell Phones
Your browsing activity is empty.
Activity recording is turned off.
See more...